| 2006年09月29日 Science中英文摘要 | | 点击： 作者： 来源： 时间： 2006-11-12 本站论坛 |
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29 September 2006 Vol 313, Issue 5795, Pages 1849-1979
免疫细胞预测直结肠癌预后
研究结肠直肠癌患者的科学家发现，肿瘤中免疫细胞的类型、密度、以及位置，比病理的常规化验，能更好地预测患者预后。尽管过去用小鼠做的实验显示，免疫系统控制肿瘤的生长，但是在人类是否也是这样比较有争议。Jérome Galon和同事研究了结肠直肠癌的三个不同患者群体，发现通过采集肿瘤中的免疫细胞的有关信息，他们能更准确地预测疾病的临床进程，比如肿瘤复发前患者的生存时间。这些结果支持了人类免疫系统影响肿瘤行为的观念。采集这些免疫数据也许会使找到最适合病人个体的治疗变得容易。
报告：Type, Density, and Location of Immune Cells Within Human Colorectal Tumors Predict Clinical Outcome, Jérome Galon, et al.
联系药物、基因、与疾病
一个研究小组报告了建立大规模的药物如何影响健康和疾病细胞数据库的初步成果。他们称这个项目为"联系图(Connectivity Map)"，因为它有揭示药物、基因、与疾病之间联系的能力。项目旨在汇编身体细胞处于各种状态的基因组"识别标志(signature)"，使研究一个具体候选药物的研究人员可以将一个识别标志输入到数据库中，来发现该药物可能的新作用。为了建立这个数据库的第一批数据，Justin Lamb和同事搜集了用146个有生物活性的小分子处理的培养人类细胞的基因表达谱，这些小分子包括抗癌药物gedunin、雌激素、以及某些抗精神病药。研究人员也搜集了诸如食物引起的肥胖症、阿尔兹海默氏症、以及抗药物的白血病细胞的基因识别标志。用图形匹配软件来挖掘这些数据，作者发现了药物作用的可能机制，证实了已知药物的应用，也发现了已知药物可能的新应用。
研究文章：The Connectivity Map: Using Gene-Expression Signatures to Connect Small Molecules, Genes, and Disease, Justin Lamb, et al.
地球炎热的过去的二氧化碳浓度更高
为了了解如果我们在下100年中像现在这样继续燃烧化石燃料的话，气候将会怎样变化，研究人员回顾了过去6500万年中全球温度持续最高的时期。Tim K. Lowenstein和Robert V. Demicco研究了来自约6500万年到4900万年前始新世的矿石证据，确定出那时的大气二氧化碳体积浓度高于1,125ppm，这是工业化前大气二氧化碳浓度的四倍。一些科学家估计，如果我们继续用化石燃料作为世界的主要能源，地球二氧化碳的水平将达到1,000ppm。本文作者用对远古二氧化碳量的估计是建立在与大气接触的水中沉降出的碳酸钠的分析上的，他们的样品来自美国的科罗拉多和怀俄明州，以及中国和土耳其。
简报：Elevated Eocene Atmospheric CO2 and Its Subsequent Decline, Tim K. Lowenstein and Robert V. Demicco
发现较大恒星周围的发光盘
科学家在一个比我们的太阳大2.5倍的恒星周围，发现了一个尘土、碎片和气体的发光盘。天文学家过去不太清楚这样的盘是否能在比太阳大的恒星周围形成。Pierre-Oliver Lavage和同事发现了这个恒星HD 97048周围的发光盘，该恒星位于Chameleon I暗云中，是太阳的2.5倍。他们的发现是用位于欧洲南方天文台的特大望远镜成像仪和光谱仪(VSIR)的中红外段做出的。研究人员提出，该盘的年龄还很短，所以也许能观察到正在演化中的原行星，也许其中有行星正在形成。
科学特快报告：Anatomy of a Flaring Proto-Planetary Disk Around a Young Intermediate-Mass Star, Pierre-Olivier Lagage, et al.
