23 June 2006 Vol 312, Issue 5781, Pages 1478-1813
可能的最早的已知珠子
在以色列和阿尔及利亚考古地点发掘出来的中心有钻小孔三片贝壳也许是个人装饰的最早的已知证据。这些新发现提出这些贝壳是10万年前的珠子，支持了现代人类行为是逐渐出现的想法，而不是后来在欧洲突然出现的。在此之前，研究人员通常认为现代人类文化的最早迹象出现在4万年前，那时候解剖学上的现代人来到欧洲。在一篇过去的研究中，研究人员曾描述了来自南非布隆伯斯洞穴的7.5万年前的带孔贝壳(见《科学》2004年4月16日)。 在本期发表的研究中，Marian Vanhaeren和同事搜索了博物馆的收藏，发现了来自以色列Skhul 考古点、以及阿尔及利亚Oued Djebbana 考古点的向珠子的贝壳。这些贝壳与来自布隆伯斯洞穴的同归Nassarius属，而且钻孔的方式也类似。Skhul考古点的年代测定表明来自该地的两块贝壳的年代在10万年前。根据Oued Djebbana 发现的工具的类型，作者说来自该地的贝壳的年代可能是9万年前。虽然样品的数量很少，但是文章作者认为Skhul和Oued Djebba离海的距离很远，所以贝壳很可能是被有意地带到这些地方的，很可能是为了做珠子用的。通过研究现代的Nassarius贝壳，他们还确定出孔自然形成的概率极低。
报告：Middle Paleolithic Shell Beads in Israel and Algeria, Marian Vanhaereny, et al.
蜘蛛圆形网的起源
本期两篇新简报指出，蜘蛛像车轮状的圆形网也许有同一个晚侏罗纪的起源。Jessica Garb和同事说，来自巨眼蛛科(包括撒网蛛)织圆形网的蜘蛛的新遗传证据确实了这群蜘蛛，与园蛛科(包括普通金丝蛛)有共同的关键丝蛋白。基于化石证据，这两类蜘蛛的共同祖先大概生活在距今1.36亿年前。在另一项研究中，Enrique Penalver和同事描述了一个镶嵌在琥珀中的一个1.1亿年前的蜘蛛网碎片，网上还缠着甲虫、小虱以及黄蜂的部分。这个化石网的设计提出，它也许曾是一个圆形网，这就意味着织圆形网的蜘蛛影响飞行昆虫的进化达上亿年之久了。
简报：Silk Genes Support the Single Origin of Orb Webs, Jessica E. Garb, Teresa DiMauro, Victoria Vo, and Cheryl Y. Hayashi
简报：Early Cretaceous Spider Web with Its Prey, Enrique Penalver, David. A. Grimaldi, and Xavier Delclòs
沿海生态开发的历史记录
新发现提出，不论人类在世界海岸线的什么地方定居下来，其定居点有极为类似的生态模式。对人类如何影响沿海生态系统的研究主要集中在去过去的50年，但是自从史前时代以来，世界各地的海岸线一直是人类的最好地产。Heike K. Lotze和同事汇集了北美、欧洲、以及澳大利亚人类首次出现以来的12个入海口和海岸生态系统生态变化的数据，说有这些地点有类似的变化模式。过度开发和栖息地消失这两个变化能解释95%的物种衰落和灭绝以及生态系统功能的变化。作者报告说，20世纪的保护措施部分地是成功的，尤其是对大的生物体来说，但是这些努力还远不能恢复人类到来之前的生态系统。这些结果对为未来的保护努力提供了可能有用的定量基准。
报告：Depletion, Degradation, and Recovery Potential of Estuaries and Coastal Seas, Heike K. Lotze, et al.
