2006年5月26日 美国《科学》周刊312卷 第5777期
HIV起源于野生黑猩猩
从喀麦隆森林地被黑猩猩排泄物中搜集到的遗传证据证实了HIV-1 病毒株起源于野生黑猩猩种群。在此之前，与HIV的关系很近的另一种免疫缺陷病毒SIV只是在圈养黑猩猩中发现过，但是研究人员一直怀疑HIV是起源于野生黑猩猩种群的。一组来自美国、喀麦隆、以及欧洲的研究人员在喀麦隆南部的一个黑猩猩亚种Pan troglogdytes troglodytes的排泄物中检测到SIV抗体，并发现病毒感染率在某些黑猩猩社区中高达35%。进一步的遗传分析帮助研究人员确定了作为大流行与非流行的HIV-1毒株起源的不同社区。
科学特快报告：Chimpanzee Reservoirs of Pandemic and Nonpandemic HIV-1, Brandon F. Keele, et al.
过度捕捞是对海草丛的最大威胁
美国加州南部的沿海生态系统，比如海草丛，正在受到污染排放和过渡捕捞的威胁，新研究提出，过度捕捞生态系统的危害更大。这可能意味着旨在"自上而下影响的的保护措施--比如限制捕鱼-对沿海生态系统，尤其是海草丛的作用比以前认为的更重要"，Benjamin Halpern和同事说。Halpern 和同事跟踪了46种加州海洋物种好几年，用的到的数据得出结论，大螯虾和Kellet's蛾螺等关键捕猎者的消失，比化肥污染给沿岸海水造成的富养，对海草丛动物种类的影响高7到10倍。
报告：Strong Top-Down Control in Southern California Kelp Forest Ecosystems, Benjamin S. Halpern, Karl Cottenie, and Bernardo R. Broitman
隐形披风的科学
谁不曾设想有了哈利?波特的隐形披风生活将会多么简单呢？不过也许并不需要去霍格华兹魔法与巫术学校就可以学如何制作隐形披风，至少在理论上。两项英国的研究为隐形设备如何工作提供了假说性解释。这个招数是引导光波（或其它类型的电磁波）绕过一个物体时使其好像完全没有被物体散射似的。什么材料能够做到这一点呢？文章作者John Pendry和同事以及Ulf Leonhardt提出用超颖物质 (metamaterials)，这是一种粒子复合材料，其电磁性质由材料的形状(比如它们的纳米结构)决定，而不是尤其化学性质决定。这种材料的性质能够被调节，当用该材料制造的披风碰到电磁波时，披风能够既不产生反射也不形成影子。
科学特快报告：Controlling Electromagnetic Fields, J. B. Pendry, D. Schurig, and D. R. Smith
科学特快报告：Optical Conformal Mapping, Ulf Leonhardt
喷流向极地移动
被称为"喷流"的大气层中的快速风流既推动气象模式的变化也推进飞机飞行，本期一篇"简报"提出喷流似乎在向极地移动。Qiang Fu和同事说，判断全球变暖是否是这个趋势的原因还为时过早，但是这个变化仍可能带来社会影响，因为与喷流相对应的地面干燥带也许也在移动。文章作者分析了大气的对流层和平流层从1979到2005年的测量结果。他们发现对流层在两个半球都变暖了，而平流层在中纬度附近相当于其它纬度变冷了。基于这些观察，文章作者估计两个半球的喷流分别在这26年中向极地移动了大约1纬度。
简报：Enhanced Mid-Latitude Tropospheric Warming in Satellite Measurements, Qiang Fu, Celeste M. Johanson, John M. Wallace, and Thomas Reichler
用纳米管挤压固体
一个国际研究小组报告说，电子辐射能把一个装满比如钴这样的硬材料的纳米管变成一个将钴向牙膏那样从管中挤出来的高压腔。Litao Sun和同事发现，辐射在纳米管壁中制造缺陷，导致纳米管因需要容纳缺陷而收缩。只比地球中心处的压力低一个数量级的极高压力在收缩的纳米管中积累，由此产生的力量能使管中的任何固体变形、被压出、以及破碎。Sun和同事说，挤压纳米管也许有朝一日能在纳米工程或用来研究高压下材料性能的微小试验腔中被用作挤压器。Zhongwu Wang和Yusheng Zhao在一篇相关的研究评述中讨论了这些结果。
报告：Carbon Nanotubes as High-Pressure Cylinders and Nanoextruders, L. Sun, et al.