基因组学与生命之树
给所有活的东西建一个生命之树是系统分类研究人员面临的一个挑战。Antonis Rokas在本期一篇研究评述中写道，虽然第一个基因组是在10年前的测定，但是基因组已经对系统分类有了很大的影响。基因组数据使研究人员发现了建立生物之间早期关系的新的标记。大量的数据给系统分类建设的推断以更多的信心，但也带来了挑战。研究人员需要更大的计算机和新的统计算法来处理这些数据。有些棘手的问题也变得更清楚，包括某些基因历史看起来更像进化网络而不是树。比较基因组学将使可以得到的分子数据极大地增加，从而在组建一个更清晰的生命之树上起关键作用。
研究评述：Genomics and the Tree of Life, Antonis Rokas
本期专题部分：基因组的故事
看来进化是一个缓和紧张关系的故事，对变化环境的适应是与功能严密的生物机器需求的一场拉力战。在本期专题部分，三篇综述和一组新闻讨论了这个复杂故事的不同方面。通过比较基因组学，科学家正在了解哪些影响促进多样性或给我们的生物机器施加约束。比较基因组学也给人类生理的进化历史提供了线索，同时可能会提示治疗疾病的新方法。
专题介绍：Genomic Tales, Barbara R. Jasny, Elizabeth Pennisi, and John Travis
Contents
Special Issue
Genomic Evolution: Building the Body from Genes
Genomic Tales
Barbara R. Jasny, Elizabeth Pennisi, and John Travis
Science 29 September 2006: 1907.
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News
Mining the Molecules That Made Our Mind
Elizabeth Pennisi
Science 29 September 2006: 1908-1911.
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The Evolution of Function & Form
Science 29 September 2006: 1912-1913.
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Reviews
Casting a Genetic Light on the Evolution of Eyes
Russell D. Fernald
Science 29 September 2006: 1914-1918.
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Genomic Evolution of Hox Gene Clusters
Derek Lemons and William McGinnis
Science 29 September 2006: 1918-1922.
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Gene Regulatory Networks in the Evolution and Development of the Heart
Eric N. Olson
Science 29 September 2006: 1922-1927.
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This Week in Science
Editor summaries of this week's papers.
Science 29 September 2006: 1849.
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Editorial:
Genetic Testing Oversight
Kathy L. Hudson
Science 29 September 2006: 1853.
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Editors' Choice
Highlights of the recent literature.
Science 29 September 2006: 1855.
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NetWatch
Best of the Web in science.
Science 29 September 2006: 1861.
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Science Podcast
Science 29 September 2006: 1979.
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NEW PRODUCTS
Science 29 September 2006: 1979.
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News of the Week
GENETICS: Pollen Contamination May Explain Controversial Inheritance
Elizabeth Pennisi
Science 29 September 2006: 1864.
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GEOLOGY: Mud Eruption Threatens Villagers in Java
Dennis Normile
Science 29 September 2006: 1865.
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PLANT SCIENCE: Parasitic Weed Uses Chemical Cues to Find Host Plant
Elizabeth Pennisi
Science 29 September 2006: 1867.
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IMMUNOLOGY: Study Says HIV Blood Levels Don't Predict Immune Decline
Jon Cohen
Science 29 September 2006: 1868.
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CANCER: T Cells a Boon for Colon Cancer Prognosis
Jennifer Couzin
Science 29 September 2006: 1868-1869.
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STEM CELLS: Scientists Create Human Stem Cell Line From 'Dead' Embryos
Constance Holden
Science 29 September 2006: 1869.
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CLIMATE CHANGE: Royal Society Takes a Shot at ExxonMobil
Eliot Marshall
Science 29 September 2006: 1871.
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ASTRONOMY: Search for Giant Scope Site Narrows to Two
Robert Koenig
Science 29 September 2006: 1871.
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ScienceScope
Science 29 September 2006: 1867.
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Random Samples
Science 29 September 2006: 1863.
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Newsmakers
Science 29 September 2006: 1883.
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News Focus
DOE SCIENCE: Embracing Small Science in a Big Way
Adrian Cho
Science 29 September 2006: 1872-1875.
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DOE SCIENCE: A Manager Who Cashes In on Consensus
Eli Kintisch
Science 29 September 2006: 1873.
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DOE SCIENCE: Ray Orbach Asks Science to Serve Society
Eli Kintisch
Science 29 September 2006: 1874.
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ARTHUR DEMAREST PROFILE: Living Among the Maya, Past and Present
Michael Bawaya
Science 29 September 2006: 1876-1877.
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NEUROSCIENCE: 'Google of the Brain': Atlas Maps Brain's Genetic Activity
Yudhijit Bhattacharjee
Science 29 September 2006: 1879.
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PASCOS 2006: Neutrino Physics Probes Mysteries of 'Flavor' and Origins
Tom Siegfried
Science 29 September 2006: 1880.
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PASCOS 2006: A Cosmic-Scale Test for String Theory?
Tom Siegfried
Science 29 September 2006: 1880-1881.
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PASCOS 2006: Snapshots From the Meeting
Tom Siegfried
Science 29 September 2006: 1881.
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Letters
This Week's Letters
Science 29 September 2006: 1885.
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A Fresh Look at Innovation and Security
David McCormick
Science 29 September 2006: 1885.