在世界范围研究惩罚的代价
在全球不同地区的小型社会中，随着人们参与“游戏”的结果越来越不公平，个人会变得越来越积极地惩罚他人，同时也给自己带来更多的代价。这是Joseph Henrich 和同事对世界各地社会的研究得出的结论之一，他们测试的人群来自非常不同的地方：西伯利亚、加纳、巴布亚新几内亚、以及厄瓜多尔。研究人员用当地的工资水平改编了通常让西方大学本科生参与的三个经济学游戏，游戏参与者决定一笔钱的不同分法。不同的社会在愿意惩罚上不同，有的很愿意惩罚，有的完全不惩罚，有的惩罚过于大方的分钱提议，有的惩罚过于小气的分钱提议。研究人员还注意到有强的惩罚的社会同时也是最可能有强的利他冲动的社会。
研究文章：Costly Punishment Across Human Societies, Joseph Henrich, et al.
小鼠消耗脂肪的一个新通路
研究人员报告说，有过量的名为TRB3蛋白的小鼠能吃更多的东西，但是体重不比正常的小鼠增加得更多。导致禁食时消耗脂肪的步骤之一是名为ACC酶的激活，该酶在脂肪酸的合成中起作用。TRB3的量也在禁食时增加，现在Ling Qi和同事发现了一个平行通路，TRB3在这个通路中通过在脂肪组织中降解ACC刺激脂肪的消耗。在脂肪组织中过度表达TRB3的转基因小鼠受到保护不至于因为饮食而肥胖，因为它们有增强的脂肪氧化功能。这些小鼠将更多的脂肪转化成能量，看起来以热的形式释放，一篇相关的研究评述指出。该评述还讨论了这些结果能如何帮助搞清楚控制脂肪代谢的信号系统。
研究文章：TRB3 Links the E3 Ubiquitin Ligase COP1 to Lipid Metabolism, Ling Qi, et al.
研究评述：A New Way to Burn Fat, Jaap G. Neels and Jerrold M. Olefsky
DNA转录和修复的联系
一个通过切开DNA股来改变DNA排列从而帮助DNA复制以及染色体分离的酶也在转录激活中其作用，转录激活是为下一步的蛋白生产将DNA转变为RNA的过程。Bong-Gun Ju和同事现在显示，通过核受体和其它类型的转录因子的基因转录激活需要拓扑异构酶topoisomerase II-beta，该酶在基因的特定位置产生双股DNA的断裂。研究人员发现，DNA断裂发生后，其它DNA修复酶参与进来帮助将基因暴露给转录机器。Jean-Francois Haince和同事在一篇相关的研究评述中讨论了这一发现。
报告：A Topoisomerase II beta-Mediated dsDNA Break Required for Regulated Transcription, Bong-Gun Ju, et al.
研究评述：Gene Expression Needs a Break to Unwind Before Carrying On, Jean-Francois Haince, Michèle Rouleau, and Guy G. Poirier
Contents
This Week in Science
Editor summaries of this week's papers.
Science 23 June 2006: 1712.
|Full Text »
Editorial:
Biodiversity Research Still Grounded
Iris E. Hendriks, Carlos M. Duarte, and Carlo H. R. Heip
Science 23 June 2006: 1715.
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Editors' Choice
Highlights of the recent literature.
Science 23 June 2006: 1717.
|Full Text »
NetWatch
Best of the Web in science.
Science 23 June 2006: 1721.
|Full Text »
Science Podcast
Science 23 June 2006: 1813.
Summary »|
NEW PRODUCTS
Science 23 June 2006: 1813.
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News of the Week
VOLCANOLOGY: Scientists Steal a Daring Look at Merapi's Explosive Potential
Richard Stone
Science 23 June 2006: 1724-1725.
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INFLUENZA: What Came Before 1918? Archaeovirologist Offers a First Glimpse
Martin Enserink
Science 23 June 2006: 1725.
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PSYCHOLOGY: The Value of the Stick: Punishment Was a Driver of Altruism
Yudhijit Bhattacharjee
Science 23 June 2006: 1727.
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RESEARCH ETHICS: China's Science Ministry Fires a Barrage of Measures at Misconduct
Gong Yidong and Hao Xin
Science 23 June 2006: 1728-1729.
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NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION: House Panel Tells NSF to Keep Eye on the Prize
Jeffrey Mervis
Science 23 June 2006: 1728.
