20 October 2006 Vol 314, Issue 5798, Pages 381-492 格陵兰冰架在融化，但比过去估计的慢？
格陵兰岛冰架研究的新结果显示，与过去的研究结果类似，冰架正在以令人担忧的速度消失，但是用一个不同的方法做的数据分析得出的新估计提出，冰消失的量比过去认为的要少些。Scott Luthcke和同事分析了来自GRACE卫星的数据，这些卫星测量地球系统变化所引起的微小引力变化。他们分析了其他人曾研究过的同样的GRACE数据，但是所用的方法不同，这使他们能够确定出不同流域系统的行为，而不是把冰架当成一个整体。他们的结果表明，从2003年到2005年格陵兰岛每年消失的冰约为100立方英里。其它的估计曾把同一时期的冰消失量的定在240立方英里。但是这两个估计都与冰架体积在1990年代基本没有变化的其他研究形成鲜明的对比。文章作者和其他研究者一样发现了冰架在边缘在变薄，但是其中心部分有所增加。一篇相关的研究评述讨论了这项新研究以及过去两项对GRACE数据研究的结果。
科学特快报告：Recent Greenland Ice Mass Loss by Drainage System from Satellite Gravity Observations, S. B. Luthcke, et al.
科学特快研究评述：How Fast Are The Ice Sheets Melting?, Anny Cazenave
与老年黄斑病变有关的单核苷酸多态性
老年黄斑病变(AMD)是导致50岁以上的人失明的最常见的原因，它部分的原因是继承了易感基因。在AMD中，视网膜中的感光细胞受损，导致中央视觉逐渐消失。AMD有两种：湿型和乾型。湿型AMD对患者危害最严重，因为视觉消失的速度很快。现在两个研究小组分别报告了对一个新易感基因的互补的研究结果。DeWan 和同事通过研究一个华人人口群，在HTRA1基因中找到了一个使患湿型AMD风险大为增加的单核苷酸多态性 (SNP)。SNPs是个体之间基因组的单字母A, T, C 或G的变异。HTRA1 基因编码一个热休克丝氨酸蛋白酶，SNP位于该基因的启动子区域。Zhenglin Yang和同事发现，同一个SNP也增加一个白种人口群患AMD的风险，而且该SNP与HTRA1信使RNA和蛋白的过度表达有关。有关这个基因突变的发现最终将有助于改进AMD的诊断和治疗。
科学特快报告：HTRA1 Promoter Polymorphism in Wet Age-Related Macular Degeneration, Andrew DeWan, et al.
科学特快报告：A Variant of the HTRA1 Gene Increases Susceptibility to Age-Related Macular Degeneration, Zhenglin Yang, et al.
微波段的隐身器
研究人员首次发明了一个隐身设备，原则性地演示了如何将物体隐蔽起来，躲过电磁辐射的探测。D. Shurig和同事用超常介质(metamaterials) - 指通过设计操纵其纳米结构来调节其电磁性质的人工组合物-制造了一个空间，该空间能排斥电磁辐射或使电磁辐射好像物体不存在似地通过。研究人员用将一个铜圆柱放到一个在微波频率段工作的人工超常介质的掩盖结构中演示了这个隐身机制。这个掩盖结构降低了来自其中所藏物体的散射，同时减少了其影子，使得掩盖结构与其中的物体有点像自由空间。这个掩盖不是完美的，而且只是二维的，但是它既降低了向前的散射(反射)，也减少了向后的散射(影子)。
科学特快报告：Metamaterial Electromagnetic Cloak at Microwave Frequencies, D. Schurig, et al.
宇宙线与银河系一路同行
一个中国和日本的研究小组报告说，接近光速行走的宇宙线，与星际气体和恒星一样绕银河系中心旋转。人们普遍认为这些高能量（高达千万亿电子伏特）的带电粒子流产生加速于众多天体爆炸和高速气体流动（比如超新星爆发和星风）所引发的磁流体激波，但是单个宇宙线带电粒子的传播路径会被湍动的星际磁场搅乱，从而难以确定它们的发源地。9年来,该实验合作组用位于海拔4300米的西藏羊八井宇宙线观测站的大气簇射探测器阵列，记录了近四百亿次的宇宙线粒子事件。 对如此大量数据的分析清晰表明, 宇宙线具有微弱的各向异性，即其强度随宇宙线的到达方向不同而变化(大约为千分之一的差别)，其中包括一个新的靠近Cygnus天区方向上的大尺度的增强。这些实验结果有可能带来对宇宙线、超新星、银河磁场、以及太阳系和银河系动力系统的更好了解。
研究文章：Anisotropy and Corotation of Galactic Cosmic Rays, M. Amenomori, et al.
