27 October 2006 Vol 314, Issue 5799, Pages 561-667
蜜蜂研究为其迁徙和社会行为提供线索
蜜蜂和人类的联系年代久远，人类曾居住过的山洞中有对几千年前从野蜂窝中采集蜂蜜的描绘。蜜蜂为农业提供了传粉，蜂蜜是一个有价值的产品。蜜蜂也是社会性很强的昆虫，它的基因组也许能为我们提供基因与社会行为的联系。本周《自然》杂志发表了蜜蜂基因组的序列，本期《科学》杂志同时发表了3篇文章用这些基因组数据做的研究，为蜜蜂从非洲的迁徙、一个重要的基因调节过程、以及蜜蜂社会行为提供了线索。
报告：Thrice Out of Africa: Ancient and Recent Expansions of the Honey Bee, Apis mellifera, Charles W. Whitfield, et al.
报告：Functional CpG Methylation System in a Social Insect, Ying Wang, et al.
报告：From the Genome to the Proteome: Uncovering Peptides in the Apis Brain, Amanda B. Hummon, et al.
微小的最古老的蜜蜂化石
研究人员在迄今发现的最老的蜜蜂化石上找到了几个花粉颗粒，George Poinar 和Bryan Danforth在本期简报中报告的这些化石的年代是1亿年前，也就是白垩纪的早期。其它已知的蜜蜂化石比这次发现的要晚3500万到4500万年。这种名为Melittosphex burmensis的蜜蜂很小，只有2.95毫米长，但是它们表明，现今蜜蜂所具有的许多特征在1亿年前就已经出现了。这些蜜蜂是在缅甸北部的琥珀样品中发现的，它们具有现在蜜蜂的几种特征和形态结构包括分叉的毛，研究人员认为这种毛与采集花粉有关。当然，蜜蜂是重要的传粉媒介，这个化石意味着蜜蜂在白垩纪早期到中期开花植物快速多样化上可能起了作用。
简报：A Fossil Bee from Early Cretaceous Burmese Amber, G. O. Poinar, Jr. and B. N. Danforth
钚的远距离旅行
研究人员报告说，来自世界上核污染最严重地点的钚搭地下水中微小粒子的便车旅行了相当远的距离。过去的研究曾指出核废料中存在有危险的放射性核素，它们不容易溶解在水中，而且可能通过与被称为胶状体的微小粒子结合的方式被地下水运输到别的地方。但是科学家不清楚这些粒子能多快地旅行以及能旅行多远，以及哪种胶状体在这个过程中起作用。Alexander Novikov和同事研究了俄罗斯的一个核废料点，那里钚盐的再加工污染了一个与地下水系统连接的湖。他们发现，在55年的时间中，与氧化铁胶状体结合的钚旅行了大约4公里的距离。文章作者指出，潜在的核废物贮藏点有各自不同的物理和化学条件，所以每个地点需要对它们那里这些污染粒子如何旅行做具体的研究。
报告：Colloid Transport of Plutonium in the Far-Field of the Mayak Production Association, Russia, Alexander P. Novikov, et al.
建造生命的第一个酶
科学家提出，水下火上口中的条件能帮助解释生命起源的中心矛盾中的一个。有关进化的一个存在已久的问题是，形成酶的氨基酸是如何在没有酶来催化它们形成的条件下首次组装起来的。热液口一直是能使进化开始的主要候选环境，因为那里的火山气体、水、和来自地壳的矿物结合所产生的一些化学反应可能制造了生命的基础材料。德国研究人员Claudia Huber和Günter Wachtershauser现在揭示，在可信地模仿早期地球火山口的高温和高压的条件下，铁和镍粒子能催化氨基酸的形成。具体地，这些金属粒子催化了一个涉及一氧化碳或氰化物的水合反应。作者提出，这个过程也许可能使含铁和含镍的酶得以形成。
报告：α-Hydroxy and α-Amino Acids Under Possible Hadean, Volcanic Origin-of-Life Conditions, Claudia Huber and Günter Wachtershauser
与炎症性肠病有关的基因
科学家找到了一个与炎症性肠病有关的基因，这类病包括溃疡性结肠炎和克罗恩病。人们认为炎症性肠病(简称IBD)是由对肠道中的某些细菌的不适当的免疫应答所引起的。对患有这些紊乱的家族的研究指出，这些紊乱具有强的遗传成分，科学家曾在两个染色体位置发现了增加发生这些紊乱风险的基因序列的变异。Richard Duerr和同事在基因组范围对与克罗恩病有关的其他基因进行了筛选，发现了IL23R 基因，该基因编码促炎性细胞因子interleukin-23受体的一部分。IL23R 基因序列的几个变异被发现增加或降低一个人患IBD 的风险。有意思的是，对风险有最强影响的变异是抵抗克罗恩病的发生，但是这个变异在一般人群中是罕见的。这些结果强调了IL23R信号路径在慢性炎症紊乱中的重要性，并为治疗IBD提供了一个可能的线索。
科学特快报告：A Genome-Wide Association Study Identifies IL23R as an Inflammatory Bowel Disease Gene, Richard H. Duerr, et al.
