11 August 2006 Vol 313, Issue 5788, Pages 729-854 格林兰冰架融化加速
格林兰岛冰架正在加速融化-现在融化的速度是过去5年的三倍。Jianli Chen和研究小组报告说，自从2004年起格林兰冰架的融化在加速。研究人员估计冰架在以每年有240立方公里的冰架消失。如果这一发现被证实，它将是近年来全球变暖速度增加的又一个证据，并意味着融化的极地冰架正在使海平面上升。研究人员用GRACE (Researchers used the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) 计划的卫星采集了这个地球上第二大冰架的数据，该卫星测量了格林兰重力分布的变化，研究人员在这篇报告中比较了2002年4月和2005年11月之间的每个月的数据。
科学特快报告：Satellite Gravity Measurements Confirm Accelerated Melting of Greenland Ice Sheet, J. L. Chen, C. R. Wilson, and B. D. Tapley
蛋白毒性与衰老过程
错误折叠的蛋白的聚集在诸如老年痴呆症和帕金森症等疾病中有毒性作用，这些疾病经常在老年时出现。现在，线虫的新研究提出了一个衰老过程与蛋白聚集毒性之间的重要连接。Ehud Cohen和同事显示，在寿命长、衰老慢的线虫中beta淀粉样肽聚集体的毒性较低。这个作用似乎通过在IIS通路中的两个蛋白调节，IIS是一个与衰老过程有关的胰岛素信号通路。其中一个蛋白降解一些毒性聚集体，另一个蛋白将较小的聚集体组装成大的、但毒性低的大聚集体。研究人员提出，在自然衰老过程中，这些IIS蛋白的变化能降低它们的解毒活性。
科学特快报告：Opposing Activities Protect Against Age Onset Proteotoxicity, Ehud Cohen, Jan Bieschke, Rhonda M. Perciavalle, Jeffery W. Kelly, and Andrew Dillin
埃特纳火山的断层照相
采集到的2002年埃特纳火山爆发前后的详细地震数据清楚地显示，在火山爆发前几个月中富含气体的岩浆在火山口内上升，最终形成火的喷泉和岩片爆发。这个Domenico Patanè和同事用的地震断层照相术与人体的CAT扫描类似，用多层的图像来产生一个火山岩石体积随时间的空间变化的三维图像。埃特纳火山研究人员产生的这些图像揭示在火山爆发前几个月，火山侧翼中的一些奇特低速区域，意味着充满爆发性二氧化碳的岩浆的形成。Patanè和同事说，他们的方法也许能用来更好地监视爆发，但是他们也指出只有极少的火山像埃特纳火山那样被许多的地震台覆盖。Gillian Foulger 在一篇相关的研究评述中讨论了未来的火山监视。
报告：Time-Resolved Seismic Tomography Detects Magma Intrusions at Mount Etna, D. Patanè, G. Barberi, O. Cocina, P. De Gori, and C. Chiarabba
研究评述：Toward "Supervolcano" Technology, Gillian R. Foulger
南极洲降雪没有变化
过去50年间，南极洲降雪的积累没有变化。一些用卫星数据的观测研究曾提出，南极洲的积雪在增加，这个因素也许在较少全球海平面升高上起作用。现在Andrew Monaghan 和一个国际研究小组指出，南极洲积雪没有变化。精确的积雪数剧很重要，因为在预测全球海平面上升中南极冰架的作用是最大的不确定性。研究人员分析了南极洲的16个区域，他们将野外观察站冰芯的数据与模型计算相结合，得出过去50年中的降雪没在统计意义上没有变化。其他研究人员用气候模型计算的结果提出随着全球温度的升高，南极洲降雪应该增加，因为暖空气比冷空气有更多的产生更多的水分。
报告：Insignificant Change in Antarctic Snowfall Since the International Geophysical Year, Andrew J. Monaghan, et al.
一种鱼控制一条河的碳生态系统
把一种人们喜欢吃的鱼从南美洲一条河段中拿掉，改变了这条河基本的生态系统过程-碳合成和降解。这种鱼是食物链下层的flannelmouth characin，是一种被高度捕捞的鱼，由于过度捕捞、修水坝以及土地使用的改变，它的数量在下降。对居住在亚马逊和奥利诺科流域的人们来说，鱼是他们主要的蛋白质来源。Brad W. Taylor和他的研究小组在奥利诺科流域一段的中心建了一个210米长的屏障，把这种鱼从屏障的一边全部拿掉。他们比较了河两边以及下游的碳含量。100多种鱼中没有任何其它鱼能补偿该鱼对河生态的这个关键作用，这与人们通常认为的高度多样性使物种作用重叠的观点矛盾。
报告：Loss of a Harvested Fish Species Disrupts Carbon Flow in a Diverse Tropical River, Brad W. Taylor, Alexander S. Flecker, and Robert O. Hall, Jr.
