6 October 2006 Vol 314, Issue 5796, Pages 13-149
科学家发现引起痴呆症的蛋白
研究人员发现了一个与包括肌萎缩性侧索硬化症(ASL)的神经衰退症有关的蛋白。Manuela Neumann和同事确定TDP-43是人们寻早已久的涉及痴呆的疾病蛋白，这种痴呆是由大脑额叶的退化引起的，退化能延伸到颞叶。这是仅次于阿尔默海兹症的让65岁以下患者痴呆的第二种最常见的原因，通常影响40几岁和50几岁的人。TDP-43过去在神经退化疾病患者病理的错误折叠蛋白中缺失。识别出这个蛋白应该有助于痴呆以及运动神经元疾病的研究。
报告：Ubiquitinated TDP-43 in Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Manuela Neumann, et al.
与焦虑和抑郁有关的基因
科学家制造了一个小鼠系，它们似乎具有与人类焦虑和抑郁有关的经典行为特征。虽然人们还不知道那些基因与抑郁和焦虑有关，但是BDNF是一个可能的候选基因，因为该基因对大脑神经元的生存、发育以及可塑性至关重要。Zhe-Yu Chen和同事生成了带有一种BDNF 突变的转基因鼠，该突变出现在20%到30%的白种人中。他们发现，转基因小鼠有带有这个突变的人的大脑解剖和记忆的变化，而且表现出与焦虑有关的关键行为。出人意料的是，用抗抑郁的氟苯氧苯胺(商品名Prozac)治疗小鼠，似乎并没有减轻其焦虑行为。文章作者提出，这个药物在该基因的两个版本中只有一个有突变的人身上也许也没有常见的效果，该基因突变也许能成为预测个体对这类抗抑郁药的响应的一个有用的“生物标志”。作者还提出，增加来自神经元之间的连接点的BDNF蛋白的释放，或延长分泌的BDNF蛋白的寿命，也许能改进带有BDNF突变的人对类似氟苯氧苯胺药物的响应。
报告：Genetic Variant BDNF (Val66Met) Polymorphism Alters Anxiety-Related Behavior, Zhe-Yu Chen, et al.
物种多样性来自热带
通过分析1100万年中的双掰类化石，Jablonski和同事搞澄清了一个年代久远的古生物学争论：热带究竟是新物种生成的生物多样性的摇篮，还是旧物种得以持久存在的生物多样性的博物馆。他们的答案是两者皆是。过去一百年中，研究人员认识到热带地区的物种数是最多的，物种的数量随着向极地的方向减少。研究人员一直在思考这个生物多样性沿经线的梯度的进化动力学问题，现在Jablonski的小组报告了对记载物种起源、灭绝和迁移模式的化石记录的首次全面分析。研究显示，生物体的多样性起源于热带，然后向两极迁移。研究人员说，他们的工作突出了在未来气候变化中保护这个“全球多样性引擎”的必要性。Charles R. Marshall在一篇相关的研究评述中进一步讨论了这个问题。
研究文章：Out of the Tropics: Evolutionary Dynamics of the Latitudinal Diversity Gradient, David Jablonski, Kaustuv Roy, and James W. Valentine
研究评述：Fossil Record Reveals Tropics as Cradle and Museum, Charles R. Marshall
大脑中的共享和自私
研究人员报告说，在一个叫最后通牒的交易游戏中，将大脑的一个区域暂时关闭能使自私胜过公正。Daria Knoch与瑞士和美国的同事对自愿玩游戏的人用了一种名为“重复经颅磁刺激”的非侵入性的技术，该技术涉及一个弱电流脉冲通过大脑。研究人员用这个技术暂时扰乱背外侧前额叶皮层(DLPFC)的左边或右边，过去的研究曾提示DLPFC与最后通牒的游戏中做出决定有关。在这个游戏中，两个玩游戏的人需要同意如何分一笔钱，其中一位给出一个分配方案，另一位或接受或拒绝，如果拒绝则两人都得不到钱。研究人员发现，打扰DLPFC 的右边使志愿者更可能接受不公平的分配方案，而不为了惩罚“提案人”不平均地共享而拒绝。因此看来，DLPFC在正常情况下涉及抑制自私的冲动。
科学特快报告：Diminishing Reciprocal Fairness by Disrupting the Right Prefrontal Cortex, Daria Knoch, Alvaro Pascual-Leone, Kaspar Meyer, Valerie Treyer, and Ernst Fehr
基因组反映进化爆发
新研究提出，进化树上遗传变化中的20%能用与新物种形成有关的进化爆发解释。跃变进化论是近几十年来进化生物学中最有争议的理论，该理论的代表性工作是建立在化石记录的研究之上，因此一直比较难判断其重要性，因为化石记录很不完全。Mark Pagel和同事用分析基因组中核苷酸替换来研究这个问题，核苷酸替换指单个DNA“字母”的交换。他们显示，进化爆发能解释这些替换的20%，而逐步进化能解释其它的80%。
报告：Large Punctuational Contribution of Speciation to Evolutionary Divergence at the Molecular Level, Mark Pagel, Chris Venditti, and Andrew Meade
本期专题部分：计算神经科学
神经科学家越来越多地靠计算机和模拟，因为他们研究的系统太复杂，不可能采集所有的数据。如何用概念上有意义的参数、而不是简单地添加越来越多的细节成为模拟现实的挑战。在本期的计算神经科学专题部分，三位计算神经科学家综述他们领域的最新进展，展望位来的发展，包括模拟单个的神经元，以及用基于生物的计算模型来了解比如人类智力等高级任职功能。专题部分还包括了一组新闻报道。
专题介绍：Of Bytes and Brains, Peter Stern and John Travis
Contents
Special Issue
Modeling the Mind
Of Bytes and Brains
Peter Stern and John Travis
Science 6 October 2006: 75.
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News
An Enterprising Approach to Brain Science
Greg Miller
