9 June 2006 Vol 312, Issue 5779, Pages 1437-0 像人手指那样敏感的传感器一种新类型的传感器朝着给机器人以具有人敏感触觉的手的方向迈出了第一步。这个装置的触觉灵敏度比得上人的手指，应该能用于下一代的微创手术。这个由Vivek Maheshwari和Ravi Saraf设计的 "电致发光" 的薄膜响应外力而发光，发出的光由一个特制的照相机捕获。为了演示这个薄膜如何工作，文章作者把一个一美分硬币按在装置上，传感器形成的图案有足够的细节能看出硬币上林肯总统服装的皱纹。(在此之前，把触觉传感器做成超过毫米的尺度是一个大难题。)该薄膜是由被介电膜分开的交替的金与半导电的镉-硫纳米粒子层组成的。在偏压大于8伏时，给膜施加压力增强层之间的电子隧道效应，产生与压力成正比的电致发光响应。
报告：High-Resolution Thin-Film Device to Sense Texture by Touch, Vivek Maheshwari and Ravi F. Saraf
双语言大脑中的语言转换说多于一种语言的人在不同语言之间流畅地交换时用的是同一个大脑回路，新研究显示为什么可能这样做。Jenny Crinion和同事报告说，当一个双语言的人转换语言时，大脑中叫"左尾状"的控制中心将语言处理回路调节到不同的模式。他们研究了双语言的人听两个语言的一对单词时的大脑活动，这对单词有类似或不同的意思。结果显示，当一对单词在意思或语言上无关时，左尾状的活动增加。这个大脑区域看起来监视进来语言的刺激，并根据语言的不同转换处理的方法。为了支持他们的结论，文章作者发现了过去的一例左尾状受损的能讲三种语言的病例，这位患者懂她知道的三个语言的词汇，但是在说话时不由自主地从一个语言换到另一个语言。
报告：Language Control in the Bilingual Brain, J. Crinion, et al.
早期免疫应答是抵抗SIV的关键新研究指出，接种了抗SIV疫苗的猴子比没有接种的猴子对病毒有更强的免疫应答而且存活的时间长，这也许给研究HIV疫苗带来一些线索。Norman Letvin 和同事给猴子接种一种抗猴免疫缺陷病毒 (SIV) 疫苗，导致T细胞的强免疫应答。过去用HIV和SIV做的研究提出，感染后的强T细胞应答能降低病毒水平，从而减慢感染的进程。接种了疫苗的猴子在感染850天之后，仍具有高的存活率。重要的是，猴子存活时间的延长很可能是最初更强的T细胞应答以及重要的"中心记忆"T细胞保存的结果，研究人员说，两者对考虑未来HIV疫苗来说都可能很重要。
报告：Preserved CD4+ Central Memory T Cells and Survival in Vaccinated SIV-Challenged Monkeys, Norman L. Letvin, et al.
更好的用来抛光硅的粒子一个生产圆形氧化铈纳米粒子的新技术也许会给集成电路工业带来效益，该工业需要用研磨纳米粒子来抛光和打平硅晶圆。这些粒子通常是在点燃后再快速冷却的金属前体雾中形成的。这个过程产生的氧化铈粒子具有不规则的琢面，给硅表面造成划痕。为了制造更圆的氧化铈粒子，Xiangdong Feng和同事在金属雾中添加了钛。钛在结晶的氧化铈粒子外围形成一个熔化的壳，使晶体具有更圆的形状。这样制造的纳米粒子使抛光缺陷降低了80%，同时使氧化硅的消除率增加了50%。
报告：Converting Ceria Polyhedral Nanoparticles into Single-Crystal Nanospheres, Xiangdong Feng, et al.
回到一个更暖的世界？随着大气中温室气体的增加使我们的行星变暖，地球上的气候在不远的将来将是什么样呢？一个猜测是也许气候会像距今500到300万年前早上新世的温暖期。那个时期全球的平均温度比现在高很多，而其它决定气候的因素比如太阳光强度和大气层二氧化碳浓度与现在的类似。在本期这篇综述文章中，Alexey Fedorov和同事讨论了早上新世气候，从而帮助了解我们目前的变暖趋势。早上新世的温暖气候表现在北半球没有冰架，而且太平洋中大概有一个永久的厄尔尼诺效应。研究人员说，当代的类似变化可能会恢复这些暖气候条件。
综述：The Pliocene Paradox (Mechanisms for a Permanent El Nino), A. V. Fedorov, et al.