研究评述：High-Pressure Microscopy, Zhongwu Wang and Yusheng Zhao
专题部分：癌症的个体化治疗
癌症治疗的进展到底如何？一方面，近50年来癌症的死亡率基本没有变化；另一方面，有导向的癌症疗法、肿瘤生物标记、以及基因组医学等正在从天花乱坠的宣传变成临床现实。随着对肿瘤基因基础了解的进展，出现了有希望的新疗法，也带来了对未来癌症治疗模式的讨论，是否应该按个体患者的分子特征来指导治疗。本期专题部分讨论了这个新模式以及癌症治疗研究方面的新课题。
专题介绍：Celebrating a Glass Half-Full, Paula A. Kiberstis and John Travis
Contents
Special Issue
Cancer Treatment Gets Personal
Celebrating a Glass Half-Full
Paula A. Kiberstis and John Travis
Science 26 May 2006: 1157.
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News
Energy Deregulation: Licensing Tumors to Grow
Ken Garber
Science 26 May 2006: 1158-1159.
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Autophagy: Is It Cancer's Friend or Foe?
Jean Marx
Science 26 May 2006: 1160-1161.
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Perspectives
The New Era in Cancer Research
Harold Varmus
Science 26 May 2006: 1162-1165.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »|
Poster: Cancer Treatment Gets Personal
Science 26 May 2006: 1162.
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Cancer Biomarkers—An Invitation to the Table
William S. Dalton and Stephen H. Friend
Science 26 May 2006: 1165-1168.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »|
Molecular Imaging in Cancer
Ralph Weissleder
Science 26 May 2006: 1168-1171.
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Antiangiogenic Therapy: A Universal Chemosensitization Strategy for Cancer?
Robert S. Kerbel
Science 26 May 2006: 1171-1175.
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Targeting Tyrosine Kinases in Cancer: The Second Wave
Jose Baselga
Science 26 May 2006: 1175-1178.
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Contents
This Week in Science
Editor summaries of this week's papers.
Science 26 May 2006: 1101.
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Editorial:
Health Roundup
Donald Kennedy
Science 26 May 2006: 1105.
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Editors' Choice
Highlights of the recent literature.
Science 26 May 2006: 1107.
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NetWatch
Best of the Web in science.
Science 26 May 2006: 1113.
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NEW PRODUCTS
Science 26 May 2006: 1233.
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News of the Week
BIOSECURITY: Synthetic Biologists Debate Policing Themselves
Robert F. Service
Science 26 May 2006: 1116.
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SCIENCE FOR PEACE: Pakistan Gives Geology Conference the Cold Shoulder
Pallava Bagla
Science 26 May 2006: 1117.
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U.S. SCIENCE POLICY: Senate Panel Backs Social Sciences at NSF
Jeffrey Mervis
Science 26 May 2006: 1117.
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BIOMEDICAL TRAINING: NIH Wants Its Minority Programs to Train More Academic Researchers
Jeffrey Mervis
Science 26 May 2006: 1119.
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PHYSICS: High-Tech Materials Could Render Objects Invisible
Adrian Cho
Science 26 May 2006: 1120.
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U.S. COURTS: 'Disappointed' Butler Exhausts Appeals
Martin Enserink
Science 26 May 2006: 1120.
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MOLECULAR BIOLOGY: RNAi Safety Comes Under Scrutiny
Jennifer Couzin
Science 26 May 2006: 1121.
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GREENHOUSE GASES: Price Crash Rattles Europe's CO2 Reduction Scheme
Catherine Brahic
Science 26 May 2006: 1123.
