1 September 2006 Vol 313, Issue 5791, Pages 1197-1313 Contents基因工程改造的细胞使肿瘤变小
一组研究人员用基因工程将正常免疫细胞改造成专门攻击肿瘤的杀手，首次演示了这些基因工程改造过的细胞能在人体中存留并能使大的肿瘤变小。Steven Rosenberg和同事在17位患有晚期黑色素瘤的患者身试验了这个方法，其中两位的肿瘤缩小，并在这个治疗试验开始的一年半之后被宣布为没有临床症状。研究人员从患者身上取出正常的T细胞，将它们用基因工程的方法改造为携带识别黑色素的细胞蛋白受体，然后把这些“重新武装器来的”细胞放回到患者身上来重建其免疫系统。这些改造过的T细胞在15位患者身上存留下来，在治疗的两个月后，患者T细胞的10%是这种改造过的细胞。
科学特快报告：Cancer Regression in Patients After Transfer of Genetically Engineered Lymphocytes, Richard A. Morgan, et al.
种族、刻版模式、以及学校成绩
研究人员报告说，让7年级学生在学期开始时做一个15分钟的身份申明的写作练习，改进了学期末非洲裔美国学生的成绩，将非洲裔学生和欧洲裔学生的差距缩小了40%。这项研究针对的是“刻板模式威胁(stereotype threat)”现象，是指被反面刻板模式影响的群体担心如果做得不好会证实该刻板模式。文章作者说，如果这个担心过于严重，所产生的压力本身会影响人的能力。Geoffrey Cohen和同事调查了是否能通过做一个练习让学生重新申明他们对自我完整的意识来减少刻板模式威胁。研究人员报告说，一个让学生写为什么某些价值对他们来说是重要的作业，能够帮助非洲裔美国学生在整个学期中保持较高的成绩。作者提出，这个练习起作用部分地因为它打断了刻板模式威胁和表现不好之间的恶性循环，这个恶性循环导致越来越坏的表现。一篇相关的研究评述从教育干预的角度讨论了这些发现，并指出仔细设计实地试验的重要性。
报告：Reducing the Racial Achievement Gap: A Social-Psychological Intervention, Geoffrey L. Cohen, Julio Garcia, Nancy Apfel, and Allison Master
研究评述：The Power of Social Psychological Interventions, Timothy D. Wilson
全球变暖引起果蝇遗传变化
西班牙和美国科学家报告说，某些果蝇种群开始表现出看来是气候变化引起的遗传变异。这项跨三个大陆、历时25年的工作是第一次这样大规模的研究。Joan Balanyá 和同事分析了果蝇Drosophila subobscura种群中染色体倒位的记录，染色体倒位是指染色体片段翻转过来。研究人员将这些数据与现在同一地区的对应数据、以及这些时期的温度记录作了比较。他们发现，在几乎所有的果蝇种群中，有较多的染色体倒位的基因型过去在低纬度的地方比较常见，现在在高纬度的地方变得也常见了。遗传变异成为目前全球气候变化所带来的生物影响的不断增加的又一个例子。
科学特快报告：Global Genetic Change Tracks Global Climate Warming in Drosophila subobscura, Joan Balanyá, Josep M. Oller, Raymond B. Huey, George W. Gilchrist, and Luis Serra
人类与猿认知的基因联系
一项新研究提出，人类与某些猿有共同的蛋白，这个过去不知道的蛋白也许是认知功能的一个关键。高度的基因复制是进化新奇的主要源泉，Magdalena C. Popesco和同事在人类和大型类人猿种系基因组中寻找在复制数上有很大不同的基因。他们发现最显著的人类种系倍增来自一个以前不知道的基因MGC8902。而且类人猿与人类越近，该基因拷贝的出现越频繁。MGC8902 被预测编码一个名为DUF1220的蛋白质域的多个拷贝，该蛋白质域的功能目前开不清楚。但是研究人员知道DUF1220域在脑皮质新成部很丰富，脑皮质新成部是哺乳动物大脑中与包括人类的有意识思维和语言有关的高级推理的部位。所以文章作者推测DUF1220也许在高级认知功能中起作用。
报告：Human Lineage-Specific Amplification, Selection, and Neuronal Expression of DUF1220 Domains, Magdalena C. Popesco, et al.