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2007 NASA BUDGET: Space Scientists Score a Modest Victory in House Spending Bill
Andrew Lawler
Science 23 June 2006: 1729.
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EVOLUTION: Spider Genes and Fossils Spin Tales of the Original Worldwide Web
Erik Stokstad
Science 23 June 2006: 1730.
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SPECIES CONSERVATION: A 'Forever' Seed Bank Takes Root in the Arctic
Daniel Charles
Science 23 June 2006: 1730-1731.
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ARCHAEOLOGY: First Jewelry? Old Shell Beads Suggest Early Use of Symbols
Michael Balter
Science 23 June 2006: 1731.
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SEISMOLOGY: The Strain Builds in Southern California
Richard A. Kerr
Science 23 June 2006: 1732.
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EUROPEAN SCIENCE: E.U. Parliament Approves Funding for Human ES Cells
Gretchen Vogel
Science 23 June 2006: 1732.
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U.S. BIOETHICS: House Panel Finds Fault With How NIH Handles Tissue Samples
Jocelyn Kaiser
Science 23 June 2006: 1733.
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ScienceScope
Science 23 June 2006: 1727.
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Random Samples
Science 23 June 2006: 1723.
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Newsmakers
Science 23 June 2006: 1741.
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News Focus
ANIMAL COGNITION: Social Animals Prove Their Smarts
Elizabeth Pennisi
Science 23 June 2006: 1734-1738.
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ANIMAL COGNITION: Man's Best Friend(s) Reveal the Possible Roots of Social Intelligence
Elizabeth Pennisi
Science 23 June 2006: 1737.
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PALEOANTHROPOLOGY: A Rare Meeting of the Minds
Ann Gibbons
Science 23 June 2006: 1739-1740.
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PALEOANTHROPOLOGY: Paleoanthropology's Unsung Hero
Ann Gibbons
Science 23 June 2006: 1740.
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Letters
Corrections and Clarifications
Science 23 June 2006: 1478.
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This Week's Letters
Science 23 June 2006: 1743.
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Looking at Biofuels and Bioenergy
Tommy Dalgaard, Uffe Jørgensen, Jørgen E. Olesen, Erik Steen Jensen, Erik Steen Kristensen;, David Connor, Inés Mínguez;, Thomas H. Deluca;, and Steven E. Koonin
Science 23 June 2006: 1743-1744.
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Measuring the Efficiency of Biomass Energy
Kay R. Brower;, Brian H. Davison, Arthur J. Ragauskas, Richard Templer, Timothy J. Tschaplinski, and Jonathan R. Mielenz
Science 23 June 2006: 1744-1745.
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Harvesting Our Meadows for Biofuel?
Michael W. Palmer; and Mark Downing
Science 23 June 2006: 1745-1746.
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Energy Returns on Ethanol Production
Cutler J. Cleveland, Charles A. S. Hall, Robert A. Herendeen;, Nathan Hagens, Robert Costanza, Kenneth Mulder;, Lee Lynd, Nathanael Greene, Bruce Dale, Mark Laser, Dan Lashof, Michael Wang, Charles Wyman;, Robert K. Kaufmann;, Tad W. Patzek;, Alexander E. Farrell, Richard J. Plevin, Brian T. Turner, Andrew D. Jones, Michael O'Hare, and Daniel M. Kammen
Science 23 June 2006: 1746-1748.
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Caution on Nominee to Head USGS
Karen Wayland
Science 23 June 2006: 1748.
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Corrections and Clarifications
Science 23 June 2006: 1748.
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Books et al.
GEOPHYSICS: Building on Shaken Ground
Iain Stewart
Science 23 June 2006: 1749.
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Books Received
Science 23 June 2006: 1749.
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Policy Forum
ECOLOGY: Enhanced: Coral Reefs and the Global Network of Marine Protected Areas
Camilo Mora, Serge Andrèfouët, Mark J. Costello, Christine Kranenburg, Audrey Rollo, John Veron, Kevin J. Gaston, and Ransom A. Myers
Science 23 June 2006: 1750-1751.