HIV检测在中国据联合国和中国官员估计，截止2003年底，中国约有840,000人被人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)感染。世界各地的专家们担心这个估计偏低，他们警告说到2010年中国可能会有1000万人被HIV感染。为了控制这个流行病在国内的传播，中国政府正在积极地鼓励高危人群做NIV检测，而且把HIV检测作为监狱等公共机构提供的护理服务的日常程序。正如吴尊友和同事在本期政策论坛中指出的，中国政府的这一政策受到国际社会的一些批评，但是中国公共健康官员们认为这样做是为了保护未受感染的人群，也能为被感染的人群提供医疗和社会服务。
政策论坛：HIV Testing in China, Zunyou Wu, Xinhua Sun, Sheena G. Sullivan, and Roger Detels
ContentsThis Week in Science
Editor summaries of this week's papers.
Science 9 June 2006: 1437.
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Editorial:
Mission Creep in the IRB World
C. K. Gunsalus, Edward M. Bruner, Nicholas C. Burbules, Leon Dash, Matthew Finkin, Joseph P. Goldberg, William T. Greenough, Gregory A. Miller, and Michael G. Pratt
Science 9 June 2006: 1441.
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Editors' Choice
Highlights of the recent literature.
Science 9 June 2006: 1442.
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NetWatch
Best of the Web in science.
Science 9 June 2006: 1447.
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NEW PRODUCTS
Science 9 June 2006: 1541.
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News of the Week
SCHOLARLY COMMUNICATION: Florida Law Bans Academics From Doing Research in Cuba
Yudhijit Bhattacharjee
Science 9 June 2006: 1450.
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AVIAN INFLUENZA: Wild Birds Only Partly to Blame in Spreading H5N1
Dennis Normile
Science 9 June 2006: 1451.
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CHEMISTRY: Ceramic Sponges That Sop Up Sulfur Could Boost Energy Technologies
Robert F. Service
Science 9 June 2006: 1453.
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GRADUATE TRAINING: Diversity Remains Elusive for Flagship NSF Program
Jeffrey Mervis
Science 9 June 2006: 1454.
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FRANCE: Twenty Years After Chornobyl, Legal Fallout Lingers
Martin Enserink
Science 9 June 2006: 1455.
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PALEOCLIMATOLOGY: Looking Way Back for the World's Climate Future
Richard A. Kerr
Science 9 June 2006: 1456-1457.
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RUSSIAN SCIENCE: Measuring the Hidden Cost of a Pay Raise
Andrey Allakhverdov and Vladimir Pokrovsky
Science 9 June 2006: 1456.
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PALEONTOLOGY: Ancient 'Reef' Stirs Debate Over Early Signs of Life in Australian Rocks
Erik Stokstad
Science 9 June 2006: 1457.
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ScienceScope
Science 9 June 2006: 1453.
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Random Samples
Science 9 June 2006: 1449.
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Newsmakers
Science 9 June 2006: 1469.
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News Focus
ARCHAEOLOGY: North Versus South, Mesopotamian Style
Andrew Lawler
Science 9 June 2006: 1458-1463.
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ARCHAEOLOGY: Syria's Open Door: Will It Last?
Andrew Lawler
Science 9 June 2006: 1459.
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ARCHAEOLOGY: At Home on a No-Frills Tell
Andrew Lawler
Science 9 June 2006: 1460.
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ARCHAEOLOGY: A Rising Star in the Trenches
Andrew Lawler
Science 9 June 2006: 1462-1463.
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SCIENTIFIC MISCONDUCT: Scandals Shake Chinese Science
Hao Xin
Science 9 June 2006: 1464-1466.
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SCIENTIFIC MISCONDUCT: Crime Scene Investigation: How to Handle Misconduct
Eliot Marshall
Science 9 June 2006: 1465.
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GENETICS: DNA's Molecular Gymnastics
Elizabeth Pennisi
Science 9 June 2006: 1467-1468.
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Letters
This Week's Letters
Science 9 June 2006: 1470.
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Don't Sell Social Science Short
Dennis S. Ojima, Diana H. Wall, John Moore, Kathy Galvin, N. T. Hobbs, William H. Hunt, Keith Paustian, David Swift, Randall B. Boone, Richard T. Conant, Julia Klein, Lindsey Christensen, Mahesh Sankaran, Jayashree Ratnam, Ed Ayres, Heidi Steltzer, Breana Simmons, and Gary Williams
Science 9 June 2006: 1470.
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Photosynthetic Oxygen Production
Wolfgang Junge, Juergen Clausen;, James E. Penner-Hahn, Charles F. Yocum;, Holger Dau, and Michael Haumann
Science 9 June 2006: 1470-1472.