本期专题部分：迁徙与分散
在生命的进化中，物种的迁徙与分散的能力变得越来越复杂，有的物种行程达到几千公里以上。这些旅行塑造了一个物种的生活史，而这个生活史形成了物种所到地方的生态。不论是为了躲避被捕猎，还是找到更好的繁殖和抚养下一代的地方，或是离开家族，生物体有各种分散和迁徙的方法。正如本期专题部分的论文指出的，研究人员仍在用新的跟踪技术、基因研究、以及全球栖息地的变化，来构建许多物种迁徙和分散的细节。
专题介绍：When to Go, Where to Stop, Gideon M. Henderson
ContentsSpecial IssueMigration and Dispersal
When to Go, Where to Stop
Andrew Sugden and Elizabeth Pennisi
Science 11 August 2006: 775.
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News
As the Seas Warm
Eli Kintisch
Science 11 August 2006: 776-779.
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Sound Sightings
Constance Holden
Science 11 August 2006: 777.
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Inching Toward Movement Ecology
Constance Holden
Science 11 August 2006: 779-782.
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Tag Team
Constance Holden and Laura Blackburn
Science 11 August 2006: 780-781.
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Arduous Journeys
Virginia Morell
Science 11 August 2006: 783-784.
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Follow the Footprints
Katherine Unger
Science 11 August 2006: 784-785.
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Perspectives
Long-Distance Dispersal of Plants
Ran Nathan
Science 11 August 2006: 786-788.
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From Individual Dispersal to Species Ranges: Perspectives for a Changing World
Hanna Kokko and Andrés López-Sepulcre
Science 11 August 2006: 789-791.
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Conflicting Evidence About Long-Distance Animal Navigation
Thomas Alerstam
Science 11 August 2006: 791-794.
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How and Why Do Insects Migrate?
Richard A. Holland, Martin Wikelski, and David S. Wilcove
Science 11 August 2006: 794-796.
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Review
Going East: New Genetic and Archaeological Perspectives on the Modern Human Colonization of Eurasia
Paul Mellars
Science 11 August 2006: 796-800.
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ContentsThis Week in Science
Editor summaries of this week's papers.
Science 11 August 2006: 729.
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Editorial:
Back to the People
Donald Kennedy
Science 11 August 2006: 733.
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Editors' Choice
Highlights of the recent literature.
Science 11 August 2006: 735.
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NetWatch
Best of the Web in science.
Science 11 August 2006: 739.
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NEW PRODUCTS
Science 11 August 2006: 854.
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News of the Week
GEOPHYSICS: Stealth Tsunami Surprises Indonesian Coastal Residents
Richard A. Kerr
Science 11 August 2006: 742-743.
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FRANCE: Cancer Chief Calls It Quits After Controversy
Martin Enserink
Science 11 August 2006: 742.
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SCIENCE EDUCATION: Evolution Trumps Intelligent Design in Kansas Vote
Yudhijit Bhattarcharjee
Science 11 August 2006: 743.
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IMAGING: Brilliant X-rays Reveal Fruits of a Brilliant Mind
Robert F. Service
Science 11 August 2006: 744.
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EVOLUTION: Native Mussel Quickly Evolves Fear of Invasive Crab
Erik Stokstad
Science 11 August 2006: 745.
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GENOMICS: Biofuels to Be Focus of New DOE Centers
Eli Kintisch
Science 11 August 2006: 746.
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NUCLEAR REPROCESSING: DOE Outlines Two Roads to Recycling Spent Fuel
Eli Kintisch
Science 11 August 2006: 746.
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INFECTIOUS DISEASES: Gastrointestinal Virus Strikes European Cruise Ships
Martin Enserink
Science 11 August 2006: 747.
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MOLECULAR IMAGING: New Optics Strategies Cut Through Diffraction Barrier
Jennifer Couzin
Science 11 August 2006: 748-749.
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CAREER DEVELOPMENT: NSF Wants PIs to Mentor Their Postdocs
Yudhijit Bhattacharjee
Science 11 August 2006: 748.
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ASTRONOMY: Do Gamma Ray Bursts Always Line Up With Galaxies?
Govert Schilling
Science 11 August 2006: 749.
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ScienceScope
Science 11 August 2006: 745.
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Random Samples
Science 11 August 2006: 741.
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Newsmakers
Science 11 August 2006: 757.
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News Focus
THEORETICAL PHYSICS: A 'Landscape' Too Far?
Tom Siegfried
Science 11 August 2006: 750-753.
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THEORETICAL PHYSICS: A Reluctant Convert
Tom Siegfried
Science 11 August 2006: 752-753.
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JIM HANKEN PROFILE: Shaking the Dust off Agassiz's Museum
Elizabeth Pennisi
Science 11 August 2006: 754-755.