微小生物体将硫留在海洋中
两项新研究为我们对地球硫循环的了解填补了空白，显示了海洋生物如何将硫保留在浮游生物食物网中，而不将其送入大气层。大气中硫的主要来源于海洋表面的化合物二甲基硫(简称DMS)。一旦进入大气，DMS成为气候变化的一个重要角色，因为它对云和气溶胶的形成有很大的贡献。海洋浮游生物生产大量的能变成DMS的前导化合物，但是人们对影响多少DMS被释放到空气中的过程一直不清楚。Erinn Howard和同事采样来自海水的基因信息样品，在其中寻找涉及脱甲基化的基因。这是与DMS 生产竞争的过程的第一步，该过程将前导化合物转变为留在海洋中的化合物。文章作者发现了一个新的硫循环基因，他们报告说，在开阔的海洋中一组名为SAR11类的浮游生物在这个过程中起最重要的作用，而在沿海水域，另一个种生物--玫瑰杆菌(Roseobacter)起重要作用。在另一项研究中，Maria Vila-Costa和同事显示，蓝细菌和名为硅藻的浮游生物也将硫从被释放到大气的过程中改道。一篇相关的研究评述讨论了这些发现。
报告：Bacterial Taxa That Limit Sulfur Flux from the Ocean, Erinn C. Howard, et al.
报告：Dimethylsulfoniopropionate Uptake by Marine Phytoplankton, Maria Vila-Costa, et al.
研究评述：New Pieces for the Marine Sulfur Cycle Jigsaw, Gill Malin
Contents
This Week in Science
Editor summaries of this week's papers.
Science 27 October 2006: 561.
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Editorial:
Why Care About HP?
Donald Kennedy
Science 27 October 2006: 565.
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Editors' Choice
Highlights of the recent literature.
Science 27 October 2006: 566.
|Full Text »
NetWatch
Best of the Web in science.
Science 27 October 2006: 571.
|Full Text »
Science Podcast
Science 27 October 2006: 667.
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NEW PRODUCTS
Science 27 October 2006: 667.
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News of the Week
PALEOANTHROPOLOGY: Lucy's Tour Abroad Sparks Protests
Ann Gibbons
Science 27 October 2006: 574-575.
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OCEAN DRILLING: Higher Costs, Accident Imperil Plans
Jeffrey Mervis
Science 27 October 2006: 577.
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GENETICS: Honey Bee Genome Illuminates Insect Evolution and Social Behavior
Elizabeth Pennisi
Science 27 October 2006: 578-579.
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EUROPE: Dark-Horse Neutron Source Heads Belatedly Toward Starting Line
Daniel Clery
Science 27 October 2006: 580-581.
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SCIENCE AND BUSINESS: DeCODE Adds Plagiarism Allegation to Its Case
Eliot Marshall
Science 27 October 2006: 580.
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HUMAN RIGHTS: Scientists Urge Libya to Free Medics
John Bohannon
Science 27 October 2006: 581.
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ScienceScope
Science 27 October 2006: 577.
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Random Samples
Science 27 October 2006: 573.
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Newsmakers
Science 27 October 2006: 591.
