8 September 2006 Vol 313, Issue 5792, Pages 1360-1456 测序癌症基因组
一组研究人员首次完成了一项大规模测序乳腺癌和结肠癌中13,000个编码蛋白的基因的工作，为与癌症有关的突变提供了独有的视角，也为诊断和治疗提供了可能的新靶标。Tobias Sjoblom和同事的分析发现了189个“可能的”癌症基因，其中许多过去没有与癌症联系起来，这些基因在乳腺癌和结肠癌中突变的频率很高。这些基因编码涉及与细胞附着 、信号转导以及转录调节有关的蛋白。乳腺癌和结肠癌所表现出的突变不同，意味着器官特异的致癌物质的存在。这两类肿瘤中的突变癌症基因集合也存在着不同，甚至同一组织中不同肿瘤的基因突变也不同。研究人员说，这项研究所提供的信息也许能帮助指导设计计划中的大规模“癌症基因组”测序项目。
科学特快报告：The Consensus Coding Sequences of Human Breast and Colorectal Cancers, Tobias Sjoblom, et al.
清洗掉我们罪孽
研究人员报告说，身体和道德的纯洁在心理上是相互纠缠的，甚至在某种情况下互换。在世界上的文化和宗教中，干净和肮脏的概念对身体和道德都适用。Chen-Bo Zhong和Katie Liljenquist现在用一系列科学试验揭示了这一联系。当他们让志愿者先集中想道德或不道德的行为，然后做不同的练习。先想了不道德行为的志愿者更可能挑表示感觉不干净的选择。比如，他们更可能把字母"W _ _ H"的片段解释成"清洗"和选择一个抗菌擦手巾而不是铅笔作为所获得的免费礼品。在另一项试验中，志愿者首先记住一个道德的行为，之后他们或洗手或不洗手。然后他们被问及是否愿意义务参加一项帮助一个绝望的研究生做实验的工作。没有洗手的人中74%愿意提供义务帮助，而洗手了的人中只有41%愿意。文章作者写道："干净的手是否真正能产生纯洁的心尚待分晓，但是我们的研究表示，在做了违背道德的事之后洗手至少提供一个干净的良心"。
报告：Washing Away Your Sins: Threatened Morality and Physical Cleansing, Chen-Bo Zhong and Katie Liljenquist
帮助HIV在细胞中休眠的蛋白
科学家显示一个保镖蛋白在帮助HIV将自己的基因组插入宿主细胞核中起关键作用，这使得HIV能长时间潜伏（比如在抗病毒治疗阶段）然后在条件合适时东山再起。HIV产生能进入细胞核与宿主DNA混合的DNA，这个过程由病毒的整合酶催化。科学家一直在寻找可能在这个整合过程中起辅助作用的分子，一个首选可能是个叫p75的蛋白。这个蛋白与整合酶结合，将病毒tether在宿主细胞核的遗传物质上，帮助病毒不被细胞的防御系统降解。但是75蛋白在整合中其关键作用的证据一直不太一致，使人们对其真正的重要性有怀疑。Miguel Llano和同事用一个改进了方法降低了细胞中p75的活性，从而使他们能够显示该蛋白在帮助病毒整合上的关键作用。文章作者提出，干涉p75和整合酶相互作用的药物也许对抗HIV有用。
科学特快报告：An Essential Role for LEDGF/p75 in HIV Integration, Manuel Llano, et al.