研究评述：Cosmic Rays Track the Rotation of the Milky Way, Marc Duldig
生活在地球深处黑暗中的古老生命
科学家报告说，几千万年来，细菌一直生活在地球表面下的深处，与太阳光没有联系。当工程师在南非的一个金矿钻进到2.8公里深处的一个水层中后，Li-Hung Lin和同事对水层和矿的其他地方进行了采样。他们发现了Firmicute门的一种靠降解硫酸盐化合物为能源的细菌。这些生物体似乎完全独立于任何与光合作用有关的能源。文章作者说，与此相比，许多过去研究过的表面下微生物生态系统一般在地表1公里以上的深度，它们间接地与太阳光有关系。虽然微生物能在地球深处生存已经是众所周知，但是这项研究应该能帮助回答有关这些群落的丰富程度、多样性、以及存在了多长时间等问题。
报告：Long-Term Sustainability of a High-Energy, Low-Diversity Crustal Biome, Li-Hung Lin, et al.
提高磁共振成像的灵敏度
被广泛用于人体组织成像的MRI仪器也许有朝一日能显示出身体中的单个分子的位置。这个信息将能够给医生提供检查和治疗疾病的新机会。Leif Schroder和同事发展了一种基于氙而不是氢的MRI技术，把灵敏度提高了大约1万倍。常规MRI用一个磁场线圈来检测水分子中的氢原子，氢原子核响应电磁波脉冲而翻转从而解释其在身体中的存在，但是这个技术只能检测比较大量的水。本文作者构造了包含“超极化的”氙原子的分子笼子，氙更容易被MRI探测到。一个涉及氙原子进出笼子的复杂的检测方法使测量变得更敏感。附加在笼子上的特定的结合分子会使笼子锁到身体中的特定表面上。作者用他们的技术检测了少量的散布在液体中的琼脂糖球。在一篇相关的研究评述中，Bastiaan Driehuys描述了这个方法如何有朝一日能用来检测病人的心脏病。
报告：Molecular Imaging Using a Targeted Magnetic Resonance Hyperpolarized Biosensor, Leif Schroder, Thomas J. Lowery, Christian Hilty, David E. Wemmer, and Alexander Pines
研究评述：Toward Molecular Imaging with Xenon MRI, Bastiaan Driehuys
ContentsThis Week in Science
Editor summaries of this week's papers.
Science 20 October 2006: 381.
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Editorial:
Aid to Enhance Africa's Skills
David A. King
Science 20 October 2006: 385.
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Editors' Choice
Highlights of the recent literature.
Science 20 October 2006: 387.
|Full Text »
NetWatch
Best of the Web in science.
Science 20 October 2006: 393.
|Full Text »
NEW PRODUCTS
Science 20 October 2006: 483.
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News of the Week
EPIDEMIOLOGY: Iraqi Death Estimates Called Too High; Methods Faulted
John Bohannon
Science 20 October 2006: 396-397.
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ECOLOGY: Report Warns of Looming Pollination Crisis in North America
Constance Holden
Science 20 October 2006: 397.
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EUROPEAN FACILITIES: Panel Draws Up Shopping List
Daniel Clery
Science 20 October 2006: 399.
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HIGHER EDUCATION: A German Ivy League Takes Shape
Gretchen Vogel
Science 20 October 2006: 400.
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ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCE: Pollute the Planet for Climate's Sake?
Richard A. Kerr
Science 20 October 2006: 401-403.
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PHYSICS: Voilà! Cloak of Invisibility Unveiled
Adrian Cho
Science 20 October 2006: 403.