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News Focus
ENVIRONMENTAL RESTORATION: Restoring Yosemite's Twin
Erik Stokstad
Science 27 October 2006: 582-584.
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ENVIRONMENTAL RESTORATION: Big Dams Ready for Teardown
Erik Stokstad
Science 27 October 2006: 584.
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GENETICS: Unraveling Pain's DNA
Jennifer Couzin
Science 27 October 2006: 585-586.
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PROFILE: DIOLA BAGAYOKO: Failure Is Not an Option for These Minority Students
Yudhijit Bhattacharjee
Science 27 October 2006: 587-588.
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AAS DIVISION FOR PLANETARY SCIENCES: An Even Drier-Looking Moon
Richard A. Kerr
Science 27 October 2006: 589.
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AAS DIVISION FOR PLANETARY SCIENCES: Titan Lives--Geologically, at Least
Richard A. Kerr
Science 27 October 2006: 589-590.
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AAS DIVISION FOR PLANETARY SCIENCES: The Kuiper Belt Loses Some of Its Mystery
Richard A. Kerr
Science 27 October 2006: 590.
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AAS DIVISION FOR PLANETARY SCIENCES: Snapshots From the Meeting
Richard A. Kerr
Science 27 October 2006: 590.
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Letters
This Week's Letters
Science 27 October 2006: 592.
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Editorial Expression of Concern
Donald Kennedy
Science 27 October 2006: 592.
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On the Lack of Women in Academic Science
Eugenie Vorburger Mielczarek;, Felisa A. Smith;, and George Gordon Roberts
Science 27 October 2006: 592-593.
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Property Rights and Ocean Governance
Tracy Yandle;, Gail Osherenko, Oran R. Young, Larry B. Crowder, James A. Wilson, and Elliott A. Norse
Science 27 October 2006: 593-595.
Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Corrections and Clarifications
Science 27 October 2006: 595.
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Books et al.
HISTORY OF SCIENCE: The Humanistic and Religious Foundations of Deep Time
Naomi Oreskes
Science 27 October 2006: 596-597.
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PHYSICS: Teach the Controversy!
Aaron Pierce
Science 27 October 2006: 597-598.
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Books Received
Science 27 October 2006: 598.
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Education Forum
DIVERSITY: Enhanced: Gender Similarities in Mathematics and Science
Janet Shibley Hyde and Marcia C. Linn
Science 27 October 2006: 599-600.
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Perspectives
APPLIED PHYSICS: High-Speed Atomic Force Microscopy
Paul K. Hansma, Georg Schitter, Georg E. Fantner, and Craig Prater
Science 27 October 2006: 601-602.
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BIOMEDICINE: Avoiding Collateral Damage in Alzheimer's Disease Treatment
Charles Glabe
Science 27 October 2006: 602-603.
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BIOCHEMISTRY: Directing Biosynthesis
Michael A. Fischbach and Christopher T. Walsh
Science 27 October 2006: 603-605.
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ASTRONOMY: Born with Flare
Charles Telesco
Science 27 October 2006: 605-606.
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NEUROSCIENCE: Charting Olfactory Maps
Catherine Dulac
Science 27 October 2006: 606-607.
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OCEANS: New Pieces for the Marine Sulfur Cycle Jigsaw
Gill Malin
Science 27 October 2006: 607-608.
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Association Affairs
AAAS News and Notes
Science 27 October 2006: 609.
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Review
The Economics of Information Security
Ross Anderson and Tyler Moore
Science 27 October 2006: 610-613.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »|
Brevia
A Fossil Bee from Early Cretaceous Burmese Amber
G. O. Poinar, Jr. and B. N. Danforth
Science 27 October 2006: 614.
A fossil bee carrying traces of pollen in 100-million-year-old amber shows that bees originated in the Cretaceous at a time of rapid diversification of angiosperms.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Research Article
BKCa-Cav Channel Complexes Mediate Rapid and Localized Ca2+-Activated K+ Signaling
Henrike Berkefeld, Claudia A. Sailer, Wolfgang Bildl, Volker Rohde, Jörg-Oliver Thumfart, Silke Eble, Norbert Klugbauer, Ellen Reisinger, Josef Bischofberger, Dominik Oliver, Hans-Günther Knaus, Uwe Schulte, and Bernd Fakler
Science 27 October 2006: 615-620.