猴子大脑中处理社会信息的部位
Peter Rudebeck和同事的一项新研究指出，猕猴用大脑一个叫前扣带皮层(anterior cingulate cortex)的部位来正确地识别重要的社会信息，比如看到有吸引力的猕猴、或认出社会地位高的猴子，并对这些信息作出反应。这一发现也许能为破坏正常的社会交际的大脑损伤提供线索。研究还可能帮助澄清猴子是否能察觉到其它猴子的心理状态，这个功能被认为人类独有。研究人员观察了猕猴大脑两个相邻区域(前扣带皮层和眶额皮层)的损坏如何改变这些猴子的社会认知。他们发现，前扣带皮层的完整性对正常的社会反应比不可缺，这些反应包括注意到另一个猕猴。眶额皮层的损坏只影响了对恐惧视觉(比如一条橡皮蛇的移动)的反应。
报告：A Role for the Macaque Anterior Cingulate Gyrus in Social Valuation, P. H. Rudebeck, M. J. Buckley, M. E. Walton, and M. F. S. Rushworth
取代化石燃料的工作应该现在开始
Ruel Shinnar和Francesco Citro在本期政策论坛中写道：现有的化石燃料替代品在今后30年中能取代美国70%的化石燃料，这样做的费用大约是每年2000亿美元。他们认为与其等待新非碳基技术的开发，不如现在就开始使用以被证实能用的非化石资源。文章作者提供了一个用核能、地热、水电、风能、太阳能、以及生物质的混合能源计划。作者说，应该现在就开始投资示范项目，因为大规模的转换需要许多年的时间。他们提议用刺激的方法，比如征收二氧化碳税，来为逐渐转换提供资金，从而使这些技术得以上马和建设所需的基础设施。作者写道，原油价超过每桶70美元后，实施这些技术可能会有竞争性。
政策论坛：A Road Map to U.S. Decarbonization, Reuel Shinnar and Francesco Citro
This Week in Science
Editor summaries of this week's papers.
Science 1 September 2006: 1197.
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Editorial:
Boosting S&T Innovation in Japan
Iwao Matsuda
Science 1 September 2006: 1201.
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Editors' Choice
Highlights of the recent literature.
Science 1 September 2006: 1203.
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NetWatch
Best of the Web in science.
Science 1 September 2006: 1211.
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Science Podcast
Science 1 September 2006: 1313.
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NEW PRODUCTS
Science 1 September 2006: 1313.
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News of the Week
PLUTO: Underworld Character Kicked Out of Planetary Family
Govert Schilling
Science 1 September 2006: 1214-1215.
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SCHOLARLY PUBLISHING: Particle Physicists Want to Expand Open Access
Jocelyn Kaiser
Science 1 September 2006: 1215.
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GENETICS: Genomes Highlight Plant Pathogens' Powerful Arsenal
Erik Stokstad
Science 1 September 2006: 1217.
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EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES: During a Hot Summer, Bluetongue Virus Invades Northern Europe
Martin Enserink
Science 1 September 2006: 1218-1219.
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COMPUTER SECURITY: DOE Tightens Monitoring of Lab Collaborators
Yudhijit Bhattacharjee
Science 1 September 2006: 1218.
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ACADEMIC CAREERS: USC Hires Prepackaged Team
Yudhijit Bhattacharjee
Science 1 September 2006: 1219.
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METEOROLOGY: A Hurricane's Punch Still Knocks Out Forecasters
Eli Kintisch
Science 1 September 2006: 1221.
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ScienceScope
Science 1 September 2006: 1217.
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Random Samples
Science 1 September 2006: 1213.