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Making Choices Without Deliberating
Hilary L. Bekker;, Ap Dijksterhuis, Maarten W. Bos, Loran F. Nordgren, and Rick B. Van Baaren
Science 9 June 2006: 1472.
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Corrections and Clarifications
Science 9 June 2006: 1472.
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Books et al.
MATHEMATICS: A Faulty Survey of Algebra's Roots
Victor Katz
Science 9 June 2006: 1473-1474.
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Browsing
Science 9 June 2006: 1474.
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Books Received
Science 9 June 2006: 1474.
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Policy Forum
PUBLIC HEALTH: HIV Testing in China
Zunyou Wu, Xinhua Sun, Sheena G. Sullivan, and Roger Detels
Science 9 June 2006: 1475-1476.
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Perspectives
CLIMATE CHANGE: Evolutionary Response to Rapid Climate Change
William E. Bradshaw and Christina M. Holzapfel
Science 9 June 2006: 1477-1478.
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APPLIED PHYSICS: Toward Robots That Can Sense Texture by Touch
Richard Crowder
Science 9 June 2006: 1478-1479.
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ECOLOGY: Getting a Better Picture of the Ocean's Nitrogen Budget
Zbigniew S. Kolber
Science 9 June 2006: 1479-1480.
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MATERIALS SCIENCE: Multiferroics as Quantum Electromagnets
Yoshinori Tokura
Science 9 June 2006: 1481-1482.
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PLANT SCIENCE: Enhanced: Microtubules Make Tracks for Cellulose
Clive Lloyd
Science 9 June 2006: 1482-1483.
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APPLIED PHYSICS: Can a Fraction of a Quantum Be Better Than a Whole One?
Colin M. Pegrum
Science 9 June 2006: 1483-1484.
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Review
The Pliocene Paradox (Mechanisms for a Permanent El Niño)
A. V. Fedorov, P. S. Dekens, M. McCarthy, A. C. Ravelo, P. B. deMenocal, M. Barreiro, R. C. Pacanowski, and S. G. Philander
Science 9 June 2006: 1485-1489.
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Brevia
The Breakup of a Main-Belt Asteroid 450 Thousand Years Ago
David Nesvorny, David Vokrouhlicky, and William F. Bottke
Science 9 June 2006: 1490.
The close orbits of six objects around the asteroid Datura suggest that it partially broke up in response to a collision just 450,000 years ago.
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Research Article
Visualization of Cellulose Synthase Demonstrates Functional Association with Microtubules
Alexander R. Paredez, Christopher R. Somerville, and David W. Ehrhardt
Science 9 June 2006: 1491-1495.
Published online 20 April 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1126551] (in Science Express Research Articles)
Cellulose synthase makes and deposits cellulose along plant cell walls as it is carried along microtubules.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Reports
Flip-Flopping Fractional Flux Quanta
T. Ortlepp, Ariando, O. Mielke, C. J. M. Verwijs, K. F. K. Foo, H. Rogalla, F. H. Uhlmann, and H. Hilgenkamp
Science 9 June 2006: 1495-1497.
Published online 20 April 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1126041] (in Science Express Reports)
The d-wave symmetry of high-temperature superconductors can be manipulated to form a logic gate in an electronic circuit.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Coherent State Evolution in a Superconducting Qubit from Partial-Collapse Measurement
N. Katz, M. Ansmann, Radoslaw C. Bialczak, Erik Lucero, R. McDermott, Matthew Neeley, Matthias Steffen, E. M. Weig, A. N. Cleland, John M. Martinis, and A. N. Korotkov
Science 9 June 2006: 1498-1500.
Partial measurement of the quantum state of a superconducting qubit can be used to probe and control it while avoiding the collapse often caused by a complete measurement.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
High-Resolution Thin-Film Device to Sense Texture by Touch
Vivek Maheshwari and Ravi F. Saraf
Science 9 June 2006: 1501-1504.
Partial measurement of the quantum state of a superconducting qubit can be used to probe and control it while avoiding the collapse often caused by a complete measurement.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »|
Converting Ceria Polyhedral Nanoparticles into Single-Crystal Nanospheres
Xiangdong Feng, Dean C. Sayle, Zhong Lin Wang, M. Sharon Paras, Brian Santora, Anthony C. Sutorik, Thi X. T. Sayle, Yi Yang, Yong Ding, Xudong Wang, and Yie-Shein Her
Science 9 June 2006: 1504-1508.
Combining titanium with ceria in a flame produces spherical rather than jagged nanoparticles that efficiently cut and smoothly polish silicon wafers for chips.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Regenerative Adsorption and Removal of H2S from Hot Fuel Gas Streams by Rare Earth Oxides
Maria Flytzani-Stephanopoulos, Mann Sakbodin, and Zheng Wang
Science 9 June 2006: 1508-1510.