Calcium channels are bound to potassium channels, allowing direct delivery of calcium to trigger potassium currents that control firing patterns and neurotransmitter release.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Reports
Anatomy of a Flaring Proto-Planetary Disk Around a Young Intermediate-Mass Star
Pierre-Olivier Lagage, Coralie Doucet, Eric Pantin, Emilie Habart, Gaspard Duchêne, François Ménard, Christophe Pinte, Sébastien Charnoz, and Jan-Willem Pel
Science 27 October 2006: 621-623.
Published online 28 September 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1131436] (in Science Express Reports)
A star more massive than the Sun hosts a flaring disk of dust and gas, consistent with some models for the formation of disks.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
The Phase-Dependent Infrared Brightness of the Extrasolar Planet Andromedae b
Joseph Harrington, Brad M. Hansen, Statia H. Luszcz, Sara Seager, Drake Deming, Kristen Menou, James Y.-K. Cho, and L. Jeremy Richardson
Science 27 October 2006: 623-626.
Published online 12 October 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1133904] (in Science Express Reports)
An extrasolar planet orbiting rapidly around a nearby star shows hot day and cold night sides, implying that little horizontal energy transport occurs in its atmosphere.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »|
Brownian Motion of an Ellipsoid
Y. Han, A. M. Alsayed, M. Nobili, J. Zhang, T. C. Lubensky, and A. G. Yodh
Science 27 October 2006: 626-630.
The Brownian motion of ellipsoid particles is initially anisotropic due to rotational and translational effects, in contrast to that of classically studied spheres.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
-Hydroxy and -Amino Acids Under Possible Hadean, Volcanic Origin-of-Life Conditions
Claudia Huber and Günter Wächtershäuser
Science 27 October 2006: 630-632.
Amino acids can form by hydration of CO and/or cyanide catalyzed by iron and nickel clusters under conditions that plausibly mimic volcanic vents on early Earth.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Interface Mobility from Interface Random Walk
Zachary T. Trautt, Moneesh Upmanyu, and Alain Karma
Science 27 October 2006: 632-635.
A simulation shows that impurities enhance the absolute mobility of a flat grain boundary, affecting the microstructure of materials, even with almost no driving force.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
X-ray–Induced Dissociation of H2O and Formation of an O2–H2 Alloy at High Pressure
Wendy L. Mao, Ho-kwang Mao, Yue Meng, Peter J. Eng, Michael Y. Hu, Paul Chow, Yong Q. Cai, Jinfu Shu, and Russell J. Hemley
Science 27 October 2006: 636-638.
At high pressures, low-energy x-ray radiation causes water ice to dissociate to oxygen and hydrogen, which then form a stable solid alloy.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »|
Colloid Transport of Plutonium in the Far-Field of the Mayak Production Association, Russia
Alexander P. Novikov, Stepan N. Kalmykov, Satoshi Utsunomiya, Rodney C. Ewing, François Horreard, Alex Merkulov, Sue B. Clark, Vladimir V. Tkachev, and Boris F. Myasoedov
Science 27 October 2006: 638-641.
A study at a nuclear weapons waste site in Russia shows that plutonium can be transported rapidly in groundwater, primarily via iron-oxide colloids.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Thrice Out of Africa: Ancient and Recent Expansions of the Honey Bee, Apis mellifera
Charles W. Whitfield, Susanta K. Behura, Stewart H. Berlocher, Andrew G. Clark, J. Spencer Johnston, Walter S. Sheppard, Deborah R. Smith, Andrew V. Suarez, Daniel Weaver, and Neil D. Tsutsui
Science 27 October 2006: 642-645.
Gene diversity in European honey bees suggests that they emerged at least twice from Africa and that American killer bee populations arose from three distinct lineages.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Functional CpG Methylation System in a Social Insect
Ying Wang, Mireia Jorda, Peter L. Jones, Ryszard Maleszka, Xu Ling, Hugh M. Robertson, Craig A. Mizzen, Miguel A. Peinado, and Gene E. Robinson
Science 27 October 2006: 645-647.
