2006年5月19日 美国《科学》周刊312卷 第5776期
猩猩能预先计划
收拾行李准备去阳光明媚的地方度假吗？你大概不用多想就能记住带上遮阳镜和凉鞋，因为你能预知这些东西在海滩上用得上。现在看来，我们人类不是唯一能做这种预先准备的动物，靠一点“心理时间旅行”来想像未来需要的东西。用倭黑猩猩(bonobo chimpanzees)和猩猩(orangutans)做的新研究提出，提前计划的技能至少在1400万年前就出现了，这是倭黑猩猩、猩猩、和人类最后的共同祖先生活的时间，Nicholas Mulcahy和Josep Call说。他们发现，倭黑猩猩和猩猩能够选择一个合适的工具来取一个好吃的东西，把工具带走，几个小时后再把同一个工具带回来取好吃的。研究人员说，看来猩猩为未来的奖赏作了准备。但Thomas Suddendorf 在一篇相关的研究评述中指出，“还需要做更高明的试验来确定猩猩有什么样的远见，什么是它们这个能力的限度”。
报告：Apes Save Tools for Future Use, Nicholas J. Mulcahy and Josep Call
研究评述：Foresight and Evolution of the Human Mind, Thomas Suddendorf
西丛鸦记得别的鸟
西丛鸦储藏食品以备未来的需要，但是它们在藏食品时从翅膀上方左顾右望，担心别的比自己更厉害的鸦来偷窃它们藏的食品。现在，Joanna Dally和同事做的研究首次得到证据表明，西丛鸦能记住它们第一次藏食物时哪个鸟看到了它们，并用这一信息来决定是否应该把食物藏到一个不同的地方来避免被偷。这是否意味着西丛鸦有认知研究人员称为“心理理论”的理解其它生物体思想和意图的能力呢？Dally和同事说，“记住谁在看它们”不一定需要心理理论。反之，这些研究人员提出，这种行为可能是具体的有关未来风险的学习模式或预测。Thomas Suddendorf 在一篇相关的研究评述中讨论了这项研究。
科学特快报告：Food-Caching Western Scrub-Jays Keep Track of Who was Watching When, Joanna M. Dally, Nathan J. Emery, and Nicola S. Clayton
马达加斯加的动物多样性
马达加斯加的某些森林地区比该岛上其他森林地区有更多的本地特有的动物，科学家在一项新研究中为这个使人困惑的现象提出了一个解释。Lucienne Wilmé和同事提出，靠近低纬度的河流或源头地区的森林，比靠近高纬度河流的森林，在气候涨落中变得更隔离。这个隔离会在地区尺度上产生适合新物种形成的条件，文章作者说。在河流和森林分布在较大唯独范围的区域，森林生活的物种，在气候涨落时期，也许有更多的撤退和分散的选择。这可能减少了隔离以及与此有关的促成新物种形成的影响，文章作者提出。这些发现是分析了物种分布与和流河分水岭关系得出的。
报告：Biogeographic Evolution of Madagascar's Microendemic Biota, Lucienne Wilmé, Steven M. Goodman, and Jorg U. Ganzhorn
带有碳纳米管孔的膜
科学家制造出含有单壁和多壁纳米管细孔的膜，并测试了这些膜。这项工作的进一步研究也许能带来可用于从发电厂排放气体中廉价分离二氧化碳或能完成其他任务的膜，一篇相关研究评论说。这些纳米管孔的直径小于2微米，跨越不渗透的表面，能帮助分子传输。Jason Holt和同事观察到的通过纳米孔的气体流动速度，比扩散的预测高出一个数量级。而且通过纳米孔的水的流速超过流体动力学计算的值。这个增强的传输也许是因为纳米管内表面十分光滑，作者说，这与计算机模拟的结果一致。下一步应该是制造既允许高流量、又有高度选择性的膜。本期封面与这项研究有关。
报告：Fast Mass Transport Through Sub-2-Nanometer Carbon Nanotubes, Jason K. Holt, et al.
