| 2006年09月22日 Science中英文摘要 | | 点击： 作者： 来源： 时间： 2006-11-12 本站论坛 |
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22 September 2006 Vol 313, Issue 5794, Pages 1700-1801
老年性痴呆与β淀粉样肽
两项新研究调查了老年性痴呆和其它神经退化性疾病患者大脑中的被称为"β淀粉样肽"的蛋白块。其中一项研究给治疗老年性痴呆的药物带来一个警告，另一项显示人的β淀粉样肽能"感染"转基因小鼠。
作为可能的治疗老年性痴呆药物靶标的β分泌酶一直引人注目，因为该酶是生产β淀粉样肽的关键。但是，人们一直不知道这个酶在健康大脑中的作用，所以这类药物可能的副作用也一直是个迷。Michael Willem与他在德国、美国、和比利时的同事报告说，β分泌酶与髓鞘形成有关, 髓鞘形成是用脂肪物质髓磷脂包住从而保护新生神经细胞的过程。该过程通过一个叫neuregulin 的蛋白质调解，文章作者发现，β分泌酶对小鼠的neuregulin有作用。他们还报告说，缺少β分泌酶基因的小鼠的髓鞘形成有类似于neuregulin突变的小鼠的缺陷。作者指出，药物研究人员应该认真考虑β分泌酶的这一重要作用，以及任何阻碍该酶的药物的可能副作用。
另一项研究的作者报告说，将来自老年性痴呆患者尸体解剖的β淀粉样肽提取物注射到转基因小鼠的大脑中，在小鼠上引起了类似老年性痴呆的损害。科学家对这些与老年性痴呆和其它神经退化性疾病有关的蛋白块如何错误折叠以及黏在一起有不少的了解，新发现为β淀粉样肽如何在活体中集结提供了线索。Melanie Meyer-Lühmann与她在欧洲和美国的同事报告说，注射到表达人淀粉样肽前导蛋白的转基因小鼠大脑中的人淀粉样肽提取物，给病灶形成提供了"种子"。这一结果还提示，有不同的β淀粉样肽 ，它们的行为不同。淀粉样肽提取物与导致疯牛病的错误折叠的蛋白朊类似，但是迄今为止还没有证据表明β淀粉样肽真像朊那样有传染性。
科学特快报告：Control of Peripheral Nerve Myelination by the β-Secretase BACE1, Michael Willem, et al.
报告：Exogenous Induction of Cerebral β-Amyloidogenesis Is Governed by Agent and Host, Melanie Meyer-Luehmann, et al.
卡特里娜和丽塔帮助恢复湿地？
研究人员报告说，飓风给密西西比海湾沿岸带来大量的沙子和淤泥。这项研究对该地区恢复湿地的工程有重要的意义。湿地有许多重要的生物和物理作用，比如保护内陆区域不受风暴驱动的海浪汹涌的影响，这个作用在卡特里娜和丽塔2005年登陆时变得格外地明显。Eugene Turner 和同事说，因此恢复湿地以及保护其不再消失在路易斯安那州等地区的政治上优先考虑的事。他们研究了卡特里娜和丽塔给海湾沿岸湿地带来的沉积物层，估计了层中无机物的总量。湿地组成部分中只有一个比较小的部分是无机沉积物，但是它们对植物下面的物质框架很重要。人们通常认为河流发洪水是湿地无机沉积物的关键来源，这意味着规划师在恢复湿地的努力中将注意力集中在堤坝和河流转向上。但是新研究提出，飓风是密西西比河沿海湿地无机沉积物的主要来源。
科学特快报告：Wetland Sedimentation from Hurricanes Katrina and Rita, R. Eugene Turner, Joseph J. Baustian, Erick M. Swenson, and Jennifer S. Spicer
果蝇提供人类需要睡眠的线索