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ScienceScope
Science 26 May 2006: 1119.
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Random Samples
Science 26 May 2006: 1115.
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Newsmakers
Science 26 May 2006: 1135.
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News Focus
BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING: A Vision for the Blind
Ingrid Wickelgren
Science 26 May 2006: 1124-1126.
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TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER: Universities Find Too Many Strings Attached to Foundation's Offer
Constance Holden
Science 26 May 2006: 1127.
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HIGH-ENERGY PHYSICS: A Quiet Leader Unites Researchers in Drive for the Next Big Machine
Adrian Cho
Science 26 May 2006: 1128-1129.
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HIGH-ENERGY PHYSICS: Why the International Linear Collider?
Adrian Cho
Science 26 May 2006: 1129.
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GENOMICS: The HapMap Gold Rush: Researchers Mine a Rich Deposit
Jennifer Couzin
Science 26 May 2006: 1131.
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PLANETARY SCIENCE: Who Can Read the Martian Clock?
Richard A. Kerr
Science 26 May 2006: 1132-1133.
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PLANETARY SCIENCE: Bombardment Looking "Possible"
Richard A. Kerr
Science 26 May 2006: 1133.
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Letters
This Week's Letters
Science 26 May 2006: 1137.
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Scientific Description Can Imperil Species
Bryan L. Stuart, Anders G. J. Rhodin, L. Lee Grismer, and Troy Hansel
Science 26 May 2006: 1137.
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Tropical Deforestation and Global Warming
Philip M. Fearnside
Science 26 May 2006: 1137.
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Concern About Gag Rules
Len Pietrafesa
Science 26 May 2006: 1137-1138.
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Working Together for Communication
Dean Acosta; and Donald Kennedy
Science 26 May 2006: 1138.
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Revisiting the Age of the Sahara Desert
Stefan Kroepelin;, Christopher S. Swezey;, Mathieu Schuster, Philippe Duringer, Jean-François Ghienne, Patrick Vignaud, Hassan Taisso Mackaye, Andossa Likius, and Michel Brunet
Science 26 May 2006: 1138-1139.
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Books et al.
ORIGIN OF LIFE: Search for Life's Beginnings
Iris Fry
Science 26 May 2006: 1140-1141.
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Browsing
Science 26 May 2006: 1141.
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Books Received
Science 29 July 2005: 1141.
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Education Forum
CAREER CHOICE: Enhanced: Planning Early for Careers in Science
Robert H. Tai, Christine Qi Liu, Adam V. Maltese, and Xitao Fan
Science 26 May 2006: 1143-1144.
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Perspectives
DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY: How Many Ways to Make a Chordate?
Patrick Lemaire
Science 26 May 2006: 1145-1146.
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GEOLOGY: Was the Younger Dryas Triggered by a Flood?
Wallace S. Broecker
Science 26 May 2006: 1146-1148.
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ASTRONOMY: The Vacuum Energy Crisis
Alexander Vilenkin
Science 26 May 2006: 1148-1149.
Published online 4 May 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1128570] (in Science Express Perspectives)
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MATERIALS SCIENCE: High-Pressure Microscopy
Zhongwu Wang and Yusheng Zhao
Science 24 May 2006: 1149-1150.
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MICROBIOLOGY: Bacteria Seize Control by Acetylating Host Proteins
Carolyn A. Worby and Jack E. Dixon
Science 24 May 2006: 1150-1151.
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MATERIALS SCIENCE: Fluctuations in Plasticity at the Microscale
M.-Carmen Miguel and Stefano Zapperi
Science 26 May 2006: 1151-1152.
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Association Affairs
AAAS News and Notes
Science 26 May 2006: 1154-1155.
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Brevia
Enhanced Mid-Latitude Tropospheric Warming in Satellite Measurements
Qiang Fu, Celeste M. Johanson, John M. Wallace, and Thomas Reichler
Science 26 May 2006: 1179.
