7 July 2006 Vol 313, Issue 5783, Pages 13-112
用化验血来检测克雅氏病?
新发现向用化验血来检测人类版本疯牛病克雅氏病迈进了一步。人类非常需要一个简单的检测克雅氏病的方法，尤其是在发现了看起来是通过输血传染的病例之后。传染该病以及某些其它致命的神经退化性疾病的病原体被认为是异常折叠的朊蛋白。Paula Saá和同事描述了一个他们在仓鼠没有表现出症状之前，用来检测其血液内感染性朊的技术。在疾病早期，朊在进入大脑之前看来先要复制。在疾病晚期，也就是症状期，朊看来从被感染的大脑组织中渗漏出来。在另一项研究中，Matthew Trifilo和同事制造了血液中有很多朊的转基因小鼠。这些小鼠患心脏病，而不是神经系统疾病。文章作者说，因为这个小鼠模型可靠地产生血液中能测到的感染朊，该模型应该对用来确定新的诊断或治疗方法的敏感性有用。
报告：Presymptomatic Detection of Prions in Blood, Paula Saá, Joaquín Castilla, and Claudio Soto
报告：Prion-Induced Amyloid Heart Disease with High Blood Infectivity in Transgenic Mice, Matthew J. Trifilo, et al.
毛象和小鼠皮毛的颜色
科学家报告说，一个控制小鼠皮毛颜色的基因也使有的毛象有深色毛皮、有的有浅色毛皮。人们已经知道这个名为Mc1r的基因在几种哺乳动物中帮助决定毛的色泽，比如低的Mc1r活性是人类红头发的原因。Holger Rompler和同事在从来自西伯利亚的毛象骨头中提取出DNA后，测序了该基因的毛象版本。基于序列中的变异，作者确定出毛象的该基因大概有两个版本，一个本版具有全活性、一个有部分活性。他们提出，有部分活性版本基因的毛象很可能具有浅色的皮毛，但是不清楚这是否给该动物带来了进化好处。
Mc1r 基因也控制佛罗里达海滩鼠皮毛的颜色，而且皮毛色泽看起来帮助这些鼠的生存，另一项研究指出。海滩鼠生活在佛罗里达海湾岸屏障岛的海岸沙丘中，它们是猫头鹰和老鹰捕猎的对象，天然保护色帮助鼠存活，所以这些鼠与它们在大陆生活的亲戚相比有更浅的皮毛而且有不同的颜色图案。Hopi Hoekstra和同事显示，由Mc1r生产的蛋白的一个氨基酸的改变在深颜色与前颜色色素的转换上起作用。奇怪的是，佛罗里达达西洋海岸的海滩鼠没有这个基因变异，意味着它们的浅色皮毛是独立进化出来的。
简报：Nuclear Gene Indicates Coat-Color Polymorphism in Mammoths, Holger Rompler, et al.