据Indrani Ganguly-Fitzgerald 和同事报告，在复杂的社交情况下花了许多时间的果蝇，比与世隔绝的果蝇，需要更长的睡眠。果蝇和哺乳动物的睡眠有行为和生理的类似，研究人员利用这个特点，加上果蝇遗传分析比较容易，来寻找联系社会经历、睡眠、和记忆的基因。在果蝇被训练完成复杂的任务后，它们需要更多的睡眠。打断睡眠导致任务记忆的减弱。Ganguly-Fitzgerald解释说，这意味着大脑也许需要睡眠，来引起与社会经历和学习的有利变化。社会交往与睡眠的关系对所有的年龄都适用。研究人员发现，当涉及大脑重新连接和信息处理的过程-多巴胺、cAMP以及17个记忆基因-从大脑中取出后，社交对睡眠的作用消失。
报告：Waking Experience Affects Sleep Need in Drosophila, Indrani Ganguly-Fitzgerald, Jeff Donlea, and Paul J. Shaw
肿瘤调动救援
没有血液供给固体肿瘤不能存活。为了解决这个问题，肿瘤将附近的宿主细胞调动起来制造新的血管，这一观察带来了治疗癌症的成功的抗血管生成药物的开发。Yuval Shaked和同事现在显示，肿瘤也能用远离它们微环境之外的宿主细胞来修筑血管。文章作者发现，用一种癌症药物治疗小鼠肿瘤导致名为来自脊髓的"内皮前体细胞(EPC)"在肿瘤边缘的大量出现。当EPC的调动被阻止后，肿瘤对治疗的响应变得更有效，意味着这些细胞在肿瘤血管生长上有重要的作用。这些发现提出，把EPC作为靶标也许是优化现有癌症疗法的一个方法。
报告：Therapy-Induced Acute Recruitment of Circulating Endothelial Progenitor Cells to Tumors, Yuval Shaked, et al.
磷虾为海洋混合作贡献
研究人员报告说，当小甲壳纲动物磷虾每个夜晚上升到海面洗月亮浴时，它们剧烈搅动海水，能使湍流增加几个数量级。磷虾和可能的其它海洋小动物也许是表面层湍流的一个重要原因，表面层湍流在营养物输运到深水域以及海洋与大气的气体交换等重要过程中起作用。大多数研究湍流混合的工作聚焦物理原因，比如风，而且研究人员在采集动物是否对湍流起作用的数据上一直有困难。磷虾在白天呆在海洋表面100米以下，以躲避被捕食，夜晚它们上升到表面来吃浮游植物。Eric Kunze和同事测量了一个海湾入口处黄昏时上升的磷虾造成的湍流。这些动物使湍流增加了1万倍，但是高峰只持续了15分钟，因此作者说很容易想象过去的研究没有注意到磷虾对湍流的贡献。
报告：Observations of Biologically Generated Turbulence in a Coastal Inlet, Eric Kunze, John F. Dower, Ian Beveridge, Richard Dewey, and Kevin P. Bartlett
本期专题部分：2006年度形象化挑战
有时，最好的表达一个科学想法的办法是用一个吸引人的图像，使看到图像的人想知道那究竟是什么。本期专题部分公布了2006年度科学与工程形象化挑战的14个获奖图像和多媒体演示，每个用其特有的创新方法包含了一个科学故事。挑战由美国科学基金会和《科学》出版者美国科学促进会共同赞助。这个已经进行了4年的挑战，表彰用视觉媒体促进了解研究结果和科学现象的出色作品。评比标准包括：视觉影响、创新、以及准确性。本期一篇新闻报道介绍了所有的参赛作品，在网站 和 可以看到这些作品。
专题介绍：2006 Visualization Challenge, Jeff Nesbit and Monica Bradford
Contents
Special Feature
2006 Visualization Challenge
Jeff Nesbit and Monica Bradford
Science 22 September 2006: 1729.
Summary »| PDF »|
2006 Visualization Challenge Winners
Rhitu Chatterjee
Science 22 September 2006: 1730-1735.