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Does the World Really Need More Babies?
Ben Zuckerman
Science 29 September 2006: 1885-1886.
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Balancing Fertility Rates with Resources
Richard A. Grossman and Richard E. White
Science 29 September 2006: 1886-1887.
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Corrections and Clarifications
Science 29 September 2006: 1887.
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Books et al.
MEDICINE: The Politics of Hope--Dreaming in a Genomic Age
Sandra Soo-Jin Lee
Science 29 September 2006: 1889-1890.
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SCIENCE AND RELIGION: DNA, Evolution, and the Moral Law
Robert Pollack
Science 29 September 2006: 1890-1891.
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MOLECULAR BIOLOGY: From Magnetic Mines to DNA and Consciousness
Leslie Orgel
Science 29 September 2006: 1891-1892.
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GENOMICS: An Ointment for the Fly
J. Craig Venter
Science 29 September 2006: 1892.
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Books Received
Science 29 September 2006: 1892.
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Education Forum
THE EARLY YEARS: Evaluating Montessori Education
Angeline Lillard and Nicole Else-Quest
Science 29 September 2006: 1893-1894.
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Perspectives
APPLIED PHYSICS: Tuning Interface States
Harold Y. Hwang
Science 29 September 2006: 1895-1896.
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GEOCHEMISTRY: Manganese Redox Chemistry Revisited
Kenneth S. Johnson
Science 29 September 2006: 1896-1897.
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GENOMICS: Genomics and the Tree of Life
Antonis Rokas
Science 29 September 2006: 1897-1899.
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PLANETARY SCIENCE: Merging Views on Mars
Jean-Pierre Bibring, Steven W. Squyres, and Raymond E. Arvidson
Science 29 September 2006: 1899-1901.
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CHEMISTRY: Unveiling the Membrane Domains
Jay T. Groves
Science 29 September 2006: 1901-1902.
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IMMUNOLOGY: Restless T Cells Sniff and Go
Tomas Mustelin
Science 29 September 2006: 1902-1903.
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Association Affairs
AAAS News and Notes
Science 29 September 2006: 1904-1905.
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Brevia
Elevated Eocene Atmospheric CO2 and Its Subsequent Decline
Tim K. Lowenstein and Robert V. Demicco
Science 29 September 2006: 1928.
The atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide during a warm period 50 million years ago was at least 1125 parts per million by volume, four times the preindustrial value.
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Research Articles
The Connectivity Map: Using Gene-Expression Signatures to Connect Small Molecules, Genes, and Disease
Justin Lamb, Emily D. Crawford, David Peck, Joshua W. Modell, Irene C. Blat, Matthew J. Wrobel, Jim Lerner, Jean-Philippe Brunet, Aravind Subramanian, Kenneth N. Ross, Michael Reich, Haley Hieronymus, Guo Wei, Scott A. Armstrong, Stephen J. Haggarty, Paul A. Clemons, Ru Wei, Steven A. Carr, Eric S. Lander, and Todd R. Golub
Science 29 September 2006: 1929-1935.
Comparison of mRNAs evoked by small molecules in human cells to mRNA expressed in diseases and in response to drugs suggests new therapeutic approaches.
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Structure of the 70S Ribosome Complexed with mRNA and tRNA
Maria Selmer, Christine M. Dunham, Frank V. Murphy, IV, Albert Weixlbaumer, Sabine Petry, Ann C. Kelley, John R. Weir, and V. Ramakrishnan
Science 29 September 2006: 1935-1942.
Published online 7 September 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1131127] (in Science Express Research Articles)
The structure of the bacterial ribosome complexed with mRNA and tRNA at 2.8 angstrom resolution shows the detailed interaction of the ribosome with its substrates and metal ions.
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Reports
Tunable Quasi-Two-Dimensional Electron Gases in Oxide Heterostructures
S. Thiel, G. Hammerl, A. Schmehl, C. W. Schneider, and J. Mannhart
Science 29 September 2006: 1942-1945.
Published online 24 August 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1131091] (in Science Express Reports)
Application of an electric field can tune the conductance of the interface region between layered oxides by orders of magnitude.
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Ultrafast Vibrational Dynamics at Water Interfaces
John A. McGuire and Y. Ron Shen
Science 29 September 2006: 1945-1948.
Despite having a more ordered and terminated network of hydrogen bonds, water surfaces surprisingly have the same vibrational dynamics as bulk water.
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Phase Separation of Lipid Membranes Analyzed with High-Resolution Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry
Mary L. Kraft, Peter K. Weber, Marjorie L. Longo, Ian D. Hutcheon, and Steven G. Boxer
Science 29 September 2006: 1948-1951.