类似地球的行星与热木星
一项新研究预测，许多巨大的行星系统中可能有地球大小的行星。这些行星中有些可能在系统中的"适于居住区"环绕，从而温度适宜并有水，有些可能在离它们的太阳很近的轨道上运转，从而极为炎热。巨大行星在环绕新恒星的原行星盘的外围冷区域中形成，但是科学家最近发现了一些"热木星"，其轨道离它们的中心恒星要比环绕我们的太阳的木星近得多。这些行星一定是在螺旋轨道上向着它们恒星旋转，但是在这个过程中它们也一定打乱了系统中其它行星的轨道。Sean Raymond和同事模拟了一个有向内螺旋旋转的巨大行星系统中地球大小的行星的形成和行为。他们显示，这些较小的行星能够在巨大行星的轨道内或轨道外形成。一些在巨大行星轨道外的地球大小的行星可能向地球一样，是位于适于居住区的富有水的星体。
报告：Exotic Earths: Forming Habitable Worlds with Giant Planet Migration, Sean N. Raymond, Avi M. Mandell, and Steinn Sigurdsson
基因转位使杂交雄性不育
科学家发现了一个新的在自然种群中形成生殖隔离的机制，这个机制虽然被提出过，但是在自然界这是首次被观察到。一个果蝇的对生殖至关重要的基因从一个染色体跳到另一个染色体上，导致杂交雄性丧失了生育能力。John P. Masly和同事步达尔文的后尘，寻找使使一个物种进化为两个的原因。DNA序列的变化通常对这个过程有帮助。比如，当马和驴交配时，它们生下没有生育能力的骡子，是因为这两种动物的遗传不同。这些不能生育的骡子于是“生殖隔离”了马和驴。研究人员在实验室中交配两种果蝇：Drosophila melanogaster和D. simulans，这两种果蝇大约是在300万到500万年前分离出来的。研究人员意外地发现，在那个时期，对精子的能动性有关键作用的JYAlpha基因从D. melanogaster的4号染色体跳到D. simulans的3号染色体。许多缺少JYAlpha的雄性杂交果蝇没有生育能力，表明在这个情况下，生殖隔离是由基因转位，而不是基因DNA序列的变化，造成的。
报告：Gene Transposition as a Cause of Hybrid Sterility in Drosophila, John P. Masly, Corbin D. Jones, Mohamed A. F. Noor, John Locke, and H. Allen Orr
改造酵母使其生产人糖类蛋白
用一种复杂的基因工程技术，研究人员使一些酵母能生产类似人的糖类蛋白。这些糖类蛋白，比如红细胞生成素蛋白和某些抗体具有重要的治疗价值。目前，这些重要的蛋白是用哺乳动物培养细胞制造的，但是它们如果能用酵母来做，则能更容易和更快地生产。Stephen Hamilton和同事在酵母Pichia pastoris剔掉4个基因、加了14个新基因，然后用其来生产类似人的带有关键唾液酸糖类蛋白。这个基因改造过的酵母分泌了红细胞生成素蛋白，该蛋白帮助红血细胞的产生，是一个治疗贫血的重要药物。
报告：Humanization of Yeast to Produce Complex Terminally Sialylated Glycoproteins, Stephen R. Hamilton, et al.
ContentsSpecial FeaturePERSONAL FINANCE: Young Scientists Need Firm Plan to Make Up for a Late Start
Ken Robinson
Science 8 September 2006: 1454-1457.
Summary »| Full Text »| PDF »|
PERSONAL FINANCE: Summer Salary and Other Windfalls
Ken Robinson
Science 8 September 2006: 1455.
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PERSONAL FINANCE: Making the Most of a Good Thing
Ken Robinson
Science 8 September 2006: 1456-1457.
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PERSONAL FINANCE: So What Should You Invest In?
Ken Robinson
Science 8 September 2006: 1456.
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This Week in Science
Editor summaries of this week's papers.
Science 8 September 2006: 1360.
|Full Text »
Editorial:
Offshore Aquaculture Legislation
Rosamond Naylor
Science 8 September 2006: 1363.
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Editors' Choice
Highlights of the recent literature.
Science 8 September 2006: 1364.
|Full Text »
NetWatch
Best of the Web in science.
Science 8 September 2006: 1367.
|Full Text »
NEW PRODUCTS
Science 8 September 2006: 1453.
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News of the Week
CANCER: First Pass at Cancer Genome Reveals Complex Landscape
Jocelyn Kaiser
Science 8 September 2006: 1370.
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EUROPEAN SCIENCE: Basic Science Agency Gets a Tag-Team Leadership
Gretchen Vogel
Science 8 September 2006: 1371.
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FDA: Proposed Guidelines for Emergency Research Aim to Quell Confusion
Jennifer Couzin
Science 8 September 2006: 1372-1373.
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STEM CELL RESEARCH: Scientists Object to Massachusetts Rules
Constance Holden
Science 8 September 2006: 1372.
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SCIENCE FUNDING: Germany Launches a High-Tech Initiative
Gretchen Vogel
Science 8 September 2006: 1373.
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UNIVERSITY FUNDING: Academic Earmarks: The Money Schools Love to Hate
Jeffrey Mervis
Science 8 September 2006: 1374.
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CLIMATE SCIENCE: U.S. Supreme Court Gets Arguments for EPA to Regulate CO2
Eli Kintisch
Science 8 September 2006: 1375.
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ScienceScope
Science 8 September 2006: 1373.
|Full Text »
Random Samples
Science 8 September 2006: 1369.
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Newsmakers
Science 8 September 2006: 1385.
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News Focus
NEUROSCIENCE: A Better View of Brain Disorders
Greg Miller
Science 8 September 2006: 1376-1379.
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ECOLOGY: A Threatened Nature Reserve Breaks Down Asian Borders
Richard Stone
Science 8 September 2006: 1379-1380.
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EVOLUTIONARY ECOLOGY: Sex and the Single Killifish
Elizabeth Pennisi
Science 8 September 2006: 1381.
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BIOENGINEERING: Artificial Arrays Could Help Submarines Make Like a Fish
Briahna Gray
Science 8 September 2006: 1382-1383.
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CLIMATE SCIENCE: Sea Animals Get Tagged for Double-Duty Research
Christopher Pala
Science 8 September 2006: 1383-1384.
