| 2006年08月18日 Science中英文摘要 | 点击： 作者： 来源： 时间： 2006-11-12 本站论坛
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18 August 2006 Vol 313, Issue 5789, Pages 888-983
越南战争的心理损失
一项新研究证实了越南战争给回来的美国士兵带来了巨大的心理损失，虽然修正的创伤后压力心理障碍症发病率比被人们广泛引用的一项过去研究估计的要低。1980年代后期，两项由美国政府资助的研究对越战老兵中的创伤后压力心理障碍症(简称PTSD)的发病率给出两个不同的结果。由于人们现在将伊拉克战争与越战作比较，对越战的PTSD问题的兴趣也增加了。Bruce Dohrenwend和同事用改进了的诊断方法、军方的纪录(而不是自述)、以及接触战区压力的纪录，重新研究了越战老兵中的PTSD发病率。他们得出老兵终生PTSD 发病率为百分之18.7的结论，在过去两项研究得出的结果之间。文章作者还发现了一个比过去研究得出的更强的“剂量-效应”关系：老兵接触到的创伤越多，就越有可能患PTSD，这表明战争的心理损失是一个实实在在的问题。一篇相关的研究评述描述了这项新研究的设计是如何解决了过去研究中存在的问题的。
报告：The Psychological Risks of Vietnam for U.S. Veterans: A Revisit with New Data and Methods, Bruce P. Dohrenwend, et al.
研究评述：Psychiatric Casualties of War, Richard J. McNally
与肌肉无力症有关的基因突变
一个国际研究小组报告说，一个帮助连接神经系统与身体的肌肉的蛋白的突变是一种常见遗传的肌肉疾病的原因。先天性肌无力综合征是一组涉及神经元与肌肉连接(即“突触”)的遗传紊乱。一部分患者的肌肉无力主要影响的部位是肩部和髋部。David Beeson和同事研究了一些这类患者，发现他们都有DOK-7蛋白的突变，该突变导致小的、非正常的神经元肌肉连接突触的形成。最近，另外一个小组曾确定出DOK-7是一个信号通道的一个组成部分，该通道引起神经递质受体在肌肉上簇集，在神经接触点形成突触。(见2006年6月23日的《科学》) 文章作者提出，虽然该综合症可能还涉及到有别的基因，但是检查dok-7基因应该能帮助诊断这种疾病。
科学特快报告：Dok-7 Mutations Underlie a Neuromuscular Junction Synaptopathy, David Beeson, et al.
衰老恒星揭示的秘密
天文学家找到了恒星物理学中与恒星年龄有关的两个基本转变，这也许对更准确地确定银河系的年龄有所帮助。Harvey B. Richer 和同事用哈勃太空望远镜观察了遥远的球状星团NGC 6397中微弱的恒星，用哈勃的高级摄像机给这些微弱的恒星拍照5天，得到了高分辨率的图像。这些图像揭示了决定恒星命运的质量阈值：哪些会通过以氢为燃料的核聚变得以存在几十亿年，哪些则永远不会达到能自我维持的质量。不能自我维持的恒星最多能存在10亿年。研究人员还探测到星团中白矮星颜色变化的一个特征，这个特征与白矮星死亡时周围大气变冷后氢分子的形成有关。这两个效应证实了过去理论的预测。有了这些信息，天文学家能更好地了解低质量恒星和白矮星的物理，也许还能改进对恒星和宇宙年龄的估计。
研究文章：Probing the Faintest Stars in a Globular Star Cluster, Harvey B. Richer, et al.
p53 阻止肿瘤血液供给
Jose Teodoro和同事的新研究提出，肿瘤抑制蛋白p53激发一个阻止肿瘤新血管生成的酶的产生。这些发现给这个常见蛋白的抗肿瘤机制增添了新种类。p53激活一个编码引起从胶原蛋白中释放某种肽的酶的基因。这些肽包括血管内皮抑素和tumstatin，有已知的抑制肿瘤新血管生成的功能。Teodoro和同事还显示，通过增加该酶的表达或是用基因治疗输入该酶后，小鼠的肿瘤生长变慢。
报告：p53-Mediated Inhibition of Angiogenesis Through Up-Regulation of a Collagen Prolyl Hydroxylase, Jose G. Teodoro, Albert E. Parker, Xiaochun Zhu, and Michael R. Green
植物种群内部的多样性
科学家知道植物物种多样性对生态系统的健康很重要，现在新研究显示，一个物种种群中植物个体之间的多样性也有重要的作用。Gregory Crutsinger和同事研究了菊科植物的野外地块，在地块内改变菊科植物的基因型数量。那些菊科植物基因型多样性最大地块中，昆虫多样性也最大，而且有最大的净初级生产力。文章作者说，这些效应的大小与过去对物种多样性研究得出的结果可比。他们得出结论，昆虫的多样性既来自于不同植物宿主的吸引（因为昆虫在一定程度上有分工），也是植物量增加的结果。
报告：Plant Genotypic Diversity Predicts Community Structure and Governs an Ecosystem Process, Gregory M. Crutsinger, et al.