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ECOLOGY: A Rescue Effort for Tsunami-Ravaged Mangrove Forests
Richard Stone
Science 20 October 2006: 404.
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GENETICS: Gene Offers Insight Into Macular Degeneration
Jean Marx
Science 20 October 2006: 405.
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SCIENTIFIC PUBLISHING: MEDLINE Supplements Must List Corporate Ties
Jocelyn Kaiser
Science 20 October 2006: 405.
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ScienceScope
Science 20 October 2006: 399.
|Full Text »
Random Samples
Science 20 October 2006: 395.
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Newsmakers
Science 20 October 2006: 415.
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News Focus
GEOPHYSICS: The Day the Land Tipped Over
Richard Stone
Science 20 October 2006: 406-409.
Summary »| Full Text »| PDF »|
GEOPHYSICS: Facing a Tsunami With No Place to Run
Richard Stone
Science 20 October 2006: 408-409.
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AAS HIGH ENERGY ASTROPHYSICS DIVISION: Early Look at Exploding Supernova Spotlights Deadly Stellar Tango
Tom Siegfried
Science 20 October 2006: 411.
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AAS HIGH ENERGY ASTROPHYSICS DIVISION: Snapshots From The Meeting
Tom Siegfried
Science 20 October 2006: 411.
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HELAMAN FERGUSON PROFILE: Carving His Own Unique Niche, in Symbols and Stone
Katherine Unger
Science 20 October 2006: 412-413.
Summary »| Full Text »| PDF »|
Letters
This Week's Letters
Science 20 October 2006: 417.
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HIV Testing and Individual Rights
Edward Mills, Stuart Rennie;, Zunyou Wu, Xinhua Sun, Sheena G. Sullivan, and Roger Detels
Science 20 October 2006: 417-419.
Full Text »| PDF »|
Operational Hurricane Intensity Forecasting
Howard R. Baum and Frank Fendell
Science 20 October 2006: 419.
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The Danger of Mathematical Models
Keith Backman
Science 20 October 2006: 419.
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The "Source" of Drug-Resistant TB Outbreaks
Paul D. van Helden, Tommie Victor, and Robin M. Warren
Science 20 October 2006: 419-420.
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Books et al.
SCIENCE AND SOCIETY: Biotechnology and the Human Soul
Michael A. Goldman
Science 20 October 2006: 423.
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MOVIES: TRANSPORTATION: A Battery-Powered Car Run Down
David A. Kirsch
Science 20 October 2006: 424.
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Browsing
Science 20 October 2006: 424.
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Books Received
Science 20 October 2006: 424.
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Policy Forum
POPULATION: The Demography of Growing European Identity
Wolfgang Lutz, Sylvia Kritzinger, and Vegard Skirbekk
Science 20 October 2006: 425.
Summary »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Perspectives
PHYSICS: Jump-Starting Quantum Error Correction with Entanglement
Daniel Gottesman
Science 20 October 2006: 427-428.
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SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION: Protein Synthesis and Oncogenesis Meet Again
Nahum Sonenberg and Arnim Pause
Science 20 October 2006: 428-429.
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ASTRONOMY: Cosmic Rays Track the Rotation of the Milky Way
Marc Duldig
Science 20 October 2006: 429-430.
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CHEMISTRY: The Future of Organic Synthesis
Peter Kündig
Science 20 October 2006: 430-431.
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CHEMISTRY: Enhanced: Toward Molecular Imaging with Xenon MRI
Bastiaan Driehuys
Science 20 October 2006: 432-433.
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SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION: Prelude to an Anniversary for the RAS Oncogene
Julian Downward
Science 20 October 2006: 433-434.
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Association Affairs
AAAS 2007 Annual Meeting Program
Science 20 October 2006: 484-492.
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Brevia
Exposure to Scientific Theories Affects Women's Math Performance
Ilan Dar-Nimrod and Steven J. Heine
Science 20 October 2006: 435.
Ascribing gender differences in performance on math tests to genetics adversely affects girls' scores on subsequent tests, but ascribing such differences to experience does not.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Research Articles
Correcting Quantum Errors with Entanglement
Todd Brun, Igor Devetak, and Min-Hsiu Hsieh
Science 20 October 2006: 436-439.
