| 2006年07月28日 Science中英文摘要 | | 点击： 作者： 来源： 时间： 2006-11-12 本站论坛 |
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2006年7月28日 美国《科学》周刊313卷 第5786期
本期专题部分：HIV/艾滋病[To top]
研究人员在本期专题部分的一篇综述中指出，一段长时间以后，人类也许能向其他灵长类那样，最终进化出对HIV或艾滋病的一定程度的抵抗力。 Jonathan Heeney与荷兰和英国的同事讨论了人类的HIV，探讨了一些个体的免疫系统的小变化如何开始对抵抗该病毒的进化起一些作用。总体来说，这个过程会在进化的时间尺度上发生，但不是在较近的未来。与此同时，对这些变化的进一步了解也许能为新的治疗方法提供线索。
专题部分还包括一篇Anthony Fauci 撰写的社论、以及获奖记者Jon Cohen撰写的有关HIV/艾滋病在拉丁美洲和加勒比的10篇报道。Cohen 在10个月的时间里去了墨西哥、中美洲和南美洲、以及加勒比海的12个国家，访问了诊所、妓院、实验室、注射吸毒场所、各国的公共卫生部门、同性恋者俱乐部、大学、贫民窟、民工聚集的铁路小站、监狱、以及许多在HIV病毒困扰下生活的人们。
专题介绍：Learning to Live With HIV, Leslie Roberts and Jon Cohen
小鼠大脑中的焦虑[To top]
新研究指出，小鼠的焦虑看起来至少部分地由大脑的"较高"区域中的5-羟色胺受体控制。Noelia Weisstaub和同事说，这些发现也许能帮助揭示焦虑、恐惧和抑郁的神经化学，并可能带来针对焦虑的药物靶标。研究人员显示，没有神经递质5-羟色胺受体的小鼠表现出较少的焦虑，而且在遇到新的、有潜在危险的情况下（比如在一个高架迷宫中跑或是在新环境中吃东西），表现出较少的退却。但是这些小鼠的被恐惧制约的和与抑郁有关的行为没有受到影响。在大脑皮层，而不是皮层下区域中，恢复受体功能，使小鼠恢复了正常的焦虑状态。研究人员说这也许提示了焦虑响应是在大脑负责复杂功能的部分作出的风险和威胁估计的帮助下产生的。
报告：Cortical 5-HT2A Receptor Signaling Modulates Anxiety-Like Behaviors in Mice, Anna Selmecki, Anja Forche, and Judith Berman
天花病毒的遗传多样性很低[To top]
新研究指出，安全实验室保存下来的天花正式消灭前历年的样品显示，天花的遗传多样性很低。Joseph Esposito和同事说，45个分离出的不同天花病毒株的DNA序列几乎是一样的。尽管有高度的类似性，但是他们的分析也提出了病毒的三个主要进化分支：西非洲、亚洲、和南美洲。通过重建这些进化分支以及确定这些毒株导致不同死亡率的蛋白差异，研究为改进诊断化验以及药物治疗提供了基础数据。
科学特快研究文章：Genome Sequence Diversity and Clues to the Evolution of Variola (Smallpox) Virus, Joseph J. Esposito, et al.
免疫系统的蛇咬解毒剂[To top]
新研究提出，名为肥大细胞的免疫细胞帮助保护小鼠不受某些毒蛇咬和蜜蜂蜇的危害。虽然目前最清楚的是肥大细胞在帮助产生过敏性休克、哮喘和过敏的症状上的作用，但是科学家也认识到这些细胞在免疫系统对付感染上的其他辅助作用。许多昆虫和爬行类的毒液含有能激活肥大细胞的化学物质，所以研究人员通常认为肥大细胞的作用是恶化毒蛇咬或毒虫蜇的危害。但是，Martin Metz和同事的一项新研究显示，蛇和蜜蜂的毒液对缺少肥大细胞的小鼠比对正常小鼠的害处更大。用以色列鼠毒蛇毒液做的试验提出，肥大细胞通过释放羧肽酶 A提供保护作用，该酶降解毒液的一个危险成分，这给解毒研究提出了可能的新方向。蛇咬含有不同量的毒液，肥大细胞对低于或接近致命量的毒液的作用最大，文章的通讯作者Stephen Galli说。
报告：Mast Cells Can Enhance Resistance to Snake and Honeybee Venoms, Martin Metz, et al.