国际干细胞研究合作
来自14个国家的50多位科学家、伦理学家、期刊编辑、律师、以及政策制定者最近在英国开会讨论了有关人类胚胎干细胞研究国际合作指导原则的制定问题。Debra Mathews和同事在本期的政策论坛中总结了这次会议的突出部分。与会者达成共识：法律制定者和科学家必须相互咨询，同时与公众沟通；有关允许什么、不允许什么的法律应该是清晰的。他们还认为，如果科学上和伦理上可以成立的研究在一个国家被允许，来自有不同法律的另一个国家的科学家应该能参与允许国的工作，而不必担心在本国受到惩罚。但是，对这点应该如何延伸，与会者没有达成一致的意见。与会者还讨论了期刊编辑与审稿人促进伦理和科学操守的必要性，他们将建立一个与胚胎干细胞研究的伦理问题有关的信息数据库。
政策论坛：Integrity in International Stem Cell Research Collaborations, Debra J. H. Mathews, et al.
Contents
This Week in Science
Editor summaries of this week's papers.
Science 18 August 2006: 888.
|Full Text »
Editorial:
The Road to Balanced Oversight
Ruth Faden
Science 18 August 2006: 891.
Summary »| PDF »|
Editors' Choice
Highlights of the recent literature.
Science 18 August 2006: 892.
|Full Text »
NetWatch
Best of the Web in science.
Science 18 August 2006: 895.
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Science Podcast
Science 18 August 2006: 983.
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NEW PRODUCTS
Science 18 August 2006: 983.
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News of the Week
U.S. SCIENCE POLICY: Congress Quietly Tries to Craft Bill To Maintain U.S. Lead in Science
Jeffrey Mervis
Science 18 August 2006: 898-899.
Summary »| Full Text »| PDF »|
AVIAN INFLUENZA: Panel Confirms Report of Early H5N1 Human Case in China
Dennis Normile
Science 18 August 2006: 899.
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ASTRONOMY: Judge Slaps Hawaii Over Mauna Kea Telescopes
Jeffrey Mervis
Science 18 August 2006: 900.
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SCIENTIFIC EXCHANGES: U.S. Loosens Policy on Ties to UNESCO
Yudhijit Bhattacharjee
Science 18 August 2006: 900.
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CLINICAL RESEARCH: Lessons From a Failed Drug Trial
Eliot Marshall
Science 18 August 2006: 901.
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MATERIALS SCIENCE: New 'Supercapacitor' Promises to Pack More Electrical Punch
Robert F. Service
Science 18 August 2006: 902.
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ASTRONOMY: Nearby Cluster Shows Extremes of Stardom
Yudhijit Bhattacharjee
Science 18 August 2006: 903.
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ScienceScope
Science 18 August 2006: 901.
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Random Samples
Science 18 August 2006: 897.
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Newsmakers
Science 18 August 2006: 913.
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News Focus
MEDICINE: Desperate Measures
Jennifer Couzin
Science 18 August 2006: 904-907.
Summary »| Full Text »| PDF »|
MENTAL HEALTH: Widening the Attack on Combat-Related Mental Health Problems
Greg Miller
Science 18 August 2006: 908-909.
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RADIO ASTRONOMY: Candidate Sites for World's Largest Telescope Face First Big Hurdle
Robert Koenig
Science 18 August 2006: 910-912.
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RADIO ASTRONOMY: From KAT to FAST, Telescope Project Sprouts Test Beds
Robert Koenig
Science 18 August 2006: 911.
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Letters
This Week's Letters
Science 18 August 2006: 915.
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Captive Breeding and a Threatened Gecko
Lukáš Kratochvíl;, Bryan L. Stuart, and L. Lee Grismer
Science 18 August 2006: 915.