The honey bee is the first insect shown to possess a functional, vertebrate-like DNA methylation system.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
From the Genome to the Proteome: Uncovering Peptides in the Apis Brain
Amanda B. Hummon, Timothy A. Richmond, Peter Verleyen, Geert Baggerman, Jurgen Huybrechts, Michael A. Ewing, Evy Vierstraete, Sandra L. Rodriguez-Zas, Liliane Schoofs, Gene E. Robinson, and Jonathan V. Sweedler
Science 27 October 2006: 647-649.
The genome of the honey bee contains nearly 200 potential brain peptides, which may be important in regulating this insect's social behavior.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Bacterial Taxa That Limit Sulfur Flux from the Ocean
Erinn C. Howard, James R. Henriksen, Alison Buchan, Chris R. Reisch, Helmut Bürgmann, Rory Welsh, Wenying Ye, José M. González, Kimberly Mace, Samantha B. Joye, Ronald P. Kiene, William B. Whitman, and Mary Ann Moran
Science 27 October 2006: 649-652.
Cyanobacteria and diatoms assimilate some of the organic sulfur produced by other phytoplankton and thus prevent its release to the atmosphere where it would otherwise influence climate.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Dimethylsulfoniopropionate Uptake by Marine Phytoplankton
Maria Vila-Costa, Rafel Simó, Hyakubun Harada, Josep M. Gasol, Doris Slezak, and Ronald P. Kiene
Science 27 October 2006: 652-654.
Cyanobacteria and diatoms assimilate some of the organic sulfur produced by other phytoplankton and thus prevent its release to the atmosphere where it would otherwise influence climate.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
A Centrosome-Independent Role for -TuRC Proteins in the Spindle Assembly Checkpoint
Hannah Müller, Marie-Laure Fogeron, Verena Lehmann, Hans Lehrach, and Bodo M. H. Lange
Science 27 October 2006: 654-657.
Centrosomal proteins are important for cell cycle progression, but their role does not require their presence in the centrosome itself.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Odorant Receptor–Derived cAMP Signals Direct Axonal Targeting
Takeshi Imai, Misao Suzuki, and Hitoshi Sakano
Science 27 October 2006: 657-661.
Published online 21 September 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1131794] (in Science Express Reports)
The organization of the developing mouse olfactory bulb along the anterior-posterior axis is controlled by cyclic AMP signaling, which then affects gene expression.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of Morphology in the Social Amoebas
Pauline Schaap, Thomas Winckler, Michaela Nelson, Elisa Alvarez-Curto, Barrie Elgie, Hiromitsu Hagiwara, James Cavender, Alicia Milano-Curto, Daniel E. Rozen, Theodor Dingermann, Rupert Mutzel, and Sandra L. Baldauf
Science 27 October 2006: 661-663.
Morphology is strikingly at odds with molecular data for classification of cellular slime molds, suggesting that a full revision of their phylogeny is needed.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Control of Peripheral Nerve Myelination by the ß-Secretase BACE1
Michael Willem, Alistair N. Garratt, Bozidar Novak, Martin Citron, Steve Kaufmann, Andrea Rittger, Bart DeStrooper, Paul Saftig, Carmen Birchmeier, and Christian Haass
Science 27 October 2006: 664-666.
Published online 21 September 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1132341] (in Science Express Reports)
An enzyme that cleaves the precursor of the amyloid peptide that accumulates in Alzheimer's disease unexpectedly also regulates the myelination of nerves.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Technical Comments
Comment on "Preindustrial to Modern Interdecadal Variability in Coral Reef pH"
Richard J. Matear and Ben I. McNeil
Science 27 October 2006: 595.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »|
Response to Comment on "Preindustrial to Modern Interdecadal Variability in Coral Reef pH"
Carles Pelejero, Eva Calvo, Malcolm T. McCulloch, John F. Marshall, Michael K. Gagan, Janice M. Lough, and Bradley N. Opdyke
Science 27 October 2006: 595.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »|
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