Published online 28 September 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1131563] (in Science Express Research Articles)
Entanglement-assisted quantum error correction simplifies the theory of stabilizer codes, allowing a new class of efficient codes to protect quantum information from decoherence.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Anisotropy and Corotation of Galactic Cosmic Rays
M. Amenomori, S. Ayabe, X. J. Bi, D. Chen, S. W. Cui, Danzengluobu, L. K. Ding, X. H. Ding, C. F. Feng, Zhaoyang Feng, Z. Y. Feng, X. Y. Gao, Q. X. Geng, H. W. Guo, H. H. He, M. He, K. Hibino, N. Hotta, Haibing Hu, H. B. Hu, J. Huang, Q. Huang, H. Y. Jia, F. Kajino, K. Kasahara, Y. Katayose, C. Kato, K. Kawata, Labaciren, G. M. Le, A. F. Li, J. Y. Li, Y.-Q. Lou, H. Lu, S. L. Lu, X. R. Meng, K. Mizutani, J. Mu, K. Munakata, A. Nagai, H. Nanjo, M. Nishizawa, M. Ohnishi, I. Ohta, H. Onuma, T. Ouchi, S. Ozawa, J. R. Ren, T. Saito, T. Y. Saito, M. Sakata, T. K. Sako, T. Sasaki, M. Shibata, A. Shiomi, T. Shirai, H. Sugimoto, M. Takita, Y. H. Tan, N. Tateyama, S. Torii, H. Tsuchiya, S. Udo, B. Wang, H. Wang, X. Wang, Y. G. Wang, H. R. Wu, L. Xue, Y. Yamamoto, C. T. Yan, X. C. Yang, S. Yasue, Z. H. Ye, G. C. Yu, A. F. Yuan, T. Yuda, H. M. Zhang, J. L. Zhang, N. J. Zhang, X. Y. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Yi Zhang, Zhaxisangzhu, X. X. Zhou (The Tibet AS Collaboration)
Science 20 October 2006: 439-443.
Anisotropies in the distribution of cosmic rays in the sky, including an excess from a spiral arm of the Milky Way, show that cosmic rays corotate with the Galaxy.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »|
Reports
Isolated Single-Cycle Attosecond Pulses
G. Sansone, E. Benedetti, F. Calegari, C. Vozzi, L. Avaldi, R. Flammini, L. Poletto, P. Villoresi, C. Altucci, R. Velotta, S. Stagira, S. De Silvestri, and M. Nisoli
Science 20 October 2006: 443-446.
Single-cycle 130-attosecond light pulses, useful for probing electron dynamics, can be generated by modulating the polarization state of 5-femtosecond pulses in argon.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Molecular Imaging Using a Targeted Magnetic Resonance Hyperpolarized Biosensor
Leif Schröder, Thomas J. Lowery, Christian Hilty, David E. Wemmer, and Alexander Pines
Science 20 October 2006: 446-449.
Magnetic resonance images of a single biomolecule can be obtained from the amplified signal of a bound xenon probe that exchanges with surrounding bulk xenon.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Wetland Sedimentation from Hurricanes Katrina and Rita
R. Eugene Turner, Joseph J. Baustian, Erick M. Swenson, and Jennifer S. Spicer
Science 20 October 2006: 449-452.
Published online 21 September 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1129116] (in Science Express Reports)
Hurricanes, not flood deposits, may supply most of the inorganic sediments that sustain coastal salt marshes near the mouth of the Mississippi River.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
A Combined Mitigation/Geoengineering Approach to Climate Stabilization
T. M. L. Wigley
Science 20 October 2006: 452-454.
Published online 14 September 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1131728] (in Science Express Reports)
Global warming could be mitigated by the injection of sulfate aerosol precursors into the atmosphere, thus increasing cloudiness.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »|
Dendritic Cell Stimulation by Mycobacterial Hsp70 Is Mediated Through CCR5
R. Andres Floto, Paul A. MacAry, Jessica M. Boname, Tan Suet Mien, Beate Kampmann, James R. Hair, Oh Seen Huey, Edith N. G. Houben, Jean Pieters, Cheryl Day, Wulf Oehlmann, Mahavir Singh, Kenneth G. C. Smith, and Paul J. Lehner
Science 20 October 2006: 454-458.