The pattern of tropospheric warming and stratospheric cooling visible in 26 years of satellite data indicates that the jet streams have been shifting poleward.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Research Articles
Why the Cosmological Constant Is Small and Positive
Paul J. Steinhardt and Neil Turok
Science 26 May 2006: 1180-1183.
Published online 4 May 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1126231] (in Science Express Research Articles)
Models in which our universe repeatedly grows from a big bang and then collapse, produce a small cosmological constant consistently, not only as a special case.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »|
Regulatory Blueprint for a Chordate Embryo
Kaoru S. Imai, Michael Levine, Nori Satoh, and Yutaka Satou
Science 26 May 2006: 1183-1187.
Sea squirts, among the simplest of extant chordates, now yield a glimpse at the network of regulatory gene interactions needed to gene rate a chordate animal.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Reports
Scale-Free Intermittent Flow in Crystal Plasticity
Dennis M. Dimiduk, Chris Woodward, Richard LeSar, and Michael D. Uchic
Science 26 May 2006: 1188-1190.
The relation between number and size of slip events in deforming nickel microcrystals follows a power law, like slip in ice and avalanches.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Electronic Confinement and Coherence in Patterned Epitaxial Graphene
Claire Berger, Zhimin Song, Xuebin Li, Xiaosong Wu, Nate Brown, Cécile Naud, Didier Mayou, Tianbo Li, Joanna Hass, Alexei N. Marchenkov, Edward H. Conrad, Phillip N. First, and Walt A. de Heer
Science 26 May 2006: 1191-1196.
Published online 13 April 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1125925] (in Science Express Reports)
Thin graphene layers grown on silicon carbide can be patterned into ribbons that exhibit high electrical conductivity and quantum confinement effects at near zero kelvin.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »|
Imaging Bond Formation Between a Gold Atom and Pentacene on an Insulating Surface
Jascha Repp, Gerhard Meyer, Sami Paavilainen, Fredrik E. Olsson, and Mats Persson
Science 26 May 2006: 1196-1199.
A scanning tunneling microscope is used to form, break, control, and image a single bond between a gold atom and an organic molecule adsorbed on an insulating layer.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »|
Carbon Nanotubes as High-Pressure Cylinders and Nanoextruders
L. Sun, F. Banhart, A. V. Krasheninnikov, J. A. Rodríguez-Manzo, M. Terrones, and P. M. Ajayan
Science 26 May 2006: 1199-1202.
Induced defects on the walls of carbon nanotubes cause them to contract, producing a high-pressure chamber that can be probed with an electron microscope.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Earthquake Rupture Stalled by a Subducting Fracture Zone
D. P. Robinson, S. Das, and A. B. Watts
Science 26 May 2006: 1203-1205.
In the great 2001 Peru earthquake, the rupture extended for 70 kilometers, skirted a barrier on the fault, then continued for another 200 kilometers, and 30 seconds later broke the barrier.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Reduced Radiative Conductivity of Low-Spin (Mg,Fe)O in the Lower Mantle
Alexander F. Goncharov, Viktor V. Struzhkin, and Steven D. Jacobsen
Science 26 May 2006: 1205-1208.
Measurements show that a spin-pairing transition in iron causes iron oxide minerals in the Earth to become more opaque at high pressure, likely altering heat transfer in the deep mantle.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Structure of the Eukaryotic Thiamine Pyrophosphate Riboswitch with Its Regulatory Ligand
Stéphane Thore, Marc Leibundgut, and Nenad Ban
Science 26 May 2006: 1208-1211.
Published online 4 May 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1128451] (in Science Express Reports)
The structure of a common metabolite bound to a ubiquitous riboswitch shows how its ligand turns it off, suppressing translation of genes for the metabolite抯 synthesis.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Yersinia YopJ Acetylates and Inhibits Kinase Activation by Blocking Phosphorylation
Sohini Mukherjee, Gladys Keitany, Yan Li, Yong Wang, Haydn L. Ball, Elizabeth J. Goldsmith, and Kim Orth
Science 26 May 2006: 1211-1214.