Summary »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Perspectives
TRANSCRIPTION: Gene Expression Needs a Break to Unwind Before Carrying On
Jean-François Haince, Michèle Rouleau, and Guy G. Poirier
Science 23 June 2006: 1752-1753.
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PLANETARY SCIENCE: Our Local Astrophysical Laboratory
Joseph A. Burns and Jeffrey N. Cuzzi
Science 23 June 2006: 1753-1755.
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CLIMATE CHANGE: Threats to Water Supplies in the Tropical Andes
Raymond S. Bradley, Mathias Vuille, Henry F. Diaz, and Walter Vergara
Science 23 June 2006: 1755-1756.
Summary »| Full Text »| PDF »|
CELL SIGNALING: A New Way to Burn Fat
Jaap G. Neels and Jerrold M. Olefsky
Science 23 June 2006: 1756-1758.
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OCEANOGRAPHY: A Direct Proxy for Oceanic Phosphorus?
Edward A. Boyle
Science 23 June 2006: 1758-1759.
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ASTRONOMY: Very Energetic γ-Rays from Microquasars and Binary Pulsars
I. F. Mirabel
Science 23 June 2006: 1759-1760.
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Brevia
Early Cretaceous Spider Web with Its Prey
Enrique Peñalver, David. A. Grimaldi, and Xavier Delclòs
Science 23 June 2006: 1761.
A spider web with entrapped wasps and a beetle within 110-million-year-old amber documents that web-spinning spiders had already evolved.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Silk Genes Support the Single Origin of Orb Webs
Jessica E. Garb, Teresa DiMauro, Victoria Vo, and Cheryl Y. Hayashi
Science 23 June 2006: 1762.
Sequence analyses of the genes for spider silk proteins show that orb-webs, which allow spiders to catch flying prey, have a single, ancient origin in the late Jurassic.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Research Articles
TRB3 Links the E3 Ubiquitin Ligase COP1 to Lipid Metabolism
Ling Qi, Jose E. Heredia, Judith Y. Altarejos, Robert Screaton, Naomi Goebel, Sherry Niessen, Ian X. MacLeod, Chong Wee Liew, Rohit N. Kulkarni, James Bain, Christopher Newgard, Michael Nelson, Ronald M. Evans, John Yates, and Marc Montminy
Science 23 June 2006: 1763-1766.
A protein that regulates the degradation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme in fatty acid synthesis, confers resistance to diet-induced obesity.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Costly Punishment Across Human Societies
Joseph Henrich, Richard McElreath, Abigail Barr, Jean Ensminger, Clark Barrett, Alexander Bolyanatz, Juan Camilo Cardenas, Michael Gurven, Edwins Gwako, Natalie Henrich, Carolyn Lesorogol, Frank Marlowe, David Tracer, and John Ziker
Science 23 June 2006: 1767-1770.