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JIM HANKEN PROFILE: An Outsider Moves In
Elizabeth Pennisi
Science 11 August 2006: 755.
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ASTRONOMY: Low Road to the Heavens
Mark Anderson
Science 11 August 2006: 756.
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Letters
This Week's Letters
Science 11 August 2006: 758.
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The Ethics of Influenza Vaccination
Robin P. Silverstein;, Harvey S. Frey;, Alison P. Galvani, Jan Medlock, Gretchen B. Chapman;, Ezekiel J. Emanuel, and Alan Wertheimer
Science 11 August 2006: 758-760.
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Complex Choices Better Made Unconsciously?
David R. Shanks;, Ap Dijksterhuis, Maarten W. Bos, Loran F. Nordgren, and Rick B. van Baaren
Science 11 August 2006: 760-761.
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Corrections and Clarifications
Science 11 August 2006: 761.
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Books et al.
BIOMEDICINE: A Cellular and Molecular Foundation for Understanding Cancer
George Klein
Science 11 August 2006: 762-763.
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HISTORY OF SCIENCE: On Smell and Scientific Practice
Miriam Solomon
Science 11 August 2006: 763-764.
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Browsing
Science 11 August 2006: 763.
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Books Received
Science 11 August 2006: 764.
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Policy Forum
SCIENCE COMMUNICATION: Public Acceptance of Evolution
Jon D. Miller, Eugenie C. Scott, and Shinji Okamoto
Science 11 August 2006: 765-766.
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Perspectives
IMMUNOLOGY: When F-actin Becomes Too Much of a Good Thing
Michael L. Dustin
Science 11 August 2006: 767-768.
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GEOPHYSICS: Toward "Supervolcano" Technology
Gillian R. Foulger
Science 11 August 2006: 768-769.
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COMPUTER SCIENCE: Enhanced: Creating a Science of the Web
Tim Berners-Lee, Wendy Hall, James Hendler, Nigel Shadbolt, and Daniel J. Weitzner
Science 11 August 2006: 769-771.
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ASTRONOMY: Testing Star Formation Theory
Richard M. Crutcher
Science 11 August 2006: 771-772.
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MICROBIOLOGY: Breaking the Barrier Between Commensalism and Pathogenicity
Tetsuya Hayashi
Science 11 August 2006: 772-773.
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BOTANY: Plant Cells CLEave Their Way to Differentiation
Rüdiger Simon and Yvonne Stahl
Science 11 August 2006: 773-774.
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Brevia
Single-Molecule, Motion-Based DNA Sequencing Using RNA Polymerase
William J. Greenleaf and Steven M. Block
Science 11 August 2006: 801.
The motions of individual RNA polymerase molecules moving along DNA, resolved at the base-pair level, can reveal the DNA sequence.
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Research Articles
Climate-Controlled Holocene Occupation in the Sahara: Motor of Africa's Evolution
Rudolph Kuper and Stefan Kröpelin
Science 11 August 2006: 803-807.
Published online 20 July 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1130989] (in Science Express Research Articles)
Human occupation of the Sahara shifted with abundant rainfall from 9500 to 6300 years before present.
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Genome Sequence Diversity and Clues to the Evolution of Variola (Smallpox) Virus
Joseph J. Esposito, Scott A. Sammons, A. Michael Frace, John D. Osborne, Melissa Olsen-Rasmussen, Ming Zhang, Dhwani Govil, Inger K. Damon, Richard Kline, Miriam Laker, Yu Li, Geoffrey L. Smith, Hermann Meyer, James W. LeDuc, and Robert M. Wohlhueter
Science 11 August 2006: 807-812.
Published online 27 July 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1125134] (in Science Express Research Articles)
Samples of the smallpox virus reveal three distinct clades—from West Africa, Asia, and South America—a finding that could facilitate the response to an unintended release.
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Reports
Magnetic Fields in the Formation of Sun-Like Stars
Josep M. Girart, Ramprasad Rao, and Daniel P. Marrone
Science 11 August 2006: 812-814.
The gas collapsing into an incipient star has an hourglass shape, indicating that magnetic fields are present and strong enough to partially counteract gravity.
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A Long-Period, Violently Variable X-ray Source in a Young Supernova Remnant
A. De Luca, P. A. Caraveo, S. Mereghetti, A. Tiengo, and G. F. Bignami
Science 11 August 2006: 814-817.
Published online 6 July 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1129185] (in Science Express Reports)
X-rays emitted from the center of a recent supernova vary slowly over about 6 hours, implying that the remnants represent either a binary system or unusual neutron star.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Hexagonal Mesoporous Germanium
Gerasimos S. Armatas and Mercouri G. Kanatzidis
Science 11 August 2006: 817-820.