Summary »| Full Text »| PDF »| Slide Show »| Supporting Online Material »|
This Week in Science
Editor summaries of this week's papers.
Science 22 September 2006: 1700.
|Full Text »
Editorial:
The Women's Health Initiative
Elizabeth G. Nabel
Science 22 September 2006: 1703.
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Editors' Choice
Highlights of the recent literature.
Science 22 September 2006: 1704.
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NetWatch
Best of the Web in science.
Science 22 September 2006: 1709.
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NEW PRODUCTS
Science 22 September 2006: 1801.
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News of the Week
GENDER ISSUES: Universities Urged to Improve Hiring and Advancement of Women
Andrew Lawler
Science 22 September 2006: 1712.
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GEOLOGY: Katrina Study Stirs Debate on Coastal Restoration
Erik Stokstad
Science 22 September 2006: 1713.
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GENETICALLY MODIFIED CROPS: Tracing the Transatlantic Spread of GM Rice
Gretchen Vogel
Science 22 September 2006: 1714.
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BIOETHICS: Researchers Attack Newspaper Probe of Trials
Jocelyn Kaiser
Science 22 September 2006: 1714.
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CLINICAL TRIALS: A Shot of Bone Marrow Can Help the Heart
Jennifer Couzin
Science 22 September 2006: 1715-1716.
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PALEOANTHROPOLOGY: Lucy's 'Child' Offers Rare Glimpse of an Ancient Toddler
Ann Gibbons
Science 22 September 2006: 1716.
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OCEAN SCIENCE: Creatures Great and Small Are Stirring the Ocean
Richard A. Kerr
Science 22 September 2006: 1717.
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ScienceScope
Science 22 September 2006: 1715.
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Random Samples
Science 22 September 2006: 1711.
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Newsmakers
Science 22 September 2006: 1727.
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News Focus
ARCHAEOLOGY: Mad About Pyramids
John Bohannon
Science 22 September 2006: 1718-1720.
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SCIENTIFIC WORKFORCE: Frustrations Mount Over China's High-Priced Hunt for Trophy Professors
Hao Xin
Science 22 September 2006: 1721-1723.
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SCIENTIFIC WORKFORCE: Many Overseas Chinese Researchers Find Coming Home a Revelation
Dennis Normile
Science 22 September 2006: 1722-1723.
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ORNITHOLOGY: The Pink Death: Die-Offs of the Lesser Flamingo Raise Concern
Robert Koenig
Science 22 September 2006: 1724-1725.
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MANTLE DYNAMICS: Rising Plumes in Earth's Mantle: Phantom or Real?
Richard A. Kerr
Science 22 September 2006: 1726.
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Letters
This Week's Letters
Science 22 September 2006: 1737.
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Debating the Cause of a Neurological Disorder
Mark W. Duncan and Ann M. Marini
Science 22 September 2006: 1737.
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Top-Down Vs. Bottom-Up Effects in Kelp Forests
Michael S. Foster, Matthew S. Edwards, Daniel C. Reed, David R. Schiel, Richard C. Zimmerman;, Mark A. Steele, Stephen C. Schroeter, Robert C. Carpenter, David J. Kushner;, Benjamin S. Halpern, Karl Cottenie, and Bernardo R. Broitman
Science 22 September 2006: 1737-1739.
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Corrections and Clarifications
Science 22 September 2006: 1739.
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Books et al.
PUBLIC HEALTH: From Miasmas to Microbes
Hugh Pennington
Science 22 September 2006: 1740-1741.
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HISTORY OF SCIENCE: Saving American Naturalists from Oblivion
Peder Anker
Science 22 September 2006: 1741.
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Books Received
Science 22 September 2006: 1741.
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Policy Forum
ECOLOGY: Adding Biofuels to the Invasive Species Fire?
S. Raghu, R. C. Anderson, C. C. Daehler, A. S. Davis, R. N. Wiedenmann, D. Simberloff, and R. N. Mack
Science 22 September 2006: 1742.