Science 6 October 2006: 76-77.
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Vision's Grand Theorist
Ingrid Wickelgren
Science 6 October 2006: 78-79.
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Reviews
Modeling Single-Neuron Dynamics and Computations: A Balance of Detail and Abstraction
Andreas V. M. Herz, Tim Gollisch, Christian K. Machens, and Dieter Jaeger
Science 6 October 2006: 80-85.
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Neuronal Computations with Stochastic Network States
Alain Destexhe and Diego Contreras
Science 6 October 2006: 85-90.
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Biologically Based Computational Models of High-Level Cognition
Randall C. O'Reilly
Science 6 October 2006: 91-94.
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This Week in Science
Editor summaries of this week's papers.
Science 6 October 2006: 13.
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Editorial:
Prying Open the Black Box
Floyd Bloom
Science 6 October 2006: 17.
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Editors' Choice
Highlights of the recent literature.
Science 6 October 2006: 19.
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NetWatch
Best of the Web in science.
Science 6 October 2006: 27.
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NEW PRODUCTS
Science 6 October 2006: 149.
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News of the Week
GENETICS: Seeing a 'Plot,' deCODE Sues to Block a DNA Research Center
Eliot Marshall
Science 6 October 2006: 30.
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U.S. COMPETITIVENESS: Hopes for Innovation Bill Rest on Lame-Duck Congress
Jeffrey Mervis
Science 6 October 2006: 31.
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POLAR RESEARCH: U.S. Needs New Icebreakers, Report Tells Congress
Jeffrey Mervis
Science 6 October 2006: 33.
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NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE: Method to Silence Genes Earns Loud Praise
Jennifer Couzin
Science 6 October 2006: 34.
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NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS: Astrophysicists Lauded for First Baby Picture of the Universe
Adrian Cho
Science 6 October 2006: 35.
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ASTRONOMY: Speedy Planets Near Galactic Center Show Sun's Region Is No Fluke
Govert Schilling
Science 6 October 2006: 36.
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GEOCHEMISTRY: Has Lazy Mixing Spoiled the Primordial Stew?
Richard A. Kerr
Science 6 October 2006: 36-37.
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NONLINEAR DYNAMICS: Bizarrely, Adding Delay to Delay Produces Synchronization
Adrian Cho
Science 6 October 2006: 37.