研究评述：Making High-Flux Membranes with Carbon Nanotubes, David S. Sholl and J. Karl Johnson
用光将氢原子从硅表面撬下来
研究人员用红外激光脉冲有选择地将附着在硅表面的氢原子释放了出来，这是靠激发硅和氢化学键的一个特有频率，这个技巧在过去的试验中没有做出来过。用被称为振动激发的方法有选择地切断化学键也许有商业应用，比如在硅芯片处理中。但是在大多数情况下，红外和可见光不能比较长时间地处于一个化学键的能量范围内来影响原子间的具体化学反应，用简单热能来切断化学键的选择性不高。Zhiheng Liu和同事显示，振动激发能将结合在硅表面的氢原子释放出来，释放的原子数与表面加热的情况下释放的不成比例，但是研究人员还不完全清楚切断化学键的确切机制。John Tully在一篇相关的研究评述中讨论了这些结果。
报告：Desorption of H from Si(111) by Resonant Excitation of the Si-H Vibrational Stretch Mode, Zhiheng Liu, L. C. Feldman, N. H. Tolk, Zhenyu Zhang, and P. I. Cohen
研究评述：Mode-Selective Control of Surface Reactions, John C. Tully
大脑中的“自己”和“他人”
当一个人为另一个人开门时，只要每个人知道他或她的角色，这个过程就能够顺利地进行。（否则会出现像喜剧中常见的场面。）能够作出角色的区别，不仅对温文尔雅的举止来说不可缺少，而且对计划如何与伙伴合作更是至关重要的，Damon Tomlin和同事说。他们的新研究帮助演示了大脑如何区分究竟是自己还是他人的行为对社会相互作用的后果负责。研究人员让志愿者玩一个信任游戏，其中由一个游戏人决定投资多少钱，由另一个游戏人决定给投资人多少倍的回报，研究人员监测了玩游戏人的大脑活动。他们的结果提出，大脑一个叫“扣带回皮层”的区域登记“自己”和“他人”的概念。在试验中，当游戏人做出自己的决定时，他们扣带回皮层的中部变得活跃。当游戏对方的选择被揭示时，游戏人大脑的前叶和后叶区域变得活跃。
报告：Agent-Specific Responses in the Cingulate Cortex During Economic Exchanges, Damon Tomlin, et al.
Contents
Special Feature
UNITED STATES: Chemical Connections
Robin Arnette
Science 19 May 2006: 1067-1068.
Summary »| Full Text »| PDF »|
EUROPE: On the Road to Recovery?
Elisabeth Pain
Science 19 May 2006: 1068-1069.
Summary »| Full Text »| PDF »|
Disciplines and Jobs
Elisabeth Pain
Science 19 May 2006: 1069.
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This Week in Science
Editor summaries of this week's papers.
Science 19 May 2006: 969.
|Full Text »
Editorial:
Science as Smoke Screen
Stephen C. Trombulak, David S. Wilcove, and Timothy D. Male
Science 19 May 2006: 973.
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Editors' Choice
Highlights of the recent literature.
Science 19 May 2006: 974.
|Full Text »
NetWatch
Best of the Web in science.
Science 19 May 2006: 977.
|Full Text »
NEW PRODUCTS
Science 19 May 2006: 1066.
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News of the Week
KOREAN CLONING SCANDAL: Prosecutors Allege Elaborate Deception and Missing Funds
D. Yvette Wohn and Dennis Normile
Science 19 May 2006: 980-981.
Summary »| Full Text »| PDF »|
U.S. MATHEMATICS EDUCATION: Well-Balanced Panel to Tackle Algebra Reform
Jeffrey Mervis
Science 19 May 2006: 982.
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U.S. PATENT POLICY: PTO Wants to Tap Experts to Help Patent Examiners
Eli Kintisch
Science 19 May 2006: 982.
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PALEOANTHROPOLOGY: How the Hobbit Shrugged: Tiny Hominid's Story Takes New Turn
Elizabeth Culotta
Science 19 May 2006: 983-984.
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PALEOANTHROPOLOGY: But Is It Pathological?
Elizabeth Culotta
Science 19 May 2006: 983.
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GENETIC TESTING: U.K. Embryos May Be Screened for Cancer Risk
Laura Blackburn
Science 19 May 2006: 984.
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HUMAN EVOLUTION: Genomes Throw Kinks in Timing of Chimp-Human Split
Elizabeth Pennisi
Science 19 May 2006: 985-986.