Published online 20 July 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1130101] (in Science Express Reports)
A liquid crystal surfactant is used to template germanium into an optically active material with large pores.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Time-Resolved Seismic Tomography Detects Magma Intrusions at Mount Etna
D. Patanè, G. Barberi, O. Cocina, P. De Gori, and C. Chiarabba
Science 11 August 2006: 821-823.
Repeated seismic tomographic images of the crust beneath Mount Etna reveal the ascent of a gas-rich magma during its recent eruption.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
An Experimental Study of the Coloring Problem on Human Subject Networks
Michael Kearns, Siddharth Suri, and Nick Montfort
Science 11 August 2006: 824-827.
The ability of groups to solve a computationally difficult problem is greater when they are organized as a small-world network than in other arrangements.
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Insignificant Change in Antarctic Snowfall Since the International Geophysical Year
Andrew J. Monaghan, David H. Bromwich, Ryan L. Fogt, Sheng-Hung Wang, Paul A. Mayewski, Daniel A. Dixon, Alexey Ekaykin, Massimo Frezzotti, Ian Goodwin, Elisabeth Isaksson, Susan D. Kaspari, Vin I. Morgan, Hans Oerter, Tas D. Van Ommen, Cornelius J. Van der Veen, and Jiahong Wen
Science 11 August 2006: 827-831.
Despite predictions of increased precipitation in the interior of Antarctica associated with global warming, annual snow accumulation has not changed during the past 50 years.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Divergent Induced Responses to an Invasive Predator in Marine Mussel Populations
Aaren S. Freeman and James E. Byers
Science 11 August 2006: 831-833.
Upon the arrival of an invasive predatory crab, marine mussels seem to have quickly evolved the ability to grow a thicker, defensive shell.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Loss of a Harvested Fish Species Disrupts Carbon Flow in a Diverse Tropical River
Brad W. Taylor, Alexander S. Flecker, and Robert O. Hall, Jr.
Science 11 August 2006: 833-836.
A single fish species that feeds on detritus is surprisingly influential in carbon cycling and ecosystem function in a tropical river.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Polarized Light Cues Underlie Compass Calibration in Migratory Songbirds
Rachel Muheim, John B. Phillips, and Susanne Åkesson
Science 11 August 2006: 837-839.
Migrating songbirds use polarized light at sunrise and sunset as signals to unify the calibration of their multiple compass systems—the Sun, stars, polarized light, and geomagnetism.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Requirement for Coronin 1 in T Lymphocyte Trafficking and Cellular Homeostasis
Niko Föger, Linda Rangell, Dimitry M. Danilenko, and Andrew C. Chan
Science 11 August 2006: 839-842.
An actin binding protein is necessary for immune cells to move and function normally.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Dodeca-CLE Peptides as Suppressors of Plant Stem Cell Differentiation
Yasuko Ito, Ikuko Nakanomyo, Hiroyasu Motose, Kuninori Iwamoto, Shinichiro Sawa, Naoshi Dohmae, and Hiroo Fukuda
Science 11 August 2006: 842-845.
A 31-member family of genes encodes dodecapeptides with two hydroxyproline residues (peptides) that control the fates of plant stem cells.
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A Plant Peptide Encoded by CLV3 Identified by in Situ MALDI-TOF MS Analysis
Tatsuhiko Kondo, Shinichiro Sawa, Atsuko Kinoshita, Satoko Mizuno, Tatsuo Kakimoto, Hiroo Fukuda, and Youji Sakagami
Science 11 August 2006: 845-848.
A 12—amino acid plant peptide that controls the shoot apical meristem was identified by in situ matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization—time-of-flight mass spectrometry.
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Escherichia coli Induces DNA Double-Strand Breaks in Eukaryotic Cells
Jean-Philippe Nougayrède, Stefan Homburg, Frédéric Taieb, Michèle Boury, Elzbieta Brzuszkiewicz, Gerhard Gottschalk, Carmen Buchrieser, Jörg Hacker, Ulrich Dobrindt, and Eric Oswald
Science 11 August 2006: 848-851.
Microbes that normally live in the gut produce a small molecule that slows the turnover of the gut lining by damaging host DNA, possibly enhancing their colonization.
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Tequila, a Neurotrypsin Ortholog, Regulates Long-Term Memory Formation in Drosophila
Gérard Didelot, Florence Molinari, Paul Tchénio, Daniel Comas, Elodie Milhiet, Arnold Munnich, Laurence Colleaux, and Thomas Preat
Science 11 August 2006: 851-853.
The normal Drosophila homolog of a defective human gene that causes mental retardation is necessary for proper memory formation.
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Technical Comments
Comment on "Gene Regulatory Networks and the Evolution of Animal Body Plans"
Jerry A. Coyne
Science 11 August 2006: 761.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »|
Response to Comment on "Gene Regulatory Networks and the Evolution of Animal Body Plans"
Douglas H. Erwin and Eric H. Davidson
Science 11 August 2006: 761.
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