气候变化是否增加了暴风的强度？[To top]
强烈的热带暴风比如2005年的飓风卡特里纳和2006年的暴风拉里过去几个飓风季节中变得更为常见，使一些研究人员把剧烈暴风与全球气候变化导致的海水表面温度升高联系起来。在本期一篇研究评述中，Christopher Landsea和同事提出，全球热带暴风数据不够完整可靠，还不能使人们得出暴风强度的长期趋势，这使确定最近的极端暴风是否是全球变暖的结果变得比较难。研究人员说，在能够恰当评估热带暴风趋势前，首先需要解决改变卫星监控、世界各地观察站的不同操作标准、以及官方数据中存在的漏洞等问题。
研究评述：Can We Detect Trends in Extreme Tropical Cyclones?, Christopher W. Landsea, Bruce A. Harper, Karl Hoarau, and John A. Knaff
教机器识别图案[To top]
在大量数据中找到最重要的内在图案，比如识别一个人的面孔或笔迹，是一项巨大的计算问题，研究人员说这样的计算可以用涉及“神经网络”的方法来做。神经网络以人大脑处理信息的方法为模型，由一大批连接的能够学习识别图案的开关组成。神经网络与常规计算机不同，后者按照一组规则来解决计算问题。 Geoffrey E. Hinton和Ruslan R. Salakhutdinov 设计了一个用神经网络把 “高维”数据转换为低维码的方法，有点像数据压缩。文章作者显示，他们能比用其它方法重新生成更接近原始数据的反压缩。一篇相关的研究评述指出，神经网络曾经比较热门，但近来不再那么被人注意，这项新研究也许使人们重新对其感兴趣。
报告：Mast Cells Can Enhance Resistance to Snake and Honeybee Venoms, Martin Metz, et al.
研究评述：New Life for Neural Networks, Garrison W. Cottrell
Contents
Special Issue
HIV/AIDS: Latin America & Caribbean
Learning to Live With HIV
Leslie Roberts and Jon Cohen
Science 28 July 2006: 467.
Summary »| PDF »|
News
OVERVIEW: The Overlooked Epidemic
Jon Cohen
Science 28 July 2006: 468-469.
Summary »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
The Caribbean
Jon Cohen
Science 28 July 2006: 470.
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HAITI: Making Headway Under Hellacious Circumstances
Jon Cohen
Science 28 July 2006: 470-473.
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DOMINICAN REPUBLIC: A Sour Taste on the Sugar Plantations
Jon Cohen
Science 28 July 2006: 473-475.
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DOMINICAN REPUBLIC: The Sun. The Sand. The Sex.
Jon Cohen
Science 28 July 2006: 474.
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PUERTO RICO: Rich Port, Poor Port
Jon Cohen
Science 28 July 2006: 475-476.
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PUERTO RICO: Ample Monkeys and Money Nurture Robust Research
Jon Cohen
Science 28 July 2006: 476.
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Mexico & Central America
Jon Cohen
Science 28 July 2006: 477.
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MEXICO: Land of Extremes: Prevention and Care Range From Bold to Bleak
Jon Cohen
Science 28 July 2006: 477-479.
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MEXICO: Prevention Programs Target Migrants
Jon Cohen
Science 28 July 2006: 478-479.
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GUATEMALA: Struggling to Deliver on Promises and Assess HIV's Spread
Jon Cohen
Science 28 July 2006: 480-481.
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HONDURAS: Why So High? A Knotty Story
Jon Cohen
Science 28 July 2006: 481-483.
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HONDURAS: Mission Possible: Integrating the Church With HIV/AIDS Efforts
Jon Cohen
Science 28 July 2006: 482.
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BELIZE: Taking It to the Streets
Jon Cohen
Science 28 July 2006: 483.
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South America
Jon Cohen
Science 28 July 2006: 484.
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BRAZIL: Ten Years After
Jon Cohen
Science 28 July 2006: 484-487.