Hydrogen sulfide, an inhibitor of solid-oxide fuel cells, can be removed by cerium and lanthanum oxides and then regenerated with any sulfur-free gas.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Near-Synchronous Interhemispheric Termination of the Last Glacial Maximum in Mid-Latitudes
Joerg M. Schaefer, George H. Denton, David J. A. Barrell, Susan Ivy-Ochs, Peter W. Kubik, Bjorn G. Andersen, Fred M. Phillips, Thomas V. Lowell, and Christian Schlüchter
Science 9 June 2006: 1510-1513.
Dates on moraines from mid-latitudes around the world imply that after the last Ice Age glaciers retreated simultaneously in response to warming by increased CO2 levels.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Changes in North Atlantic Radiocarbon Reservoir Ages During the Allerød and Younger Dryas
Stein Bondevik, Jan Mangerud, Hilary H. Birks, Steinar Gulliksen, and Paula Reimer
Science 9 June 2006: 1514-1517.
Different radiocarbon ages of the atmosphere and North Atlantic trace shifts in ocean circulation and upwelling during climate fluctuations 15,000 to 10,000 years ago.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Transatlantic Abundance of the N2-Fixing Colonial Cyanobacterium Trichodesmium
Cabell S. Davis and Dennis J. McGillicuddy, Jr.
Science 9 June 2006: 1517-1520.
The higher than expected abundance of a cyanobacterium in the Sargasso Sea suggests that its contribution to the oceanic nitrogen cycle is larger than has been assumed.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
TOPLESS Regulates Apical Embryonic Fate in Arabidopsis
Jeff A. Long, Carolyn Ohno, Zachery R. Smith, and Elliot M. Meyerowitz
Science 9 June 2006: 1520-1523.
A gene product specifies which cells make up the plant shoot by coordinating repression of transcription, probably of root-associated genes.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Tim50 Maintains the Permeability Barrier of the Mitochondrial Inner Membrane
Michael Meinecke, Richard Wagner, Peter Kovermann, Bernard Guiard, David U. Mick, Dana P. Hutu, Wolfgang Voos, Kaye N. Truscott, Agnieszka Chacinska, Nikolaus Pfanner, and Peter Rehling
Science 9 June 2006: 1523-1526.
An opportunistic bacterial pathogen found in patients with cystic fibrosis contains a previously undescribed secretory apparatus that may be necessary for its virulence.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
A Virulence Locus of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Encodes a Protein Secretion Apparatus
Joseph D. Mougous, Marianne E. Cuff, Stefan Raunser, Aimee Shen, Min Zhou, Casey A. Gifford, Andrew L. Goodman, Grazyna Joachimiak, Claudia L. Ordoñez, Stephen Lory, Thomas Walz, Andrzej Joachimiak, and John J. Mekalanos
Science 9 June 2006: 1526-1530.
A regulatory protein blocks the large channels in the mitochondrial inner membrane, maintaining the mitchondrion抯 essential proton gradient.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Preserved CD4+ Central Memory T Cells and Survival in Vaccinated SIV-Challenged Monkeys
Norman L. Letvin, John R. Mascola, Yue Sun, Darci A. Gorgone, Adam P. Buzby, Ling Xu, Zhi-yong Yang, Bimal Chakrabarti, Srinivas S. Rao, Jörn E. Schmitz, David C. Montefiori, Brianne R. Barker, Fred L. Bookstein, and Gary J. Nabel
Science 9 June 2006: 1530-1533.
Monkeys infected with a cousin of the HIV virus and showing a robust immediate immune response have better immune memory for the virus later and survive longer.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Long-Term Potentiation of Neuron-Glia Synapses Mediated by Ca2+-Permeable AMPA Receptors
Woo-Ping Ge, Xiu-Juan Yang, Zhijun Zhang, Hui-Kun Wang, Wanhua Shen, Qiu-Dong Deng, and Shumin Duan
Science 9 June 2006: 1533-1537.
Synapses between hippocampal neurons and nearby glial cells can become stronger after stimulation, just as excitatory neuron-neuron synapses can show long-term potentiation.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Language Control in the Bilingual Brain
J. Crinion, R. Turner, A. Grogan, T. Hanakawa, U. Noppeney, J. T. Devlin, T. Aso, S. Urayama, H. Fukuyama, K. Stockton, K. Usui, D. W. Green, and C. J. Price
Science 9 June 2006: 1537-1540.
As bilingual people speak one language and then the other, their basal ganglia switch the specific processing circuits accordingly.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