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Roles of CITES in Protecting New Species
Freek J. Vonk and Wolfgang Wüster
Science 18 August 2006: 915-916.
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A Problem in Archaeology Too
Bernard W. Powell
Science 18 August 2006: 916.
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Photosynthesis in Balance with Respiration?
Mary E. Clark;, Anthony W. King, Carla A. Gunderson, Wilfred M. Post, David J. Weston, and Stan D. Wullschleger
Science 18 August 2006: 917-918.
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Books et al.
NEUROSCIENCE: From Austria, Through Aplysia, Toward the Mind
Nancy C. Andreasen
Science 18 August 2006: 919-920.
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HUMAN EVOLUTION: Seeking the Base of Our Branch
David R. Begun
Science 18 August 2006: 920.
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Books Received
Science 18 August 2006: 920.
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Policy Forum
SCIENCE AND LAW: Integrity in International Stem Cell Research Collaborations
Debra J. H. Mathews, Peter Donovan, John Harris, Robin Lovell-Badge, Julian Savulescu, and Ruth Faden
Science 18 August 2006: 921-922.
Summary »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Perspectives
PSYCHOLOGY: Psychiatric Casualties of War
Richard J. McNally
Science 18 August 2006: 923-924.
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EVOLUTION: Traversing the Adaptive Landscape in Snapdragons
Elena M. Kramer and Kathleen Donohue
Science 18 August 2006: 924-925.
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ASTRONOMY: Enhanced: A Journey Through Time
Joseph Silk
Science 18 August 2006: 925-926.
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CLIMATE CHANGE: Is Global Warming Causing More, Larger Wildfires?
Steven W. Running
Science 18 August 2006: 927-928.
Published online 6 July 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1130370] (in Science Express Perspectives)
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NEUROSCIENCE: No More Cortical Neurons for You
Pasko Rakic
Science 18 August 2006: 928-929.
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CHEMISTRY: Dendrimers at Work
Brett Helms and E. W. Meijer
Science 18 August 2006: 929-930.
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Review
The First Stars in the Universe and Cosmic Reionization
Rennan Barkana
Science 18 August 2006: 931-934.
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Brevia
Pinwheels in the Quintuplet Cluster
Peter Tuthill, John Monnier, Angelle Tanner, Donald Figer, Andrea Ghez, and William Danchi
Science 18 August 2006: 935.
The five enigmatic stars in the Quintuplet Cluster in the center of the Milky Way are old, massive binaries with outflowing winds that appear as rotating pinwheels.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Research Articles
Probing the Faintest Stars in a Globular Star Cluster
Harvey B. Richer, Jay Anderson, James Brewer, Saul Davis, Gregory G. Fahlman, Brad M. S. Hansen, Jarrod Hurley, Jasonjot S. Kalirai, Ivan R. King, David Reitzel, R. Michael Rich, Michael M. Shara, and Peter B. Stetson
Science 18 August 2006: 936-940.
Hubble telescope images of a globular star cluster show that the smallest star capable of burning hydrogen is about 0.08 solar masses, consistent with theoretical predictions.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »|
Warming and Earlier Spring Increase Western U.S. Forest Wildfire Activity
A. L. Westerling, H. G. Hidalgo, D. R. Cayan, and T. W. Swetnam
Science 18 August 2006: 940-943.
Published online 6 July 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1128834] (in Science Express Research Articles)
Climate change in the western United States has dramatically increased the number of large forest wildfires during the past 35 years.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
The Molecular Architecture of Axonemes Revealed by Cryoelectron Tomography
Daniela Nicastro, Cindi Schwartz, Jason Pierson, Richard Gaudette, Mary E. Porter, and J. Richard McIntosh
Science 18 August 2006: 944-948.
The internal structure of the flagellum reveals how its motor enzyme dynein regulates flagellar movement and thus cellular motility.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Reports
Electronically Induced Atom Motion in Engineered CoCun Nanostructures
Joseph A. Stroscio, Francesca Tavazza, Jason N. Crain, Robert J. Celotta, and Anne M. Chaka
Science 18 August 2006: 948-951.
Electrons from a scanning tunneling microscope can excite the Cu-Co bond at the end of a chain of copper atoms and cause the cobalt atom to flop rapidly between lattice sites.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Controlling the Electronic Structure of Bilayer Graphene
Taisuke Ohta, Aaron Bostwick, Thomas Seyller, Karsten Horn, and Eli Rotenberg
Science 18 August 2006: 951-954.