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FRANCE: Presidential Hopefuls Discover a New Issue: Science
Martin Enserink
Science 6 October 2006: 39.
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BIODEFENSE: House Passes Plan for Drug, Vaccine R&D
Jocelyn Kaiser
Science 6 October 2006: 39.
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ScienceScope
Science 6 October 2006: 33.
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Random Samples
Science 6 October 2006: 29.
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Newsmakers
Science 6 October 2006: 49.
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News Focus
JOHN NIEDERHUBER: A Physician-Scientist Takes the Helm of NCI
Jocelyn Kaiser
Science 6 October 2006: 40-42.
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JOHN NIEDERHUBER: Budgets, Patients, Managing Conflicts
Jocelyn Kaiser
Science 6 October 2006: 41.
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NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES: Picking Apart the Causes of Mysterious Dementias
Jean Marx
Science 6 October 2006: 42-43.
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SCIENCE POLICY: Priorities Needed for Nano-Risk Research and Development
Robert F. Service
Science 6 October 2006: 45.
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AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY MEETING: Power to the (Poor) People
Robert F. Service
Science 6 October 2006: 46.
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AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY MEETING: Cut-and-Copy Approach Clones Nanotubes
Robert F. Service
Science 6 October 2006: 46-47.
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AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY MEETING: Snapshots From the Meeting
Robert F. Service
Science 6 October 2006: 47.
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Letters
This Week's Letters
Science 6 October 2006: 51.
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Post-Fire Logging Debate Ignores Many Issues
Dominick A. DellaSala, James R. Karr, Tania Schoennagel, Dave Perry, Reed F. Noss, David Lindenmayer, Robert Beschta, Richard L. Hutto, Mark E. Swanson, and Jon Evans
Science 6 October 2006: 51-52.
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Preventing HIV/AIDS in Adolescents
Jane Roberts
Science 6 October 2006: 52.
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On Purpose in Conservation
George M. Woodwell;, T. M. Brooks, R. A. Mittermeier, G. A. B. da Fonseca, J. Gerlach, M. Hoffmann, J. F. Lamoreux, C. G. Mittermeier, J. D. Pilgrim, and A. S. L. Rodrigues
Science 6 October 2006: 52-54.
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Books et al.
NEUROSCIENCE: A Case for the Moral Organ?
Michael R. Waldmann
Science 6 October 2006: 57-58.
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NEUROSCIENCE: The Powers of Rhythm
Pascal Fries
Science 6 October 2006: 58-59.
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NEUROSCIENCE: From the Dark Side to the Bright Side of Drug Addiction
Barry J. Everitt
Science 6 October 2006: 59-60.
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NEUROSCIENCE: How Does the Brain Deal with the Social World?
Sarah Jayne Blakemore
Science 6 October 2006: 60-61.
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Books Received
Science 6 October 2006: 61.
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Essays on Science and Society
EPPENDORF 2006 WINNER: A Dedicated System for Processing Faces
Doris Tsao
Science 6 October 2006: 72-73.
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EPPENDORF 2006 WINNER: 2006 Grand Prize Winner
Science 6 October 2006: 73.
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Policy Forum
PUBLIC HEALTH: Genomics and Medicine at a Crossroads in Chernobyl
Geoffrey S. Ginsburg, Misha Angrist, and Robert Cook-Deegan
Science 6 October 2006: 62-63.
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Perspectives
CELL SIGNALING: The Double Life of a Transcription Factor Takes It Outside the Nucleus
Chan Young Park and Richard Dolmetsch
Science 6 October 2006: 64-65.
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CHEMISTRY: Mass Spectrometry: Bottom-Up or Top-Down?
Brian T. Chait
Science 6 October 2006: 65-66.
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EVOLUTION: Fossil Record Reveals Tropics as Cradle and Museum
Charles R. Marshall
Science 6 October 2006: 66-67.
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CANCER: Enhanced: Cancer Immunotherapy Is More Than a Numbers Game
Rienk Offringa
Science 6 October 2006: 68-69.