People from 15 different cultures are all willing to punish others who exhibit selfish behavior that increases societal inequity, but the extent varies widely.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Reports
Variable Very-High-Energy Gamma-Ray Emission from the Microquasar LS I +61 303
J. Albert, E. Aliu, H. Anderhub, P. Antoranz, A. Armada, M. Asensio, C. Baixeras, J. A. Barrio, M. Bartelt, H. Bartko, D. Bastieri, S. R. Bavikadi, W. Bednarek, K. Berger, C. Bigongiari, A. Biland, E. Bisesi, R. K. Bock, P. Bordas, V. Bosch-Ramon, T. Bretz, I. Britvitch, M. Camara, E. Carmona, A. Chilingarian, S. Ciprini, J. A. Coarasa, S. Commichau, J. L. Contreras, J. Cortina, V. Curtef, V. Danielyan, F. Dazzi, A. De Angelis, R. de los Reyes, B. De Lotto, E. Domingo-Santamaría, D. Dorner, M. Doro, M. Errando, M. Fagiolini, D. Ferenc, E. Fernández, R. Firpo, J. Flix, M. V. Fonseca, L. Font, M. Fuchs, N. Galante, M. Garczarczyk, M. Gaug, M. Giller, F. Goebel, D. Hakobyan, M. Hayashida, T. Hengstebeck, D. Höhne, J. Hose, C. C. Hsu, P. G. Isar, P. Jacon, O. Kalekin, R. Kosyra, D. Kranich, M. Laatiaoui, A. Laille, T. Lenisa, P. Liebing, E. Lindfors, S. Lombardi, F. Longo, J. López, M. López, E. Lorenz, F. Lucarelli, P. Majumdar, G. Maneva, K. Mannheim, O. Mansutti, M. Mariotti, M. Martínez, K. Mase, D. Mazin, C. Merck, M. Meucci, M. Meyer, J. M. Miranda, R. Mirzoyan, S. Mizobuchi, A. Moralejo, K. Nilsson, E. Oña-Wilhelmi, R. Orduña, N. Otte, I. Oya, D. Paneque, R. Paoletti, J. M. Paredes, M. Pasanen, D. Pascoli, F. Pauss, N. Pavel, R. Pegna, M. Persic, L. Peruzzo, A. Piccioli, M. Poller, G. Pooley, E. Prandini, A. Raymers, W. Rhode, M. Ribó, J. Rico, B. Riegel, M. Rissi, A. Robert, G. E. Romero, S. Rügamer, A. Saggion, A. Sánchez, P. Sartori, V. Scalzotto, V. Scapin, R. Schmitt, T. Schweizer, M. Shayduk, K. Shinozaki, S. N. Shore, N. Sidro, A. Sillanpää, D. Sobczynska, A. Stamerra, L. S. Stark, L. Takalo, P. Temnikov, D. Tescaro, M. Teshima, N. Tonello, A. Torres, D. F. Torres, N. Turini, H. Vankov, V. Vitale, R. M. Wagner, T. Wibig, W. Wittek, R. Zanin, and J. Zapatero
Science 23 June 2006: 1771-1773.
Published online 18 May 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1128177] (in Science Express Reports)
The motion of two co-orbiting stars modulates their emission of very-high-energy gamma rays such that the highest emissions occur when the stars are not closest together.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
The Spiral Structure of the Outer Milky Way in Hydrogen
E. S. Levine, Leo Blitz, and Carl Heiles
Science 23 June 2006: 1773-1777.
Published online 1 June 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1128455] (in Science Express Reports)
Imaging the distribution and density of atomic hydrogen in the Milky Way shows that our Galaxy forms a multiarmed spiral that is not symmetric about its axis.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »|
Optical Conformal Mapping
Ulf Leonhardt
Science 23 June 2006: 1777-1780.
Published online 25 May 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1126493] (in Science Express Reports)
In theory, the tunable dielectric and magnetic properties of metamaterials could be used in stealth technologies to pass light completely around an object and cloak it from view.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »|
Controlling Electromagnetic Fields
J. B. Pendry, D. Schurig, and D. R. Smith
Science 23 June 2006: 1780-1782.
Published online 25 May 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1125907] (in Science Express Reports)
The tunable dielectric and magnetic properties of metamaterials could be used in stealth technologies to cloak an object from view.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »| Supporting Online Material »|
Nanoassembly of a Fractal Polymer: A Molecular "Sierpinski Hexagonal Gasket"
George R. Newkome, Pingshan Wang, Charles N. Moorefield, Tae Joon Cho, Prabhu P. Mohapatra, Sinan Li, Seok-Ho Hwang, Olena Lukoyanova, Luis Echegoyen, Judith A. Palagallo, Violeta Iancu, and Saw-Wai Hla
Science 23 June 2006: 1782-1785.
Published online 11 May 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1125894] (in Science Express Reports)
Ligands with twofold and threefold symmetry, joined by iron and ruthenium ions, self-assemble to form 10-nanometer hexagons that in turn assemble into increasingly larger hexagons.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Middle Paleolithic Shell Beads in Israel and Algeria
Marian Vanhaereny, Francesco d'Errico, Chris Stringer, Sarah L. James, Jonathan A. Todd, and Henk K. Mienis
Science 23 June 2006: 1785-1788.