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Perspectives
PLANETARY SCIENCE: Enhanced: Meteorites and Their Parent Asteroids
Robert N. Clayton
Science 22 September 2006: 1743-1744.
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NEUROSCIENCE: Adam Finds an Exciting Mate
Solomon H. Snyder
Science 22 September 2006: 1744-1745.
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MOLECULAR BIOLOGY: Versatility of Self-Cleaving Ribozymes
Michael D. Been
Science 22 September 2006: 1745-1747.
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CHEMISTRY: A Pixellated Window on Chemistry in Solids
V. A. Apkarian
Science 22 September 2006: 1747-1748.
Published online 31 August 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1133024] (in Science Express Perspectives)
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GEOPHYSICS: Do Earthquakes Rupture Piece by Piece or All Together?
Chris Marone and Eliza Richardson
Science 22 September 2006: 1748-1749.
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MOLECULAR BIOLOGY: Little Molecules with Big Goals
Bert W. O'Malley
Science 22 September 2006: 1749-1750.
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Brevia
SUMO1 Haploinsufficiency Leads to Cleft Lip and Palate
Fowzan S. Alkuraya, Irfan Saadi, Jennifer J. Lund, Annick Turbe-Doan, Cynthia C. Morton, and Richard L. Maas
Science 22 September 2006: 1751.
A protein modification is important during development to promote appropriate palate formation.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Research Article
Structural Basis of glmS Ribozyme Activation by Glucosamine-6-Phosphate
Daniel J. Klein and Adrian R. Ferré-D'Amaré
Science 22 September 2006: 1752-1756.
A small-molecule coenzyme activates a ribozyme by binding to a preformed site where it participates in catalysis, not by allosteric regulation.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Reports
Irreversible Organic Crystalline Chemistry Monitored in Real Time
Peter R. Poulin and Keith A. Nelson
Science 22 September 2006: 1756-1760.
Published online 31 August 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1127826] (in Science Express Reports)
A single-femtosecond laser pulse, rather than the usual destructive multiple pulses, yields the dissociation dynamics of delicate molecules such as crystalline I3- over time.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Anomalous Increase in Carbon Capacitance at Pore Sizes Less Than 1 Nanometer
J. Chmiola, G. Yushin, Y. Gogotsi, C. Portet, P. Simon, and P. L. Taberna
Science 22 September 2006: 1760-1763.
Published online 17 August 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1132195] (in Science Express Reports)
Pores comparable in size to solvated anions and cations unexpectedly improve the capacitance in a carbon-based supercapacitor.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Oxygen Isotope Variation in Stony-Iron Meteorites
R. C. Greenwood, I. A. Franchi, A. Jambon, J. A. Barrat, and T. H. Burbine
Science 22 September 2006: 1763-1765.
Published online 24 August 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1128865] (in Science Express Reports)
Oxygen isotope measurements show that two similar groups of stony meteorites have different origins and that one likely comes from the asteroid Vesta.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Self-Healing Pulse-Like Shear Ruptures in the Laboratory
George Lykotrafitis, Ares J. Rosakis, and Guruswami Ravichandran
Science 22 September 2006: 1765-1768.
High-speed imaging and laser interferometry of experimental earthquakes show that ruptures propogate as self-healing cracks, which tend to pulse at slower speeds.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Observations of Biologically Generated Turbulence in a Coastal Inlet
Eric Kunze, John F. Dower, Ian Beveridge, Richard Dewey, and Kevin P. Bartlett
Science 22 September 2006: 1768-1770.
Turbulence generated by the ascent of krill in the water column at nightfall can increase mixing near the surface in inlets, bays, and perhaps the open ocean.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »|
Solid Ammonium Sulfate Aerosols as Ice Nuclei: A Pathway for Cirrus Cloud Formation
J. P. D. Abbatt, S. Benz, D. J. Cziczo, Z. Kanji, U. Lohmann, and O. Möhler
Science 22 September 2006: 1770-1773.