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CHEMISTRY: Boron Goes On the Attack
Todd B. Marder
Science 6 October 2006: 69-70.
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ASTRONOMY: Galactic Prominences on the Rise
Mark Morris
Science 6 October 2006: 70-71.
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Brevia
Generation of Simian-Tropic HIV-1 by Restriction Factor Evasion
Theodora Hatziioannou, Michael Princiotta, Michael Piatak, Jr., Fang Yuan, Fengwen Zhang, Jeffrey D. Lifson, and Paul D. Bieniasz
Science 6 October 2006: 95.
A modified HIV-1 resistant to certain enzymes can replicate in macaque T cells, potentially allowing the use of nonhuman primates to study AIDS.
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Research Articles
Tests of General Relativity from Timing the Double Pulsar
M. Kramer, I. H. Stairs, R. N. Manchester, M. A. McLaughlin, A. G. Lyne, R. D. Ferdman, M. Burgay, D. R. Lorimer, A. Possenti, N. D'Amico, J. M. Sarkissian, G. B. Hobbs, J. E. Reynolds, P. C. C. Freire, and F. Camilo
Science 6 October 2006: 97-102.
Published online 14 September 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1132305] (in Science Express Research Articles)
Precision timing measurements of a double radio pulsar for nearly 3 years provide four tests of general relativity under strong gravitational fields and show that it holds to 0.05 percent.
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Out of the Tropics: Evolutionary Dynamics of the Latitudinal Diversity Gradient
David Jablonski, Kaustuv Roy, and James W. Valentine
Science 6 October 2006: 102-106.
Analysis of marine bivalve fossils shows that the tendency of taxa to originate in the tropics and then expand poleward accounts for decreasing diversity toward the poles.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Reports
Molecular Loops in the Galactic Center: Evidence for Magnetic Flotation
Yasuo Fukui, Hiroaki Yamamoto, Motosuji Fujishita, Natsuko Kudo, Kazufumi Torii, Satoshi Nozawa, Kunio Takahashi, Ryoji Matsumoto, Mami Machida, Akiko Kawamura, Yoshinori Yonekura, Norikazu Mizuno, Toshikazu Onishi, and Akira Mizuno
Science 6 October 2006: 106-109.
Maps of emissions from carbon monoxide in the inner Milky Way reveal giant loops of fast-moving molecular gas that may be created by magnetic instabilities.
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Extending Top-Down Mass Spectrometry to Proteins with Masses Greater Than 200 Kilodaltons
Xuemei Han, Mi Jin, Kathrin Breuker, and Fred W. McLafferty
Science 6 October 2006: 109-112.
Sheets of cadmium telluride particles can be assembled in a solvent without the usual constraint provided by a template or patterned surface.
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Boryllithium: Isolation, Characterization, and Reactivity as a Boryl Anion
Yasutomo Segawa, Makoto Yamashita, and Kyoko Nozaki
Science 6 October 2006: 113-115.
A long-sought compound inverts the typically electropositive character of boron and acts as a base and nucleophile.
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Unraveling the Mystery of Indian Monsoon Failure During El Niño
K. Krishna Kumar, Balaji Rajagopalan, Martin Hoerling, Gary Bates, and Mark Cane
Science 6 October 2006: 115-119.
Published online 7 September 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1131152] (in Science Express Reports)
Droughts in India are associated with only those El Niño events characterized by particularly warm sea surface temperatures in the central equatorial Pacific.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Large Punctuational Contribution of Speciation to Evolutionary Divergence at the Molecular Level
Mark Pagel, Chris Venditti, and Andrew Meade
Science 6 October 2006: 119-121.
About one-fifth of the amino acid changes producing genetic differences among species groups occur during rapid bursts of evolution; the rest accumulate during gradual divergence.
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Action of TFII-I Outside the Nucleus as an Inhibitor of Agonist-Induced Calcium Entry
Gabriela Caraveo, Damian B. van Rossum, Randen L. Patterson, Solomon H. Snyder, and Stephen Desiderio
Science 6 October 2006: 122-125.