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BRAZIL: Free Drugs ≠ Quality Care
Jon Cohen
Science 28 July 2006: 486.
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ARGENTINA: Up in Smoke: Epidemic Changes Course
Jon Cohen
Science 28 July 2006: 487-488.
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PERU: A New Nexus for HIV/AIDS Research
Jon Cohen
Science 28 July 2006: 488-490.
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PERU: Universal Access: More Goal Than Reality
Jon Cohen
Science 28 July 2006: 489.
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This Week in Science
Editor summaries of this week's papers.
Science 28 July 2006: 405.
|Full Text »
Editorial:
Twenty-Five Years of HIV/AIDS
Anthony S. Fauci
Science 28 July 2006: 409.
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Editors' Choice
Highlights of the recent literature.
Science 28 July 2006: 411.
|Full Text »
NetWatch
Best of the Web in science.
Science 28 July 2006: 417.
|Full Text »
NEW PRODUCTS
Science 28 July 2006: 541.
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News of the Week
BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH: States, Foundations Lead the Way After Bush Vetoes Stem Cell Bill
Constance Holden
Science 28 July 2006: 420-421.
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CLIMATE CHANGE: Politicians Attack, But Evidence for Global Warming Doesn't Wilt
Richard A. Kerr
Science 28 July 2006: 421.
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AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH: Consortium Aims to Supercharge Rice Photosynthesis
Dennis Normile
Science 28 July 2006: 423.
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WATER PROJECTS: U.S. Senate Calls for External Reviews of Big Federal Digs
Erik Stokstad
Science 28 July 2006: 424-425.
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2007 U.S. BUDGET: NIH Prepares for Lean Budget After Senate Vote
Jennifer Couzin and Jocelyn Kaiser
Science 28 July 2006: 424.
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INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY: U.S. Wants to Curtail Add-On Patents to Reduce Backlog
Eli Kintisch
Science 28 July 2006: 425-427.
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IMMUNOLOGY: Mast Cells Defang Snake and Bee Venom
Jean Marx
Science 28 July 2006: 427.
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ScienceScope
Science 28 July 2006: 423.
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Random Samples
Science 28 July 2006: 419.
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Newsmakers
Science 28 July 2006: 437.
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News Focus
NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASE: Guam's Deadly Stalker: On the Loose Worldwide?
Greg Miller
Science 28 July 2006: 428-431.
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NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASE: From Cycad Flour, a New Suspect Emerges
Greg Miller
Science 28 July 2006: 431.
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INFRASTRUCTURE: Can Grid Computing Help Us Work Together?
Daniel Clery
Science 28 July 2006: 433-434.
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METEOROLOGY: Rivers in the Sky Are Flooding the World With Tropical Waters
Richard A. Kerr
Science 28 July 2006: 435.
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Letters
This Week's Letters
Science 28 July 2006: 439.
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Adult Stem Cell Treatments for Diseases?
Shane Smith, William Neaves, and Steven Teitelbaum
Science 28 July 2006: 439.
Published online 13 July 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1129987] (in Science Express Letters)
Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Name Dropping on Decapods
Joel W. Martin
Science 28 July 2006: 440.
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Questions About Mass Spectrometry Data
Haiteng Deng
Science 28 July 2006: 440.
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Extinction Risk and Conservation Priorities
Rebecca M. Miller, Jon Paul Rodríguez, Theresa Aniskowicz-Fowler, Channa Bambaradeniya, Ruben Boles, Mark A. Eaton, Ulf Gärdenfors, Verena Keller, Sanjay Molur, Sally Walker, and Caroline Pollock
Science 28 July 2006: 441.
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Confidentiality in Genome Research
Zhen Lin, Russ B. Altman, and Art B. Owen
Science 28 July 2006: 441-442.
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CFCs and the Size of the Ozone Hole
Kenneth M. Towe
Science 28 July 2006: 442.
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Corrections and Clarifications
Science 28 July 2006: 442.
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Books et al.
EVOLUTION: Dawkins's Dangerous Ideas
David C. Queller
Science 28 July 2006: 443-444.
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ENGINEERING: Shaking and Shaping San Francisco
Christine Theodoropoulos
Science 28 July 2006: 444.