The plague-causing bacterium inhibits the innate immune responses of its infected host by blocking the phosphorylation and activation of key signaling enzymes.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
A Regulatory SNP Causes a Human Genetic Disease by Creating a New Transcriptional Promoter
Marco De Gobbi, Vip Viprakasit, Jim R. Hughes, Chris Fisher, Veronica J. Buckle, Helena Ayyub, Richard J. Gibbons, Douglas Vernimmen, Yuko Yoshinaga, Pieter de Jong, Jan-Fang Cheng, Edward M. Rubin, William G. Wood, Don Bowden, and Douglas R. Higgs
Science 26 May 2006: 1215-1217.
A type of anemia is caused by a change in a single nucleotide, creating a new promoterlike sequence that disrupts transcription of downstream red blood cell genes.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
AXR4 Is Required for Localization of the Auxin Influx Facilitator AUX1
S. Dharmasiri, R. Swarup, K. Mockaitis, N. Dharmasiri, S. K. Singh, M. Kowalchyk, A. Marchant, S. Mills, G. Sandberg, M. J. Bennett, and M. Estelle
Science 26 May 2006: 1218-1220.
Published online 11 May 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1122847] (in Science Express Reports)
An intracellular protein directs a hormone transporter to a specific destination in the plant抯 root that allows it to grow selectively downward in response to gravity.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
CRACM1 Is a Plasma Membrane Protein Essential for Store-Operated Ca2+ Entry
M. Vig, C. Peinelt, A. Beck, D. L. Koomoa, D. Rabah, M. Koblan-Huberson, S. Kraft, H. Turner, A. Fleig, R. Penner, and J.-P. Kinet
Science 26 May 2006: 1220-1223.
Published online 27 April 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1127883] (in Science Express Reports)
Two membrane proteins that control calcium flow into cells upon depletion of intracellular calcium stores are either part of the elusive calcium release—activated calcium channel or act as its regulators.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Regulation of Adult Bone Mass by the Zinc Finger Adapter Protein Schnurri-3
Dallas C. Jones, Marc N. Wein, Mohamed Oukka, Jochen G. Hofstaetter, Melvin J. Glimcher, and Laurie H. Glimcher
Science 26 May 2006: 1223-1227.
A newly identified regulatory protein maintains the proper proportion of growing bones by controlling the degradation of a bone cell growth factor.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Pituitary Adenoma Predisposition Caused by Germline Mutations in the AIP Gene
Outi Vierimaa, Marianthi Georgitsi, Rainer Lehtonen, Pia Vahteristo, Antti Kokko, Anniina Raitila, Karoliina Tuppurainen, Tapani M. L. Ebeling, Pasi I. Salmela, Ralf Paschke, Sadi Gündogdu, Ernesto De Menis, Markus J. Mäkinen, Virpi Launonen, Auli Karhu, and Lauri A. Aaltonen
Science 26 May 2006: 1228-1230.
Molecular and genealogical data from a Finnish population show that benign but health-threatening tumors of the pituitary gland are caused by mutations in a regulatory gene.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Strong Top-Down Control in Southern California Kelp Forest Ecosystems
Benjamin S. Halpern, Karl Cottenie, and Bernardo R. Broitman
Science 26 May 2006: 1230-1232.
The community structure and biomass of California kelp forests are largely controlled by top-down factors such as predatory fish, rather than by levels of dissolved nutrients.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Technical Comments
Comment on "Heterogeneous Hadean Hafnium: Evidence of Continental Crust at 4.4 to 4.5 Ga"
John W. Valley, Aaron J. Cavosie, Bin Fu, William H. Peck, and Simon A. Wilde
Science 26 May 2006: 1139.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »|
Response to Comment on "Heterogeneous Hadean Hafnium: Evidence of Continental Crust at 4.4 to 4.5 Ga"
T. M. Harrison, J. Blichert-Toft, W. Müller, F. Albarede, P. Holden, and S. J. Mojzsis
Science 26 May 2006: 1139.
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