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Newsmakers
Science 1 September 2006: 1233.
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News Focus
SCIENTIFIC MISCONDUCT: Truth and Consequences
Jennifer Couzin
Science 1 September 2006: 1222-1226.
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PROFILE: THOMAS KAPLAN: From Making a Killing to Saving a Species
Diane Garcia and Erik Stokstad
Science 1 September 2006: 1226-1227.
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ECOLOGY: Plant Wannabes
Elizabeth Pennisi
Science 1 September 2006: 1229.
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PLANT SCIENCE: Auxin Begins to Give Up Its Secrets
Gretchen Vogel
Science 1 September 2006: 1230-1231.
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Letters
This Week's Letters
Science 1 September 2006: 1235.
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Other Nations Catching Up to United States
Justin Rattner
Science 1 September 2006: 1235.
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Why Academic Drug Discovery Makes Sense
Alan P. Kozikowski, Bryan Roth, and Alexander Tropsha
Science 1 September 2006: 1235-1236.
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Propagation of Errors in Review Articles
Thomas J. Katz
Science 1 September 2006: 1236.
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Role of Leucine in Regulating Food Intake
Alessandro Laviano, Michael M. Meguid, Akio Inui, Filippo Rossi-Fanelli;, Daniela Cota, Karine Proulx, Stephen C. Woods, and Randy J. Seeley
Science 1 September 2006: 1236-1238.
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Corrections and Clarifications
Science 1 September 2006: 1238.
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Books et al.
GEOSCIENCE: Heating Up the Hotspot Debates
Paul Tackley
Science 1 September 2006: 1240-1241.
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GEOSCIENCE: Charting Earth's Activities
Peter Crowley
Science 1 September 2006: 1241.
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Books Received
Science 1 September 2006: 1241.
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Policy Forum
ENERGY: Enhanced: A Road Map to U.S. Decarbonization
Reuel Shinnar and Francesco Citro
Science 1 September 2006: 1243-1244.
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Perspectives
MICROBIOLOGY: Malaria's Stealth Shuttle
Alan F. Cowman and Stefan H. I. Kappe
Science 1 September 2006: 1245-1246.
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CHEMISTRY: Controlling Biological Functions
Majed Chergui
Science 1 September 2006: 1246-1247.
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MATERIALS SCIENCE: Step Dances on Silicon
Peter W. Voorhees
Science 1 September 2006: 1247-1249.
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CHEMISTRY: Fluorous to the Core
John A. Gladysz
Science 1 September 2006: 1249-1250.
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GEOCHEMISTRY: The Hawaiian-Emperor Bend: Older Than Expected
Joann M. Stock
Science 1 September 2006: 1250-1251.
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BEHAVIOR: The Power of Social Psychological Interventions
Timothy D. Wilson
Science 1 September 2006: 1251-1252.
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Brevia
Microarthropods Mediate Sperm Transfer in Mosses
Nils Cronberg, Rayna Natcheva, and Katarina Hedlund
Science 1 September 2006: 1255.
Mites and tiny insects that live in the soil can fertilize mosses, carrying the sperm from males to females.
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Research Articles
Coherent Control of Retinal Isomerization in Bacteriorhodopsin
Valentyn I. Prokhorenko, Andrea M. Nagy, Stephen A. Waschuk, Leonid S. Brown, Robert R. Birge, and R. J. Dwayne Miller
Science 1 September 2006: 1257-1261.
Shaping of an ultrashort laser pulse creates quantum mechanical interferences that can enhance or inhibit the photoisomerization efficiency by up to 20 percent.