A few drilled sea shells from two inland sites imply that humans developed ornamentation, a form of symbolic behavior, by about 100,000 years ago.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Phosphorus in Cold-Water Corals as a Proxy for Seawater Nutrient Chemistry
Paolo Montagna, Malcolm McCulloch, Marco Taviani, Claudio Mazzoli, and Begoña Vendrell
Science 23 June 2006: 1788-1791.
A cold-water coral takes up phosphorus in an amount proportional to its concentration in local seawater, making it a potential archive of past ocean productivity.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
The Structure of an Infectious P22 Virion Shows the Signal for Headful DNA Packaging
Gabriel C. Lander, Liang Tang, Sherwood R. Casjens, Eddie B. Gilcrease, Peter Prevelige, Anton Poliakov, Clinton S. Potter, Bridget Carragher, and John E. Johnson
Science 23 June 2006: 1791-1795.
Published online 18 May 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1127981] (in Science Express Reports)
During assembly of an infectious virus, DNAis packed into the viral head through a protein portal; when the head is full, pressure on the portal causes it to close.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Metagenomic Analysis of Coastal RNA Virus Communities
Alexander I. Culley, Andrew S. Lang, and Curtis A. Suttle
Science 23 June 2006: 1795-1798.
Previously unknown RNA viruses are abundant in coastal marine ecosystems; a few dominant species probably infect protists and plants.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
A Topoisomerase IIß-Mediated dsDNA Break Required for Regulated Transcription
Bong-Gun Ju, Victoria V. Lunyak, Valentina Perissi, Ivan Garcia-Bassets, David W. Rose, Christopher K. Glass, and Michael G. Rosenfeld
Science 23 June 2006: 1798-1802.
Estrogen-initiated gene transcription involves enzymatically driven DNA cleavage, repair, and local reconfiguration of chromatin.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
The Muscle Protein Dok-7 Is Essential for Neuromuscular Synaptogenesis
Kumiko Okada, Akane Inoue, Momoko Okada, Yoji Murata, Shigeru Kakuta, Takafumi Jigami, Sachiko Kubo, Hirokazu Shiraishi, Katsumi Eguchi, Masakatsu Motomura, Tetsu Akiyama, Yoichiro Iwakura, Osamu Higuchi, and Yuji Yamanashi
Science 23 June 2006: 1802-1805.
A newly described protein is required for normal formation of the neuromuscular junction, where it binds to a signaling protein and causes receptor clustering.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Depletion, Degradation, and Recovery Potential of Estuaries and Coastal Seas
Heike K. Lotze, Hunter S. Lenihan, Bruce J. Bourque, Roger H. Bradbury, Richard G. Cooke, Matthew C. Kay, Susan M. Kidwell, Michael X. Kirby, Charles H. Peterson, and Jeremy B. C. Jackson
Science 23 June 2006: 1806-1809.
Historical data show that human impacts on coastal environments have been similar across the globe, even in quite different ecosystems.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
JETLAG Resets the Drosophila Circadian Clock by Promoting Light-Induced Degradation of TIMELESS
Kyunghee Koh, Xiangzhong Zheng, and Amita Sehgal
Science 23 June 2006: 1809-1812.
A light pulse changes the phase of the Drosophila circadian clock by activating a protein that marks a clock component for rapid degradation.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Technical Comments
Comment on "Nature of Phosphorus Limitation in the Ultraoligotrophic Eastern Mediterranean"
Michelle S. Hale and Richard B. Rivkin
Science 23 June 2006: 1748.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »|
Response to Comment on "Nature of Phosphorus Limitation in the Ultraoligotrophic Eastern Mediterranean"
T. F. Thingstad, C. S. Law, M. D. Krom, R. F. C. Mantoura, P. Pitta, S. Psarra, F. Rassoulzadegan, T. Tanaka, P. Wassmann, C. Wexels Riser, and T. Zohary
Science 23 June 2006: 1748.
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