Published online 31 August 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1129726] (in Science Express Reports)
Solid ammonium sulfate can form ice particles in cirrus clouds through heterogeneous processes not previously suspected.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Global Genetic Change Tracks Global Climate Warming in Drosophila subobscura
Joan Balanyá, Josep M. Oller, Raymond B. Huey, George W. Gilchrist, and Luis Serra
Science 22 September 2006: 1773-1775.
Published online 31 August 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1131002] (in Science Express Reports)
On three continents, a low-latitude, natural genetic variant of the fruit fly is increasingly found at higher latitudes, paralleling climate warming over the past 25 years.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Waking Experience Affects Sleep Need in Drosophila
Indrani Ganguly-Fitzgerald, Jeff Donlea, and Paul J. Shaw
Science 22 September 2006: 1775-1781.
Drosophila sleep is disrupted by intense social interaction during the previous 5 days, a process that involves a number of learning and memory genes.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Exogenous Induction of Cerebral ß-Amyloidogenesis Is Governed by Agent and Host
Melanie Meyer-Luehmann, Janaky Coomaraswamy, Tristan Bolmont, Stephan Kaeser, Claudia Schaefer, Ellen Kilger, Anton Neuenschwander, Dorothee Abramowski, Peter Frey, Anneliese L. Jaton, Jean-Marie Vigouret, Paolo Paganetti, Dominic M. Walsh, Paul M. Mathews, Jorge Ghiso, Matthias Staufenbiel, Lary C. Walker, and Mathias Jucker
Science 22 September 2006: 1781-1784.
Injecting transgenic mice with amyloid deposits from patients with Alzheimer's disease can induce similar deposits and pathology in their brains.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Therapy-Induced Acute Recruitment of Circulating Endothelial Progenitor Cells to Tumors
Yuval Shaked, Alessia Ciarrocchi, Marcela Franco, Christina R. Lee, Shan Man, Alison M. Cheung, Daniel J. Hicklin, David Chaplin, F. Stuart Foster, Robert Benezra, and Robert S. Kerbel
Science 22 September 2006: 1785-1787.
Adding an antiangiogenic agent to certain anticancer drugs reduces their tendency to promote the formation of new blood vessels in tumors, improving their efficacy.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
A Genomewide Search for Ribozymes Reveals an HDV-Like Sequence in the Human CPEB3 Gene
Kourosh Salehi-Ashtiani, Andrej Lupták, Alexander Litovchick, and Jack W. Szostak
Science 22 September 2006: 1788-1792.
Excision of a self-cleaving RNA in the human genome may have formed the similar hepatitis delta virus.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Epilepsy-Related Ligand/Receptor Complex LGI1 and ADAM22 Regulate Synaptic Transmission
Yuko Fukata, Hillel Adesnik, Tsuyoshi Iwanaga, David S. Bredt, Roger A. Nicoll, and Masaki Fukata
Science 22 September 2006: 1792-1795.
A complex of proteins that are linked to epilepsy syndromes functions at brain synapses and could provide a therapeutic target.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
PirB Restricts Ocular-Dominance Plasticity in Visual Cortex
Josh Syken, Tadzia GrandPre, Patrick O. Kanold, and Carla J. Shatz
Science 22 September 2006: 1795-1800.
Published online 17 August 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1128232] (in Science Express Reports)
A molecule that is usually thought of as a hallmark of the immune system interacts with a receptor in the brain to limit the plasticity of the visual system during development.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Technical Comments
Comment on "A Keystone Mutualism Drives Pattern in a Power Function"
David Alonso and Mercedes Pascual
Science 22 September 2006: 1739.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »|
Comment on "A Keystone Mutualism Drives Pattern in a Power Function"
Salvador Pueyo and Roger Jovani
Science 22 September 2006: 1739.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »|
Response to Comments on "A Keystone Mutualism Drives Pattern in a Power Function"
John Vandermeer and Ivette Perfecto
Science 22 September 2006: 1739.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »|
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