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Letters
This Week's Letters
Science 8 September 2006: 1387.
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Declines in Funding of NIH R01 Research Grants
H. George Mandel and Elliot S. Vesell
Science 8 September 2006: 1387-1388.
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IRBs: Going Too Far or Not Far Enough?
David L. Felten;, Thomas M. Vogt;, C. K. Gunsalus, Edward M. Bruner, Nicholas C. Burbules, Leon Dash, Matthew Finkin, Joseph P. Goldberg, William T. Greenough, Gregory A. Miller, and Michael G. Pratt
Science 8 September 2006: 1388-1389.
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Corrections and Clarifications
Science 8 September 2006: 1389.
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Books et al.
PSYCHOLOGY: How Do Scientists Think?
David Lagnado
Science 8 September 2006: 1390-1391.
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PHYSICS: The Universe, Too Quickly Toured
Sean M. Carroll
Science 8 September 2006: 1391.
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Books Received
Science 8 September 2006: 1391.
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Policy Forum
EPIDEMIOLOGY: Infectious Diseases: Preparing for the Future
D. A. King, C. Peckham, J. K. Waage, J. Brownlie, and M. E. J. Woolhouse
Science 8 September 2006: 1392-1393.
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Perspectives
GEOPHYSICS: Enhanced: Another Nail in the Plume Coffin?
Marcia K. McNutt
Science 8 September 2006: 1394-1395.
Published online 27 July 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1131298] (in Science Express Perspectives)
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PSYCHOLOGY: Is She Conscious?
Lionel Naccache
Science 8 September 2006: 1395-1396.
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ECOLOGY: How Does Climate Change Affect Biodiversity?
Miguel B. Araújo and Carsten Rahbek
Science 8 September 2006: 1396-1397.
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CELL BIOLOGY: Peptides, Scrambled and Stitched
Nilabh Shastri
Science 8 September 2006: 1398-1399.
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APPLIED PHYSICS: Waves on the Horizon
Ping Sheng
Science 8 September 2006: 1399-1400.
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PHYSICS: Entangled Solid-State Circuits
Irfan Siddiqi and John Clarke
Science 8 September 2006: 1400-1401.
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Brevia
Detecting Awareness in the Vegetative State
Adrian M. Owen, Martin R. Coleman, Melanie Boly, Matthew H. Davis, Steven Laureys, and John D. Pickard
Science 8 September 2006: 1402.
Brain imaging reveals that an unconscious, unresponsive patient can imagine moving around her home, as assessed by activity in spatial navigation regions of the brain.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Research Articles
Two Years at Meridiani Planum: Results from the Opportunity Rover
S. W. Squyres, A. H. Knoll, R. E. Arvidson, B. C. Clark, J. P. Grotzinger, B. L. Jolliff, S. M. McLennan, N. Tosca, J. F. Bell, III, W. M. Calvin, W. H. Farrand, T. D. Glotch, M. P. Golombek, K. E. Herkenhoff, J. R. Johnson, G. Klingelhöfer, H. Y. McSween, and A. S. Yen
Science 8 September 2006: 1403-1407.
Additional mapping by the Mars Rover Opportunity reveals that acidic groundwater and occasional surface water formed and modified the near-surface rocks of ancient Mars.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Hoxa2- and Rhombomere-Dependent Development of the Mouse Facial Somatosensory Map
Franck Oury, Yasunori Murakami, Jean-Sebastien Renaud, Massimo Pasqualetti, Patrick Charnay, Shu-Yue Ren, and Filippo M. Rijli
Science 8 September 2006: 1408-1413.
Published online 10 August 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1130042] (in Science Express Research Articles)
The genes that define general brain structure in the early embryo are also responsible for the organization of the neural circuit that processes sensory information.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Reports
Exotic Earths: Forming Habitable Worlds with Giant Planet Migration
Sean N. Raymond, Avi M. Mandell, and Steinn Sigurdsson
Science 8 September 2006: 1413-1416.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Observation of Electroluminescence and Photovoltaic Response in Ionic Junctions
Daniel A. Bernards, Samuel Flores-Torres, Héctor D. Abruña, and George G. Malliaras
Science 8 September 2006: 1416-1419.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Tectonic Uplift and Eastern Africa Aridification
Pierre Sepulchre, Gilles Ramstein, Frédéric Fluteau, Mathieu Schuster, Jean-Jacques Tiercelin, and Michel Brunet
Science 8 September 2006: 1419-1423.
Uplift of East Africa starting about 8 million years ago altered the prevailing atmospheric circulation, which led to a decrease in precipitation favoring the expansion of grasslands.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Measurement of the Entanglement of Two Superconducting Qubits via State Tomography
Matthias Steffen, M. Ansmann, Radoslaw C. Bialczak, N. Katz, Erik Lucero, R. McDermott, Matthew Neeley, E. M. Weig, A. N. Cleland, and John M. Martinis
Science 8 September 2006: 1423-1425.