The protein through which HIV infects immune cells normally senses a heat shock protein from mycobacteria to initiate an antibacterial response.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Direct Demonstration of an Adaptive Constraint
Stephen P. Miller, Mark Lunzer, and Antony M. Dean
Science 20 October 2006: 458-461.
The intrinsic properties of a leucine biosynthetic enzyme can prevent the test-tube evolution of seemingly adaptive traits—increased catalysis rate, for example.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
An Essential Role for LEDGF/p75 in HIV Integration
Manuel Llano, Dyana T. Saenz, Anne Meehan, Phonphimon Wongthida, Mary Peretz, William H. Walker, Wulin Teo, and Eric M. Poeschla
Science 20 October 2006: 461-464.
Published online 7 September 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1132319] (in Science Express Reports)
A cellular factor is required for HIV integration and represents a potential drug target.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Dynamic Nuclear Actin Assembly by Arp2/3 Complex and a Baculovirus WASP-Like Protein
Erin D. Goley, Taro Ohkawa, Joel Mancuso, Jeffrey B. Woodruff, Joseph A. D'Alessio, W. Zacheus Cande, Loy E. Volkman, and Matthew D. Welch
Science 20 October 2006: 464-467.
A virus triggers actin assembly in the nucleus of infected cells in order to begin its own replication.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
S6K1- and ßTRCP-Mediated Degradation of PDCD4 Promotes Protein Translation and Cell Growth
N. Valerio Dorrello, Angelo Peschiaroli, Daniele Guardavaccaro, Nancy H. Colburn, Nicholas E. Sherman, and Michele Pagano
Science 20 October 2006: 467-471.
A protein identified as a tumor suppressor controls overall protein synthesis rates through a translation initiation factor, promoting cell proliferation and growth.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Functional Delivery of a Cytosolic tRNA into Mutant Mitochondria of Human Cells
Bidesh Mahata, Saikat Mukherjee, Sumita Mishra, Arun Bandyopadhyay, and Samit Adhya
Science 20 October 2006: 471-474.
Proteins from a parasite can restore function of human cells with defective mitochondria, suggesting a possible therapeutic approach for certain genetic muscle diseases.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Common Kibra Alleles Are Associated with Human Memory Performance
Andreas Papassotiropoulos, Dietrich A. Stephan, Matthew J. Huentelman, Frederic J. Hoerndli, David W. Craig, John V. Pearson, Kim-Dung Huynh, Fabienne Brunner, Jason Corneveaux, David Osborne, M. Axel Wollmer, Amanda Aerni, Daniel Coluccia, Jürgen Hänggi, Christian R. A. Mondadori, Andreas Buchmann, Eric M. Reiman, Richard J. Caselli, Katharina Henke, and Dominique J.-F. de Quervain
Science 20 October 2006: 475-478.
Correlation of performance on a memory task with polymorphisms in the whole human genome points to a neuronal protein as one possible determinant of human memory.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Long-Term Sustainability of a High-Energy, Low-Diversity Crustal Biome
Li-Hung Lin, Pei-Ling Wang, Douglas Rumble, Johanna Lippmann-Pipke, Erik Boice, Lisa M. Pratt, Barbara Sherwood Lollar, Eoin L. Brodie, Terry C. Hazen, Gary L. Andersen, Todd Z. DeSantis, Duane P. Moser, Dave Kershaw, and T. C. Onstott
Science 20 October 2006: 479-482.
Nearly 3 kilometers deep in Earth's crust, a simple bacterial community has survived for millions of years on geological sources of sulfate and hydrogen.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Technical Comments
Comment on "Stability via Asynchrony in Drosophila Metapopulations with Low Migration Rates"
Esa Ranta and Veijo Kaitala
Science 20 October 2006: 420.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »|
Response to Comment on "Stability via Asynchrony in Drosophila Metapopulations with Low Migration Rates"
Sutirth Dey and Amitabh Joshi
Science 20 October 2006: 420.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »|