报告：A Single Amino Acid Mutation Contributes to Adaptive Beach Mouse Color Pattern, Hopi E. Hoekstra, Rachel J. Hirschmann, Richard A. Bundey, Paul A. Insel, and Janet P. Crossland
音乐的几何
巴赫的赋格曲有几何形状吗？Dmitri Tymoczko说，把和弦和旋律作为在一种名为欧本体(orbifold)的数学空间的点和线来看待，可能给西洋音乐的组织原理提供深刻的理解。西方音乐的作曲家面临一个挑战：他们需要将和声(harmony: 两个或多个调音组成的一个和旋)与对位旋律(counterpoint: 连接和旋序列中的音符产生同步的旋律)结合起来。Tymoczko显示，通过将和旋之间可能的连接映像到几何空间，显示出和声与对位旋律的确切关系，和旋是否能被有效地连接起来形成悦耳旋律的"规则"能够被数学地表达出来。他说，作曲家也许能通过探索这个"空间"来产生新音乐。Julian Hook在一篇相关的研究评述中讨论了其它探索音乐空间的尝试。
报告：The Geometry of Musical Chords, Dmitri Tymoczko
研究评述：Exploring Musical Space, Julian Hook
用偷来的基因抵御抗生素
暴露在抗生素下给肺炎链球菌带来的应激，能使该细菌杀死肺炎球菌同伴并从中给自己的基因组获取基因。这一现象也许能帮助细菌获取新的抵御抗生素基因或获得新的毒性基因，两者都能帮助抵抗大多数抗生素的“超级细菌”的形成。Marc Prudhomme和同事说，设计新抗生素疗法的研究人员应该考虑到细菌响应抗生素应激时能加快它们的基因交换率的能力。
报告：Antibiotic Stress Induces Genetic Transformability in the Human Pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae, Marc Prudhomme, Laetitia Attaiech, Guillaume Sanchez, Bernard Martin, and Jean-Pierre Claverys
分子自组装的步骤
荷兰的一项研究演示一类合成化合物在溶液中冷却时是如何形成螺旋组合的。生物系统中，分子组成部分的相互作用导致极为错综复杂结构的自然形成。近来，化学家开始尝试用类似的自组装战略在纳米到微米的尺度制备合成结构。Pascal Jonkheijm和同事用光谱仪器探测了一类简称OPV的分子形成螺旋组合的步骤。他们的发现显示，20到40个OPV二聚体“种子”引起螺旋的合作组装。文章作者说，他们的发现可能与纤维、凝胶、以及其它超分子结构的形成过程有关。一篇相关的研究评述讨论了这些发现。
报告：Probing the Solvent-Assisted Nucleation Pathway in Chemical Self-Assembly, Pascal Jonkheijm, Paul van der Schoot, Albertus P. H. J. Schenning, and E. W. Meijer
研究评述：Self-Assembly in Action, Virgil Percec, Goran Ungar, and Mihai Peterca
捕获光能
研究人员制造了一个人工系统来捕获和存贮光能，朝着实现类似光合作用的生物光收获系统的能量效率迈进了一步。Sheshanath Bhosale和同事制造的这个合成系统用裹在脂膜中的吸收光子的、自组装的超分子结构。该结构将可见光产生的电荷在它们再结合之前分离开（这在生物系统中是关键的一步），把分离开的电荷用在脂膜内外的两个不同化学反应中。在这个混和中添加另外一个分子能重组这个系统，制造一个释放化学方应产物的通道。Kazushi Kinbara和Takuzo Aida在一篇相关的研究评述中讨论了这个系统的各种可能性。
报告：Photoproduction of Proton Gradients with (-Stacked Fluorophore Scaffolds in Lipid Bilayers, Sheshanath Bhosale, et al.
研究评述：From Electron Pump to Proton Channel, Kazushi Kinbara and Takuzo Aida
Contents
This Week in Science
Editor summaries of this week's papers.
Science 7 July 2006: 13.
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Editorial:
SAGE Lessons
George M. Martin and Don Kennedy
Science 7 July 2006: 17.
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Editors' Choice
Highlights of the recent literature.
Science 7 July 2006: 19.
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NetWatch
Best of the Web in science.
Science 7 July 2006: 23.
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Science Podcast
Science 7 July 2006: 112.
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NEW PRODUCTS
Science 7 July 2006: 112.
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News of the Week
STEM CELL RESEARCH: Senate Prepares to Vote at Last on a Trio of Stem Cell Bills
Constance Holden
Science 7 July 2006: 26-27.
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STEM CELL RESEARCH: International Standards Proposed for Stem Cell Work
Gretchen Vogel
Science 7 July 2006: 26.
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STEM CELL RESEARCH: Four Genes Confer Embryonic Potential
Gretchen Vogel
Science 7 July 2006: 27.
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BIOTERRORISM: BioShield Is Slow to Build U.S. Defenses Against Bioweapons
Jocelyn Kaiser
Science 7 July 2006: 28-29.
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SCIENTIFIC PUBLISHING: A Mixed Bag of U.K. Open-Access Plans
Eliot Marshall
Science 7 July 2006: 29-30.
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SCIENCE FOR PEACE: Across a Political Divide, Researchers Converge on Himalayan Plan
Pallava Bagla
Science 7 July 2006: 30-31.