Doping one layer of a pair of graphene sheets with excess electrons allows the energy gap between the valence and conduction bands to be controlled, creating tiny switches.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Two-Dimensional Nematic Colloidal Crystals Self-Assembled by Topological Defects
Igor Musevic, Miha Skarabot, Uros Tkalec, Miha Ravnik, and Slobodan Zumer
Science 18 August 2006: 954-958.
Colloid particles positioned within ordered liquid crystals using laser tweezers will grow and self-assemble into specific two-dimensional structures.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Switchable Surfactants
Yingxin Liu, Philip G. Jessop, Michael Cunningham, Charles A. Eckert, and Charles L. Liotta
Science 18 August 2006: 958-960.
Emulsions in water can be formed on demand by treatment of amidine compounds with CO2 to form surfactants and reversed by exposure to nonpolar gases such as air or argon.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
A Homomolecular Porous Network at a Cu(111) Surface
Greg Pawin, Kin L. Wong, Ki-Young Kwon, and Ludwig Bartels
Science 18 August 2006: 961-962.
Competition between attractive hydrogen bonding and repulsive interactions causes anthraquinone to form a network with 50 angstrom pores on a copper (111) surface.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »|
Evolutionary Paths Underlying Flower Color Variation in Antirrhinum
Annabel C. Whibley, Nicolas B. Langlade, Christophe Andalo, Andrew I. Hanna, Andrew Bangham, Christophe Thébaud, and Enrico Coen
Science 18 August 2006: 963-966.
The genetic differences underlying various color morphs of two snapdragon species can be identified and used to construct their likely evolutionary path.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Plant Genotypic Diversity Predicts Community Structure and Governs an Ecosystem Process
Gregory M. Crutsinger, Michael D. Collins, James A. Fordyce, Zachariah Gompert, Chris C. Nice, and Nathan J. Sanders
Science 18 August 2006: 966-968.
An increase in the genetic diversity of a dominant plant species in an ecosystem also increased arthropod diversity and net primary productivity.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
p53-Mediated Inhibition of Angiogenesis Through Up-Regulation of a Collagen Prolyl Hydroxylase
Jose G. Teodoro, Albert E. Parker, Xiaochun Zhu, and Michael R. Green
Science 18 August 2006: 968-971.
A tumor suppressor protein inhibits tumor formation in part by stimulating the production of the body抯 own inhibitors of the tumor抯 blood supply.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Mutations That Increase the Life Span of C. elegans Inhibit Tumor Growth
Julie M. Pinkston, Delia Garigan, Malene Hansen, and Cynthia Kenyon
Science 18 August 2006: 971-975.
A strain of worm that develops cancer as it ages is protected from tumor growth by mutations that extend its life span.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Graded Regulation of the Kv2.1 Potassium Channel by Variable Phosphorylation
Kang-Sik Park, Durga P. Mohapatra, Hiroaki Misonou, and James S. Trimmer
Science 18 August 2006: 976-979.
A proteomic method identifies which seven of the potential phosphorylaton sites are regulated in vivo by a phosphatase in a delayed rectifier potassium channel.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
The Psychological Risks of Vietnam for U.S. Veterans: A Revisit with New Data and Methods
Bruce P. Dohrenwend, J. Blake Turner, Nicholas A. Turse, Ben G. Adams, Karestan C. Koenen, and Randall Marshall
Science 18 August 2006: 979-982.
An extensive reanalysis of a previous study of the effects of the Vietnam War on its veterans provides a more reliable estimate of the rate of posttraumatic stress disorder.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Technical Comments
Comment on "Computational Improvements Reveal Great Bacterial Diversity and High Metal Toxicity in Soil"
Igor Volkov, Jayanth R. Banavar, and Amos Maritan
Science 18 August 2006: 918.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »|
Response to Comment by Volkov et al. on "Computational Improvements Reveal Great Bacterial Diversity and High Metal Toxicity in Soil"
Jason Gans, Murray Wolinsky, and John Dunbar
Science 18 August 2006: 918.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »|
Comment on "Computational Improvements Reveal Great Bacterial Diversity and High Metal Toxicity in Soil"
John Bunge, Slava S. Epstein, and Daniel G. Peterson
Science 18 August 2006: 918.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Response to Comment by Bunge et al. on "Computational Improvements Reveal Great Bacterial Diversity and High Metal Toxicity in Soil"
Jason Gans, Murray Wolinsky, and John Dunbar
Science 18 August 2006: 918.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »|
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