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INFECTIOUS DISEASE: RU-486-Linked Deaths Open Debate About Risky Bacteria
Jennifer Couzin
Science 19 May 2006: 986.
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SCIENTIFIC MISCONDUCT: Invention of China's Homegrown DSP Chip Dismissed as a Hoax
Hao Xin
Science 19 May 2006: 987.
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ScienceScope
Science 19 May 2006: 985.
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Random Samples
Science 19 May 2006: 979.
|Full Text »
Newsmakers
Science 19 May 2006: 995.
|Full Text »
News Focus
EDUCATION: Finding Common Ground in the U.S. Math Wars
Jeffrey Mervis
Science 19 May 2006: 988-990.
Summary »| Full Text »| PDF »|
ASTRONOMY: After a Tough Year, ALMA's Star Begins to Rise at Last
Daniel Clery
Science 19 May 2006: 990-991.
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ENERGY ALTERNATIVES: Waiting for ITER, Fusion Jocks Look EAST
Dennis Normile
Science 19 May 2006: 992-993.
Summary »| Full Text »| PDF »|
ENERGY ALTERNATIVES: Asian Fusion
Dennis Normile
Science 19 May 2006: 993.
Summary »| Full Text »| PDF »|
SCIENTIFIC OPENNESS: Should Academics Self-Censor Their Findings on Terrorism?
Yudhijit Bhattacharjee
Science 19 May 2006: 993-994.
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Letters
This Week's Letters
Science 19 May 2006: 997.
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Translation Research and Drug Development
John Erickson
Science 19 May 2006: 997.
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Extinct or Possibly Extinct?
David L. Roberts
Science 19 May 2006: 997-998.
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Incorporating Evolution into Medical Education
Joseph D. McInerney
Science 19 May 2006: 998.
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Benzene Exposure and Hematotoxicity
Steven H. Lamm, Hans W. Grünwald;, Qing Lan, Roel Vermeulen, Luoping Zhang, Guilan Li, Philip S. Rosenberg, Blanche P. Alter, Min Shen, Stephen M. Rappaport, Rona S. Weinberg, Stephen Chanock, Suramya Waidyanatha, Charles Rabkin, Richard B. Hayes, Martha Linet, Sungkyoon Kim, Songnian Yin, Nathaniel Rothman, and Martyn T. Smith
Science 19 May 2006: 998-999.
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Corrections and Clarifications
Science 19 May 2006: 999.
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Books et al.
RISK ASSESSMENT: Predicting Asbestos's Fallout
Jonathan M. Samet
Science 19 May 2006: 1000-1001.
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CLIMATE CHANGE: Weather Effects
Andrew Goudie
Science 19 May 2006: 1001.
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Books Received
Science 19 May 2006: 1001.
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Policy Forum
ENVIRONMENT: Investments Toward Sustainable Development
Jeffrey D. Sachs and Walter V. Reid
Science 19 May 2006: 1002.
Summary »| Full Text »| PDF »|
Perspectives
MATERIALS SCIENCE: Making High-Flux Membranes with Carbon Nanotubes
David S. Sholl and J. Karl Johnson
Science 19 May 2006: 1003-1004.
Summary »| Full Text »| PDF »|
CHEMISTRY: Mode-Selective Control of Surface Reactions
John C. Tully
Science 19 May 2006: 1004-1005.
Summary »| Full Text »| PDF »|
APPLIED PHYSICS: Assembly and Probing of Spin Chains of Finite Size
Harald Brune
Science 19 May 2006: 1005-1006.
Summary »| Full Text »| PDF »|
BEHAVIOR: Enhanced: Foresight and Evolution of the Human Mind
Thomas Suddendorf
Science 19 May 2006: 1006-1007.
Summary »| Full Text »| PDF »|
NEUROSCIENCE: Gatekeeper at the Synapse
Harold L. Atwood
Science 19 May 2006: 1008-1009.
Summary »| Full Text »| PDF »|
CHEMISTRY: Dangerously Seeking Linear Carbon
Ray H. Baughman
Science 19 May 2006: 1009-1110.