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JAPAN: Top Chemist Accused of Funds Misuse
Dennis Normile
Science 7 July 2006: 31.
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ScienceScope
Science 7 July 2006: 29.
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Random Samples
Science 7 July 2006: 25.
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Newsmakers
Science 7 July 2006: 41.
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News Focus
SIMRON SINGH PROFILE: After the Tsunami: A Scientist's Dilemma
Richard Stone
Science 7 July 2006: 32-35.
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SIMRON SINGH PROFILE: Isolate or Engage? Indigenous Islanders Pose Challenge for India
Pallava Bagla
Science 7 July 2006: 34.
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MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY: Keeping the Bugs at Bay
Kevin Krajick
Science 7 July 2006: 36-38.
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ASTROPHYSICS: A Towering Physicist's Legacy Faces a Threatening Future
Robert Irion
Science 7 July 2006: 39-40.
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Letters
This Week's Letters
Science 7 July 2006: 43.
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Public Access Failure at PubMed
Michael Stebbins, Erica Davis, Lucas Royland, and Gartrell White
Science 7 July 2006: 43.
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Connectivity in Marine Protected Areas
Michael N. Dawson, Richard K. Grosberg, Louis W. Botsford;, Robert S. Steneck, Robert K. Cowen, Claire B. Paris, and Ashwanth Srinivasan
Science 7 July 2006: 43-45.
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Books et al.
HISTORY OF SCIENCE: Galileo, Scientific Entrepreneur
Paula E. Findlen
Science 7 July 2006: 46-47.
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EXHIBITS: HISTORY OF SCIENCE: Islamic Inventiveness
John Pickstone
Science 7 July 2006: 47.
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Books Received
Science 7 July 2006: 47.
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Policy Forum
BIODIVERSITY: Confronting Amphibian Declines and Extinctions
Joseph R. Mendelson, III, Karen R. Lips, Ronald W. Gagliardo, George B. Rabb, James P. Collins, James E. Diffendorfer, Peter Daszak, Roberto Ibáñez D., Kevin C. Zippel, Dwight P. Lawson, Kevin M. Wright, Simon N. Stuart, Claude Gascon, Hélio R. da Silva, Patricia A. Burrowes, Rafael L. Joglar, Enrique La Marca, Stefan Lötters, Louis H. du Preez, Ché Weldon, Alex Hyatt, José Vicente Rodriguez-Mahecha, Susan Hunt, Helen Robertson, Brad Lock, Christopher J. Raxworthy, Darrel R. Frost, Robert C. Lacy, Ross A. Alford, Jonathan A. Campbell, Gabriela Parra-Olea, Federico Bolaños, José Joaquin Calvo Domingo, Tim Halliday, James B. Murphy, Marvalee H. Wake, Luis A. Coloma, Sergius L. Kuzmin, Mark Stanley Price, Kim M. Howell, Michael Lau, Rohan Pethiyagoda, Michelle Boone, Michael J. Lannoo, Andrew R. Blaustein, Andy Dobson, Richard A. Griffiths, Martha L. Crump, David B. Wake, and Edmund D. Brodie Jr.
Science 7 July 2006: 48.
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Perspectives
MATHEMATICS: Enhanced: Exploring Musical Space
Julian Hook
Science 7 July 2006: 49-50.
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DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY: Morphing into Shape
David L. Stern
Science 7 July 2006: 50-51.
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CHEMISTRY: From Electron Pump to Proton Channel
Kazushi Kinbara and Takuzo Aida
Science 7 July 2006: 51-52.
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CELL BIOLOGY: Stressed Cells Cope with Protein Overload
David Ron
Science 7 July 2006: 52-53.
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PLANT SCIENCE: Viruses Face a Double Defense by Plant Small RNAs
Peter M. Waterhouse and Adriana F. Fusaro
Science 7 July 2006: 54-55.
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CHEMISTRY: Self-Assembly in Action
Virgil Percec, Goran Ungar, and Mihai Peterca
Science 7 July 2006: 55-56.