A mass spectrometry technique enables imaging of the lateral distribution and composition of lipids in cell membranes at a resolution near 100 nanometers.
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Ultrafast Carbon-Carbon Single-Bond Rotational Isomerization in Room-Temperature Solution
Junrong Zheng, Kyungwon Kwak, Jia Xie, and M. D. Fayer
Science 29 September 2006: 1951-1955.
An infrared vibrational echo technique allows direct measurement of bond rotation rates in an ethane derivative on a time scale too fast to probe previously.
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Soluble Mn(III) in Suboxic Zones
Robert E. Trouwborst, Brian G. Clement, Bradley M. Tebo, Brian T. Glazer, and George W. Luther, III
Science 29 September 2006: 1955-1957.
Manganese in the +3 oxidation state, which can be either an electron acceptor or donor, is identified in the Black Sea and Chesapeake Bay, in contrast to previous inferences.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Satellite Gravity Measurements Confirm Accelerated Melting of Greenland Ice Sheet
J. L. Chen, C. R. Wilson, and B. D. Tapley
Science 29 September 2006: 1958-1960.
Published online 10 August 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1129007] (in Science Express Reports)
Satellite measurements of gravity variations show that the Greenland Ice Sheet now is disappearing at the rate of about 240 cubic kilometers per year.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Type, Density, and Location of Immune Cells Within Human Colorectal Tumors Predict Clinical Outcome
Jérôme Galon, Anne Costes, Fatima Sanchez-Cabo, Amos Kirilovsky, Bernhard Mlecnik, Christine Lagorce-Pagès, Marie Tosolini, Matthieu Camus, Anne Berger, Philippe Wind, Franck Zinzindohoué, Patrick Bruneval, Paul-Henri Cugnenc, Zlatko Trajanoski, Wolf-Herman Fridman, and Franck Pagès
Science 29 September 2006: 1960-1964.
The progress of colorectal cancer in patients can be predicted from the characteristics of the immune cells found in their tumors.
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Volatile Chemical Cues Guide Host Location and Host Selection by Parasitic Plants
Justin B. Runyon, Mark C. Mescher, and Consuelo M. De Moraes
Science 29 September 2006: 1964-1967.
A parasitic plant locates a preferred host by detecting its released odors; disrupting this process could help control parasites of crop plants.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Structure of the Exon Junction Core Complex with a Trapped DEAD-Box ATPase Bound to RNA
Christian B. F. Andersen, Lionel Ballut, Jesper S. Johansen, Hala Chamieh, Klaus H. Nielsen, Cristiano L. P. Oliveira, Jan Skov Pedersen, Bertrand Séraphin, Hervé Le Hir, and Gregers Rom Andersen
Science 29 September 2006: 1968-1972.
Published online 24 August 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1131981] (in Science Express Reports)
A structure of a complex that binds to new mRNA reveals how two proteins inhibit the ATPase activity of an RNA helicase to ensure tight binding.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Reversal of the TCR Stop Signal by CTLA-4
Helga Schneider, Jos Downey, Andrew Smith, Bernd H. Zinselmeyer, Catherine Rush, James M. Brewer, Bin Wei, Nancy Hogg, Paul Garside, and Christopher E. Rudd
Science 29 September 2006: 1972-1975.
Published online 24 August 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1131078] (in Science Express Reports)
A protein responsible for preventing unwanted immune responses discourages extended liaisons between activated immune cells.
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Dok-7 Mutations Underlie a Neuromuscular Junction Synaptopathy
David Beeson, Osamu Higuchi, Jackie Palace, Judy Cossins, Hayley Spearman, Susan Maxwell, John Newsom-Davis, Georgina Burke, Peter Fawcett, Masakatsu Motomura, Juliane S. Müller, Hanns Lochmüller, Clarke Slater, Angela Vincent, and Yuji Yamanashi
Science 29 September 2006: 1975-1978.
Published online 17 August 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1130837] (in Science Express Reports)
An inherited muscle disease in which certain muscles are weak is caused by mutations in a protein needed for proper formation of the neuromuscular junction.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Technical Comments
Comment on "Asymmetric Coevolutionary Networks Facilitate Biodiversity Maintenance"
J. Nathaniel Holland, Toshinori Okuyama, and Donald L. DeAngelis
Science 29 September 2006: 1887.
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Response to Comment on "Asymmetric Coevolutionary Networks Facilitate Biodiversity Maintenance"
Jordi Bascompte, Pedro Jordano, and Jens M. Olesen
Science 29 September 2006: 1887.
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