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Phytophthora Genome Sequences Uncover Evolutionary Origins and Mechanisms of Pathogenesis
Brett M. Tyler, Sucheta Tripathy, Xuemin Zhang, Paramvir Dehal, Rays H. Y. Jiang, Andrea Aerts, Felipe D. Arredondo, Laura Baxter, Douda Bensasson, Jim L. Beynon, Jarrod Chapman, Cynthia M. B. Damasceno, Anne E. Dorrance, Daolong Dou, Allan W. Dickerman, Inna L. Dubchak, Matteo Garbelotto, Mark Gijzen, Stuart G. Gordon, Francine Govers, Niklaus J. Grunwald, Wayne Huang, Kelly L. Ivors, Richard W. Jones, Sophien Kamoun, Konstantinos Krampis, Kurt H. Lamour, Mi-Kyung Lee, W. Hayes McDonald, Mónica Medina, Harold J. G. Meijer, Eric K. Nordberg, Donald J. Maclean, Manuel D. Ospina-Giraldo, Paul F. Morris, Vipaporn Phuntumart, Nicholas H. Putnam, Sam Rash, Jocelyn K. C. Rose, Yasuko Sakihama, Asaf A. Salamov, Alon Savidor, Chantel F. Scheuring, Brian M. Smith, Bruno W. S. Sobral, Astrid Terry, Trudy A. Torto-Alalibo, Joe Win, Zhanyou Xu, Hongbin Zhang, Igor V. Grigoriev, Daniel S. Rokhsar, and Jeffrey L. Boore
Science 1 September 2006: 1261-1266.
The enigmatic parasite that causes sudden oak death carries the genetic signature of an ancestral photosynthetic symbiont that suggests a recent expansion of pathogenic protein families.
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Reports
Anomalous Spiral Motion of Steps Near Dislocations on Silicon Surfaces
J. B. Hannon, V. B. Shenoy, and K. W. Schwarz
Science 1 September 2006: 1266-1269.
The geometry of one particular surface of a silicon crystal creates a nonuniform strain field that leads to complex growth from step edges that is not predicted by a standard model.
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Chemically Induced Fast Solid-State Transitions of -VOPO4 in Vanadium Phosphate Catalysts
Marco Conte, Gerolamo Budroni, Jonathan K. Bartley, Stuart H. Taylor, Albert F. Carley, Andi Schmidt, Damien M. Murphy, Frank Girgsdies, Thorsten Ressler, Robert Schlögl, and Graham J. Hutchings
Science 1 September 2006: 1270-1273.
At high temperature, reactants rapidly transform vanadium phosphate catalysts, which yield precursors to resins and lubricants, from one phase to another.
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Fluorous Nanodroplets Structurally Confined in an Organopalladium Sphere
Sota Sato, Junya Iida, Kosuke Suzuki, Masaki Kawano, Tomoji Ozeki, and Makoto Fujita
Science 1 September 2006: 1273-1276.
Bridging ligands bearing perfluoroalkyl chains self-assemble in a solution with palladium ions to form shells that capture a few disordered molecules of a fluorinated solvent.
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Triple-Bond Reactivity of Diphosphorus Molecules
Nicholas A. Piro, Joshua S. Figueroa, Jessica T. McKellar, and Christopher C. Cummins
Science 1 September 2006: 1276-1279.
A niobium precursor previously synthesized only at about 900癈 yields diatomic phosphorus at low temperatures, allowing chemistry on its reactive triple bond.
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Discovery of a Young Planetary-Mass Binary
Ray Jayawardhana and Valentin D. Ivanov
Science 1 September 2006: 1279-1281.
Published online 3 August 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1132128] (in Science Express Reports)
Two young brown dwarfs, one with a mass 14 times that of Jupiter and the other 7 times as massive, orbit each other, forming a binary system.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
50-Ma Initiation of Hawaiian-Emperor Bend Records Major Change in Pacific Plate Motion
Warren D. Sharp and David A. Clague
Science 1 September 2006: 1281-1284.
Argon isotope ages for the Hawaiian Emperor chain of volcanoes imply that the Pacific plate changed speed and direction several million years earlier than had been thought.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Corridors Increase Plant Species Richness at Large Scales
Ellen I. Damschen, Nick M. Haddad, John L. Orrock, Joshua J. Tewksbury, and Douglas J. Levey
Science 1 September 2006: 1284-1286.