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RETROSPECTIVE: R. Bruce Merrifield (1921-2006)
Richard A. Lerner
Science 7 July 2006: 57.
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Review
Global Biodiversity Conservation Priorities
T. M. Brooks, R. A. Mittermeier, G. A. B. da Fonseca, J. Gerlach, M. Hoffmann, J. F. Lamoreux, C. G. Mittermeier, J. D. Pilgrim, and A. S. L. Rodrigues
Science 7 July 2006: 58-61.
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Brevia
Nuclear Gene Indicates Coat-Color Polymorphism in Mammoths
Holger Römpler, Nadin Rohland, Carles Lalueza-Fox, Eske Willerslev, Tatyana Kuznetsova, Gernot Rabeder, Jaume Bertranpetit, Torsten Schöneberg, and Michael Hofreiter
Science 7 July 2006: 62.
The sequence of the melanocortin receptor gene from mammoth DNA indicates the presence of two alleles, which may have specified light or dark hair coloration.
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Research Articles
Hox Control of Organ Size by Regulation of Morphogen Production and Mobility
Michael A. Crickmore and Richard S. Mann
Science 7 July 2006: 63-68.
Published online 1 June 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1128650] (in Science Express Research Articles)
The small size of the Drosophila hindwing results from spatial restriction of the critical morphogen by binding proteins not expressed in the larger forewing.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Hierarchical Action and Inhibition of Plant Dicer-Like Proteins in Antiviral Defense
Angélique Deleris, Javier Gallego-Bartolome, Jinsong Bao, Kristin D. Kasschau, James C. Carrington, and Olivier Voinnet
Science 7 July 2006: 68-71.
Published online 1 June 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1128214] (in Science Express Research Articles)
RNA silencing blocks infection and long-distance transport of infecting viruses in Arabidopsis.
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Reports
The Geometry of Musical Chords
Dmitri Tymoczko
Science 7 July 2006: 72-74.
Chords can be mapped as points onto a many-fold surface, on which consonant chords cluster together, connected by melodic lines that reveal western harmony and counterpoint.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
A High-Brightness Source of Narrowband, Identical-Photon Pairs
James K. Thompson, Jonathan Simon, Huanqian Loh, and Vladan Vuletic
Science 7 July 2006: 74-77.
A laser-cooled cloud of cesium atoms trapped in a cavity provides a large number of near-identical photon pairs needed for quantum-computing applications.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Surface Crystallization in a Liquid AuSi Alloy
Oleg G. Shpyrko, Reinhard Streitel, Venkatachalapathy S. K. Balagurusamy, Alexei Y. Grigoriev, Moshe Deutsch, Benjamin M. Ocko, Mati Meron, Binhua Lin, and Peter S. Pershan
Science 7 July 2006: 77-80.
The surface of a particular gold-silicon mixture heated above its melting point becomes crystalline even though the alloy forms only glassy solid phases at lower temperatures.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Probing the Solvent-Assisted Nucleation Pathway in Chemical Self-Assembly
Pascal Jonkheijm, Paul van der Schoot, Albertus P. H. J. Schenning, and E. W. Meijer
Science 7 July 2006: 80-83.
Spectroscopy reveals that even-numbered carbon chains in a solvent help direct the self-assembly of phenylenevinylene oligomers into helical stacks.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Photoproduction of Proton Gradients with -Stacked Fluorophore Scaffolds in Lipid Bilayers
Sheshanath Bhosale, Adam L. Sisson, Pinaki Talukdar, Alexandre Fürstenberg, Natalie Banerji, Eric Vauthey, Guillaume Bollot, Jiri Mareda, Cornelia Röger, Frank Würthner, Naomi Sakai, and Stefan Matile
Science 7 July 2006: 84-86.
Visible light creates a transmembrane pH gradient and a pore by producing chares on opposite ends of fluorophores that span the membranes of lipid vesicles.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Hydrogen Isotopes in Eocene River Gravels and Paleoelevation of the Sierra Nevada
Andreas Mulch, Stephan A. Graham, and C. Page Chamberlain
Science 7 July 2006: 87-89.