Although multiple genes are generally thought to control an individual's resistance to infection, only one gene determines susceptibility to a herpesvirus.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Cancer Regression in Patients After Transfer of Genetically Engineered Lymphocytes
Richard A. Morgan, Mark E. Dudley, John R. Wunderlich, Marybeth S. Hughes, James C. Yang, Richard M. Sherry, Richard E. Royal, Suzanne L. Topalian, Udai S. Kammula, Nicholas P. Restifo, Zhili Zheng, Azam Nahvi, Christiaan R. de Vries, Linda J. Rogers-Freezer, Sharon A. Mavroukakis, and Steven A. Rosenberg
Science 6 October 2006: 126-129.
Published online 31 August 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1129003] (in Science Express Reports)
Immune cells of cancer patients can be altered to carry genes that, in several cases, can successfully cause regression of some metastatic melanomas.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Ubiquitinated TDP-43 in Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Manuela Neumann, Deepak M. Sampathu, Linda K. Kwong, Adam C. Truax, Matthew C. Micsenyi, Thomas T. Chou, Jennifer Bruce, Theresa Schuck, Murray Grossman, Christopher M. Clark, Leo F. McCluskey, Bruce L. Miller, Eliezer Masliah, Ian R. Mackenzie, Howard Feldman, Wolfgang Feiden, Hans A. Kretzschmar, John Q. Trojanowski, and Virginia M.-Y. Lee
Science 6 October 2006: 130-133.
The protein involved in the pathology of certain neurodegenerative diseases is identified.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Infectious Prions in the Saliva and Blood of Deer with Chronic Wasting Disease
Candace K. Mathiason, Jenny G. Powers, Sallie J. Dahmes, David A. Osborn, Karl V. Miller, Robert J. Warren, Gary L. Mason, Sheila A. Hays, Jeanette Hayes-Klug, Davis M. Seelig, Margaret A. Wild, Lisa L. Wolfe, Terry R. Spraker, Michael W. Miller, Christina J. Sigurdson, Glenn C. Telling, and Edward A. Hoover
Science 6 October 2006: 133-136.
Body fluids from infected deer contain infectious prions, possibly explaining the ease with which chronic wasting disease passes among deer and elk.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Modulation of Cell Adhesion and Motility in the Immune System by Myo1f
Sangwon V. Kim, Wajahat Z. Mehal, Xuemei Dong, Volkmar Heinrich, Marc Pypaert, Ira Mellman, Micah Dembo, Mark S. Mooseker, Dianqing Wu, and Richard A. Flavell
Science 6 October 2006: 136-139.
An unconventional form of long-tailed myosin regulates the adhesion proteins of immune cells, explaining the immunological defects in mice lacking this protein.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Genetic Variant BDNF (Val66Met) Polymorphism Alters Anxiety-Related Behavior
Zhe-Yu Chen, Deqiang Jing, Kevin G. Bath, Alessandro Ieraci, Tanvir Khan, Chia-Jen Siao, Daniel G. Herrera, Miklos Toth, Chingwen Yang, Bruce S. McEwen, Barbara L. Hempstead, and Francis S. Lee
Science 6 October 2006: 140-143.
Mice carrying a neurotransmitter with one defective amino acid display memory and mood problems similar to those of humans with the same variant.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Activity- and mTOR-Dependent Suppression of Kv1.1 Channel mRNA Translation in Dendrites
Kimberly F. Raab-Graham, Patrick C. G. Haddick, Yuh Nung Jan, and Lily Yeh Jan
Science 6 October 2006: 144-148.
The synthesis of a potassium channel is decreased by neuronal activity near synapses of hippocampal cells, providing a local feedback circuit.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Technical Comments
Comment on "Pairing and Phase Separation in a Polarized Fermi Gas"
Martin W. Zwierlein and Wolfgang Ketterle
Science 6 October 2006: 54.
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Response to Comment on "Pairing and Phase Separation in a Polarized Fermi Gas"
Guthrie B. Partridge, Wenhui Li, Ramsey I. Kamar, Yean-an Liao, and Randall G. Hulet
Science 6 October 2006: 54.
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