Patches of pine forest connected by corridors retain more native plant species than isolated patches, reinforcing the utility of connective corridors in conservation efforts.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Manipulation of Host Hepatocytes by the Malaria Parasite for Delivery into Liver Sinusoids
Angelika Sturm, Rogerio Amino, Claudia van de Sand, Tommy Regen, Silke Retzlaff, Annika Rennenberg, Andreas Krueger, Jörg-Matthias Pollok, Robert Menard, and Volker T. Heussler
Science 1 September 2006: 1287-1290.
Published online 3 August 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1129720] (in Science Express Reports)
The malaria parasite moves from liver to blood by inducing liver cells to die and, in the process, to bud off parasite-containing vesicles that cannot be detected by the immune system.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Exploiting the Reversibility of Natural Product Glycosyltransferase-Catalyzed Reactions
Changsheng Zhang, Byron R. Griffith, Qiang Fu, Christoph Albermann, Xun Fu, In-Kyoung Lee, Lingjun Li, and Jon S. Thorson
Science 1 September 2006: 1291-1294.
In addition to adding sugar residues, glycosyltransferases can also remove them, making these enzymes valuable for modifying natural products to make new drugs.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Structural Asymmetry of AcrB Trimer Suggests a Peristaltic Pump Mechanism
Markus A. Seeger, André Schiefner, Thomas Eicher, François Verrey, Kay Diederichs, and Klaas M. Pos
Science 1 September 2006: 1295-1298.
A drug efflux pump extrudes molecules such as bile salts, detergents, and antibiotics from cells through a constricted pore in a process that mimics peristalsis.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
CYK-4/GAP Provides a Localized Cue to Initiate Anteroposterior Polarity upon Fertilization
Noah Jenkins, Jennifer R. Saam, and Susan E. Mango
Science 1 September 2006: 1298-1301.
Published online 27 July 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1130291] (in Science Express Reports)
The polarity of the one-cell nematode embryo, which eventually establishes the anterior and posterior ends of the adult, arises from the local injection of a sperm factor.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
The Mevalonate Pathway Controls Heart Formation in Drosophila by Isoprenylation of G1
Peng Yi, Zhe Han, Xiumin Li, and Eric N. Olson
Science 1 September 2006: 1301-1303.
Published online 20 July 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1127704] (in Science Express Reports)
A genetic screen for heart mutants reveals that the pathway for isoprenoid biosynthesis functions in heart development.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Human Lineage–Specific Amplification, Selection, and Neuronal Expression of DUF1220 Domains
Magdalena C. Popesco, Erik J. MacLaren, Janet Hopkins, Laura Dumas, Michael Cox, Lynne Meltesen, Loris McGavran, Gerald J. Wyckoff, and James M. Sikela
Science 1 September 2006: 1304-1307.
A comparison of human and four great-ape genomes reveals that a class of neural genes appears to have been dramatically amplified in the human lineage.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Reducing the Racial Achievement Gap: A Social-Psychological Intervention
Geoffrey L. Cohen, Julio Garcia, Nancy Apfel, and Allison Master
Science 1 September 2006: 1307-1310.
A writing assignment that affirmed seventh-grade students?positive self-image reduced the subsequent difference in grades between African and European Americans.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
A Role for the Macaque Anterior Cingulate Gyrus in Social Valuation
P. H. Rudebeck, M. J. Buckley, M. E. Walton, and M. F. S. Rushworth
Science 1 September 2006: 1310-1312.
Monkeys rely on the anterior cingulate cortex in processing socially potent information, such as another monkey staring at them.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Technical Comments
Comment on "A Well-Preserved Archaeopteryx Specimen with Theropod Features"
Ian J. Corfe and Richard J. Butler
Science 1 September 2006: 1238.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »|
Response to Comment on "A Well-Preserved Archaeopteryx Specimen with Theropod Features"
Gerald Mayr and D. Stefan Peters
Science 1 September 2006: 1238.
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