Hydrogen isotope data from clay minerals in ancient stream cobbles imply that the Sierra Nevada in California have been high mountains since about 50 million years ago.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Antibiotic Stress Induces Genetic Transformability in the Human Pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae
Marc Prudhomme, Laetitia Attaiech, Guillaume Sanchez, Bernard Martin, and Jean-Pierre Claverys
Science 7 July 2006: 89-92.
In addition to selecting for resistance, antibiotic treatment of Streptococcus bacteria stimulates exchange of genetic material among individuals, further enhancing resistance and virulence.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Presymptomatic Detection of Prions in Blood
Paula Saá, Joaquín Castilla, and Claudio Soto
Science 7 July 2006: 92-94.
Infectious prions can be detected in the blood of infected hamsters before they exhibit any signs of illness.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Prion-Induced Amyloid Heart Disease with High Blood Infectivity in Transgenic Mice
Matthew J. Trifilo, Toshitaka Yajima, Yusu Gu, Nancy Dalton, Kirk L. Peterson, Richard E. Race, Kimberly Meade-White, John L. Portis, Eliezer Masliah, Kirk U. Knowlton, Bruce Chesebro, and Michael B. A. Oldstone
Science 7 July 2006: 94-97.
Transgenic mice with a soluble form of the prion protein develop heart disease and high blood levels after infection with the scrapie prion.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
The Importance of Demographic Niches to Tree Diversity
Richard Condit, Peter Ashton, Sarayudh Bunyavejchewin, H. S. Dattaraja, Stuart Davies, Shameema Esufali, Corneille Ewango, Robin Foster, I. A. U. N. Gunatilleke, C. V. S. Gunatilleke, Pamela Hall, Kyle E. Harms, Terese Hart, Consuelo Hernandez, Stephen Hubbell, Akira Itoh, Somboon Kiratiprayoon, James LaFrankie, Suzanne Loo de Lao, Jean-Remy Makana, Md. Nur Supardi Noor, Abdul Rahman Kassim, Sabrina Russo, Raman Sukumar, Cristián Samper, Hebbalalu S. Suresh, Sylvester Tan, Sean Thomas, Renato Valencia, Martha Vallejo, Gorky Villa, and Tommaso Zillio
Science 7 July 2006: 98-101.
Published online 8 June 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1124712] (in Science Express Reports)
Data from a vast long-term survey of tropical forests contradict the prevailing view that tree species richness results from variability in rates of recruitment and mortality.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
A Single Amino Acid Mutation Contributes to Adaptive Beach Mouse Color Pattern
Hopi E. Hoekstra, Rachel J. Hirschmann, Richard A. Bundey, Paul A. Insel, and Janet P. Crossland
Science 7 July 2006: 101-104.
An allele of the melanocortin receptor found in mice adapted for living on beach sand is responsible for their light fur.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Decay of Endoplasmic Reticulum-Localized mRNAs During the Unfolded Protein Response
Julie Hollien and Jonathan S. Weissman
Science 7 July 2006: 104-107.
When stressed, cells selectively degrade those messenger RNAs that encode secretory proteins, preventing overloading of the endoplasmic reticulum.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Polo-Like Kinase Cdc5 Controls the Local Activation of Rho1 to Promote Cytokinesis
Satoshi Yoshida, Keiko Kono, Drew M. Lowery, Sara Bartolini, Michael B. Yaffe, Yoshikazu Ohya, and David Pellman
Science 7 July 2006: 108-111.
Published online 8 June 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1126747] (in Science Express Reports)
In yeast, regulatory enzymes work together to activate actin in the contractile ring, causing it to constrict and separate daughter cells during cell division.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Technical Comments
Comment on "On the Regulation of Populations of Mammals, Birds, Fish, and Insects" IV
Elizabeth Peacock and David L. Garshelis
Science 7 July 2006: 45.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Response to Comment on "On the Regulation of Populations of Mammals, Birds, Fish, and Insects"
Richard M. Sibly, Daniel Barker, Michael C. Denham, Jim Hone, and Mark Pagel
Science 7 July 2006: 45.
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