A tomographic technique demonstrates that two quantum bits can be entangled in a solid-state superconducting circuit, a preferred substrate for fabricating quantum devices.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Volcanism in Response to Plate Flexure
Naoto Hirano, Eiichi Takahashi, Junji Yamamoto, Natsue Abe, Stephanie P. Ingle, Ichiro Kaneoka, Takafumi Hirata, Jun-Ichi Kimura, Teruaki Ishii, Yujiro Ogawa, Shiki Machida, and Kiyoshi Suyehiro
Science 8 September 2006: 1426-1428.
Published online 27 July 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1128235] (in Science Express Reports)
Small volcanoes are found in old Pacific Ocean crust, implying that small amounts of melt in the mantle are released when the crust flexes as it begins to be subducted.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Cold-Seep Mollusks Are Older Than the General Marine Mollusk Fauna
Steffen Kiel and Crispin T. S. Little
Science 8 September 2006: 1429-1431.
Fossils from cold seeps on the ocean floor show that animals now living in these ecosystems are evolutionarily old and may be buffered from general ocean events such as anoxia.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Temporal and Spatial Enumeration Processes in the Primate Parietal Cortex
Andreas Nieder, Ilka Diester, and Oana Tudusciuc
Science 8 September 2006: 1431-1435.
One brain area performs elementary math tasks but has separate subregions for counting in time and space, which both connect to a single region that represents the abstract number.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Isolated Chloroplast Division Machinery Can Actively Constrict After Stretching
Yamato Yoshida, Haruko Kuroiwa, Osami Misumi, Keiji Nishida, Fumi Yagisawa, Takayuki Fujiwara, Hideaki Nanamiya, Fujio Kawamura, and Tsuneyoshi Kuroiwa
Science 8 September 2006: 1435-1438.
A molecular motor called dynamin provides the force needed to contract the filamentous ring that pinches and divides choloroplasts during cell division.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Human IRGM Induces Autophagy to Eliminate Intracellular Mycobacteria
Sudha B. Singh, Alexander S. Davis, Gregory A. Taylor, and Vojo Deretic
Science 8 September 2006: 1438-1441.
Published online 3 August 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1129577] (in Science Express Reports)
A small GTP binding protein, associated with innate immunity, is required for cells to use large membrane-bound organelles to sequester and eliminate bacteria that have invaded their cytoplasm.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Humanization of Yeast to Produce Complex Terminally Sialylated Glycoproteins
Stephen R. Hamilton, Robert C. Davidson, Natarajan Sethuraman, Juergen H. Nett, Youwei Jiang, Sandra Rios, Piotr Bobrowicz, Terrance A. Stadheim, Huijuan Li, Byung-Kwon Choi, Daniel Hopkins, Harry Wischnewski, Jessica Roser, Teresa Mitchell, Rendall R. Strawbridge, Jack Hoopes, Stefan Wildt, and Tillman U. Gerngross
Science 8 September 2006: 1441-1443.
Yeast strains engineered to glycosylate proteins in a characteristically human pattern can make synthetic erythropoietin that functions properly in humans.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
An Antigen Produced by Splicing of Noncontiguous Peptides in the Reverse Order
Edus H. Warren, Nathalie J. Vigneron, Marc A. Gavin, Pierre G. Coulie, Vincent Stroobant, Alexandre Dalet, Scott S. Tykodi, Suzanne M. Xuereb, Jeffrey K. Mito, Stanley R. Riddell, and Benoît J. Van den Eynde
Science 8 September 2006: 1444-1447.
The proteasome can splice together and reorder peptides to increase the diversity of the antigenic repertoire.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Gene Transposition as a Cause of Hybrid Sterility in Drosophila
John P. Masly, Corbin D. Jones, Mohamed A. F. Noor, John Locke, and H. Allen Orr
Science 8 September 2006: 1448-1450.
Movement of an essential sperm motility gene to a different chromosome in Drosophila can result in sterile hybrids and, potentially, speciation without sequence evolution.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Washing Away Your Sins: Threatened Morality and Physical Cleansing
Chen-Bo Zhong and Katie Liljenquist
Science 8 September 2006: 1451-1452.
Lab experiments reveal unexpected parallels between feelings of moral purity and physical cleanliness, perhaps explaining the ubiquity of religious cleansing rituals.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Technical Comments
Comment on "Transitions to Asexuality Result in Excess Amino Acid Substitutions"
Roger Butlin
Science 8 September 2006: 1389.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »|
Response to Comment on "Transitions to Asexuality Result in Excess Amino Acid Substitutions"
Susanne Paland and Michael Lynch
Science 8 September 2006: 1389.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »|