Summary »| Full Text »| PDF »|
Review
Genomics and the Irreducible Nature of Eukaryote Cells
C. G. Kurland, L. J. Collins, and D. Penny
Science 19 May 2006: 1011-1014.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Brevia
Dispersal Limitations Matter for Microbial Morphospecies
Richard J. Telford, Vigdis Vandvik, and H. J. B. Birks
Science 19 May 2006: 1015.
Similar to those of larger organisms, diatom communities in freshwater lakes across North America and Europe show regionally restricted patterns, depending in part on lake chemistry.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Research Article
Drilling to Gabbro in Intact Ocean Crust
Douglas S. Wilson, Damon A. H. Teagle, Jeffrey C. Alt, Neil R. Banerjee, Susumu Umino, Sumio Miyashita, Gary D. Acton, Ryo Anma, Samantha R. Barr, Akram Belghoul, Julie Carlut, David M. Christie, Rosalind M. Coggon, Kari M. Cooper, Carole Cordier, Laura Crispini, Sedelia Rodriguez Durand, Florence Einaudi, Laura Galli, Yongjun Gao, Jörg Geldmacher, Lisa A. Gilbert, Nicholas W. Hayman, Emilio Herrero-Bervera, Nobuo Hirano, Sara Holter, Stephanie Ingle, Shijun Jiang, Ulrich Kalberkamp, Marcie Kerneklian, Jürgen Koepke, Christine Laverne, Haroldo L. Lledo Vasquez, John Maclennan, Sally Morgan, Natsuki Neo, Holly J. Nichols, Sung-Hyun Park, Marc K. Reichow, Tetsuya Sakuyama, Takashi Sano, Rachel Sandwell, Birgit Scheibner, Chris E. Smith-Duque, Stephen A. Swift, Paola Tartarotti, Anahita A. Tikku, Masako Tominaga, Eugenio A. Veloso, Toru Yamasaki, Shusaku Yamazaki, and Christa Ziegler
Science 19 May 2006: 1016-1020.
Published online 20 April 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1126090] (in Science Express Research Articles)
A drill core of ocean crust into an underlying solidified magma chamber shows that seismic layers correlate with changes in porosity, not rock type as had been thought.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »|
Reports
Spin Coupling in Engineered Atomic Structures
Cyrus F. Hirjibehedin, Christopher P. Lutz, and Andreas J. Heinrich
Science 19 May 2006: 1021-1024.
Published online 30 March 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1125398] (in Science Express Reports)
The spin interactions of chains of manganese atoms assembled on a thin insulating surface were measured and can be interpreted in terms of an open spin chain model.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Desorption of H from Si(111) by Resonant Excitation of the Si-H Vibrational Stretch Mode
Zhiheng Liu, L. C. Feldman, N. H. Tolk, Zhenyu Zhang, and P. I. Cohen
Science 19 May 2006: 1024-1026.
A laser tuned to a particular stretching frequency can desorb just hydrogen from a surface containing both hydrogen and deuterium, demonstrating selective scission of bonds
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »|
Oligonucleotide-Modified Gold Nanoparticles for Intracellular Gene Regulation
Nathaniel L. Rosi, David A. Giljohann, C. Shad Thaxton, Abigail K. R. Lytton-Jean, Min Su Han, and Chad A. Mirkin
Science 19 May 2006: 1027-1030.
Tight packing of DNA on gold nanoparticles increases its resistance to enzymatic degradation, allowing a higher uptake of DNA.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Preparation of Poly(diiododiacetylene), an Ordered Conjugated Polymer of Carbon and Iodine
Aiwu Sun, Joseph W. Lauher, and Nancy S. Goroff
Science 19 May 2006: 1030-1034.
A polymer consisting of a nearly unadorned linear carbon chain, a long-elusive form of conjugated carbon, can be prepared using nitriles in a co-crystal to orient the monomer.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Fast Mass Transport Through Sub-2-Nanometer Carbon Nanotubes
Jason K. Holt, Hyung Gyu Park, Yinmin Wang, Michael Stadermann, Alexander B. Artyukhin, Costas P. Grigoropoulos, Aleksandr Noy, and Olgica Bakajin
Science 19 May 2006: 1034-1037.