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Books Received
Science 28 July 2006: 444.
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Education Forum
PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT: Enhanced: Who Is Responsible for Preparing Science Teachers?
Valerie Otero, Noah Finkelstein, Richard McCray, and Steven Pollock
Science 28 July 2006: 445-446.
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Perspectives
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY: Self-Correcting Messages
Patrick Cramer
Science 28 July 2006: 447-448.
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PHYSICS: A More Precise Fine Structure Constant
Daniel Kleppner
Science 28 July 2006: 448-449.
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CELL SIGNALING: Protein Kinases Seek Close Encounters with Active Genes
John W. Edmunds and Louis C. Mahadevan
Science 28 July 2006: 449-451.
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PLANETARY SCIENCE: Puzzling Neptune Trojans
Francesco Marzari
Science 28 July 2006: 451-452.
Published online 15 June 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1129458] (in Science Express Perspectives)
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CLIMATE CHANGE: Can We Detect Trends in Extreme Tropical Cyclones?
Christopher W. Landsea, Bruce A. Harper, Karl Hoarau, and John A. Knaff
Science 28 July 2006: 452-454.
Summary »| Full Text »| PDF »|
COMPUTER SCIENCE: New Life for Neural Networks
Garrison W. Cottrell
Science 28 July 2006: 454-455.
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ATMOSPHERE: What Drives the Ice Age Cycle?
Didier Paillard
Science 28 July 2006: 455-456.
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Association Affairs
AAAS News and Notes
Science 28 July 2006: 458-461.
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Review
Origins of HIV and the Evolution of Resistance to AIDS
Jonathan L. Heeney, Angus G. Dalgleish, and Robin A. Weiss
Science 28 July 2006: 462-466.
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Brevia
30,000 Years of Cosmic Dust in Antarctic Ice
Gisela Winckler and Hubertus Fischer
Science 28 July 2006: 491.
As measured by helium-3 in Antarctic ice, the flux of cosmic dust has not varied enough during the past 30,000 years to have caused the last deglaciation.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Research Articles
Plio-Pleistocene Ice Volume, Antarctic Climate, and the Global {delta}18O Record
M. E. Raymo, L. E. Lisiecki, and Kerim H. Nisancioglu
Science 28 July 2006: 492-495.
Published online 22 June 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1123296] (in Science Express Research Articles)
Early glacial cycles appear to have a 40,000-year cycle because the opposing 23,000-year insolation cycles in the Northern and Southern hemispheres may have canceled one another.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Transcriptional Repression Distinguishes Somatic from Germ Cell Lineages in a Plant
Farzad Haerizadeh, Mohan B. Singh, and Prem L. Bhalla
Science 28 July 2006: 496-499.
Plant cells differentiate into sperm when they lack a repressive transcription factor that suppresses this differentiation in other cells.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Reports
Violation of Kirchhoff's Laws for a Coherent RC Circuit
J. Gabelli, G. Fève, J.-M. Berroir, B. Plaçais, A. Cavanna, B. Etienne, Y. Jin, and D. C. Glattli
Science 28 July 2006: 499-502.
Published online 13 July 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1126940] (in Science Express Reports)
Transport measurements on a fully coherent circuit highlight the difference between quantum and classical electronics.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Second-Harmonic Generation from Magnetic Metamaterials
Matthias W. Klein, Christian Enkrich, Martin Wegener, and Stefan Linden
Science 28 July 2006: 502-504.
An array of split gold rings produces a current that exhibits a nonlinear magnetic response to infrared light, confirming predictions.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Reducing the Dimensionality of Data with Neural Networks
G. E. Hinton and R. R. Salakhutdinov
Science 28 July 2006: 504-507.
Neural networks can be used to reduce accurately high-dimensional data to lower dimensional representations for pattern recognition tasks.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Early Pleistocene Glacial Cycles and the Integrated Summer Insolation Forcing
Peter Huybers
Science 28 July 2006: 508-511.