Carbon nanotubes make excellent pores in membranes because their smooth inner surfaces enhance the flow rate.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Apes Save Tools for Future Use
Nicholas J. Mulcahy and Josep Call
Science 19 May 2006: 1038-1040.
Bonobos and orangutans can sequester tools for obtaining food in a lab experiment up to 14 hours later, suggesting that they have the ability to plan for the future.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
CO/FT Regulatory Module Controls Timing of Flowering and Seasonal Growth Cessation in Trees
Henrik Böhlenius, Tao Huang, Laurence Charbonnel-Campaa, Amy M. Brunner, Stefan Jansson, Steven H. Strauss, and Ove Nilsson
Science 19 May 2006: 1040-1043.
Published online 4 May 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1126038] (in Science Express Reports)
Poplar, a perennial tree, contains genes controlling flowering and the onset of dormancy that are homologs of flowering time genes in Arabidopsis.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Emergent Properties of Reduced-Genome Escherichia coli
György Pósfai, Guy Plunkett, III, Tamás Fehér, David Frisch, Günther M. Keil, Kinga Umenhoffer, Vitaliy Kolisnychenko, Buffy Stahl, Shamik S. Sharma, Monika de Arruda, Valerie Burland, Sarah W. Harcum, and Frederick R. Blattner
Science 19 May 2006: 1044-1046.
Published online 27 April 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1126439] (in Science Express Reports)
Targeted deletion of up to 15 percent of the genome of a common bacterium yielded new and improved strains, including ones that could take up foreign DNA more efficiently.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Agent-Specific Responses in the Cingulate Cortex During Economic Exchanges
Damon Tomlin, M. Amin Kayali, Brooks King-Casas, Cedric Anen, Colin F. Camerer, Steven R. Quartz, and P. Read Montague
Science 19 May 2006: 1047-1050.
The abstract ideas of self and other seem to be represented in two distinct regions of the human cingulate cortex.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Bruchpilot Promotes Active Zone Assembly, Ca2+ Channel Clustering, and Vesicle Release
Robert J. Kittel, Carolin Wichmann, Tobias M. Rasse, Wernher Fouquet, Manuela Schmidt, Andreas Schmid, Dhananjay A. Wagh, Christian Pawlu, Robert R. Kellner, Katrin I. Willig, Stefan W. Hell, Erich Buchner, Manfred Heckmann, and Stephan J. Sigrist
Science 19 May 2006: 1051-1054.
Published online 13 April 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1126308] (in Science Express Reports)
A protein necessary for organization of the vesicle release site in neuronal synapses also influences calcium channel localization and interaction with vesicles.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
A Systems Approach to Mapping DNA Damage Response Pathways
Christopher T. Workman, H. Craig Mak, Scott McCuine, Jean-Bosco Tagne, Maya Agarwal, Owen Ozier, Thomas J. Begley, Leona D. Samson, and Trey Ideker
Science 19 May 2006: 1054-1059.
Analysis of transcription factors activated by DNA damage, their binding sites, and the effects of their deletion reveals the regulatory network for the repair response.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Lamin A-Dependent Nuclear Defects in Human Aging
Paola Scaffidi and Tom Misteli
Science 19 May 2006: 1059-1063.
Published online 27 April 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1127168] (in Science Express Reports)
Sporadic defects in the lamin A protein, which helps form the architecture of the nucleus, have been implicated in a premature aging disease and are also responsible for normal aging.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Biogeographic Evolution of Madagascar's Microendemic Biota
Lucienne Wilmé, Steven M. Goodman, and Jörg U. Ganzhorn
Science 19 May 2006: 1063-1065.
The unusually high number of endemic species on Madagascar can be explained by fluctuating past climates and numerous geographic barriers to dispersal.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Technical Comments
Comment on "The Brain of LB1, Homo floresiensis"
R. D. Martin, A. M. MacLarnon, J. L. Phillips, L. Dussubieux, P. R. Williams, and W. B. Dobyns
Science 19 May 2006: 999.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »|
Response to Comment on "The Brain of LB1, Homo floresiensis"
Dean Falk, Charles Hildebolt, Kirk Smith, M. J. Morwood, Thomas Sutikna, Jatmiko, E. Wayhu Saptomo, Barry Brunsden, and Fred Prior
Science 19 May 2006: 999.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »|
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