Published online 22 June 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1125249] (in Science Express Reports)
Early glacial cycles may have had a 40,000-year cycle because glaciers are more sensitive to integrated summer solar heating than to the 23,000-year cycles in peak heating.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
A Thick Cloud of Neptune Trojans and Their Colors
Scott S. Sheppard and Chadwick A. Trujillo
Science 28 July 2006: 511-514.
Published online 15 June 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1127173] (in Science Express Reports)
The dynamics and red color of a group of asteroids that co-orbit with Neptune indicate that they may have been captured during the early outward migration of the giant planets.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Clonal Adaptive Radiation in a Constant Environment
Ram Maharjan, Shona Seeto, Lucinda Notley-McRobb, and Thomas Ferenci
Science 28 July 2006: 514-517.
Published online 6 July 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1129865] (in Science Express Reports)
A genetically homogeneous population of Escherichia coli exhibits multiple phenotypes after 90 generations.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Transcript-Assisted Transcriptional Proofreading
Nikolay Zenkin, Yulia Yuzenkova, and Konstantin Severinov
Science 28 July 2006: 518-520.
During transcription, misincorporated nucleotides participate in their own removal by providing active groups and coordination bonds.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
MC1R Germline Variants Confer Risk for BRAF-Mutant Melanoma
Maria Teresa Landi, Jürgen Bauer, Ruth M. Pfeiffer, David E. Elder, Benjamin Hulley, Paola Minghetti, Donato Calista, Peter A. Kanetsky, Daniel Pinkel, and Boris C. Bastian
Science 28 July 2006: 521-522.
Published online 29 June 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1127515] (in Science Express Reports)
Individuals carrying certain normal variants of a receptor for melanocortin have a much greater risk of developing a type of melanoma that is not caused by sun damage.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Chimpanzee Reservoirs of Pandemic and Nonpandemic HIV-1
Brandon F. Keele, Fran Van Heuverswyn, Yingying Li, Elizabeth Bailes, Jun Takehisa, Mario L. Santiago, Frederic Bibollet-Ruche, Yalu Chen, Louise V. Wain, Florian Liegeois, Severin Loul, Eitel Mpoudi Ngole, Yanga Bienvenue, Eric Delaporte, John F. Y. Brookfield, Paul M. Sharp, George M. Shaw, Martine Peeters, and Beatrice H. Hahn
Science 28 July 2006: 523-526.
Published online 25 May 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1126531] (in Science Express Reports)
The origins of HIV are traced to specific reservoir populations of wild chimpanzees.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Mast Cells Can Enhance Resistance to Snake and Honeybee Venoms
Martin Metz, Adrian M. Piliponsky, Ching-Cheng Chen, Verena Lammel, Magnus Åbrink, Gunnar Pejler, Mindy Tsai, and Stephen J. Galli
Science 28 July 2006: 526-530.
Immune cells responsible for allergic reactions help protect mice from the effects of snake and bee venoms.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Multiple Phosphorylation Sites Confer Reproducibility of the Rod's Single-Photon Responses
Thuy Doan, Ana Mendez, Peter B. Detwiler, Jeannie Chen, and Fred Rieke
Science 28 July 2006: 530-533.
One photon produces a highly reproducible response in the light sensor rhodopsin by triggering inhibitory phosphorylations.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Activated Signal Transduction Kinases Frequently Occupy Target Genes
Dmitry K. Pokholok, Julia Zeitlinger, Nancy M. Hannett, David B. Reynolds, and Richard A. Young
Science 28 July 2006: 533-536.
Signaling molecules such as protein kinases that regulate gene expression are unexpectedly bound to the transcribed regions of their target genes.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Cortical 5-HT2A Receptor Signaling Modulates Anxiety-Like Behaviors in Mice
Noelia V. Weisstaub, Mingming Zhou, Alena Lira, Evelyn Lambe, Javier González-Maeso, Jean-Pierre Hornung, Etienne Sibille, Mark Underwood, Shigeyoshi Itohara, William T. Dauer, Mark S. Ansorge, Emanuela Morelli, J. John Mann, Miklos Toth, George Aghajanian, Stuart C. Sealfon, René Hen, and Jay A. Gingrich
Science 28 July 2006: 536-540.
When one type of serotonin receptor is genetically removed from the cortex of mice, they show reduced anxiety.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
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