2006年5月12日 美国《科学》周刊312卷 第5775期
非洲猴新属
在坦赞尼亚新近发现的非洲猴Lophocebus kipunji是2005年首次被科学地描述的，当时它被认为是现有属的一个新种。新研究指出，该猴应被划为一个新属。文章作者说，基于猴子分子系统发生学和形态学的数据分析，该猴不应该被归在Lophocebus属，而应该划为新属Rungwecebus。猴的新学名是R. kipunji，它与狒狒属Papio的亲缘关系比与Lophocebus属要近，后者是两个白睑猴属之一。Rungwecebus是给生活在现代的灵长类在83年中首次建立的一个新属。该属的名字来自Rungwe山，是首次发现这个猴子的地方，也是新研究中描述的样品的发现地。Rungwe山是这个属已知的最大种群生活的地方。研究人员分析的样品是一只亚成年雄性猴，是在当地农民靠森林的玉米地里设的陷阱中发现的，发现时已经死亡。猴子头和躯体总长37厘米，体重约4公斤。Rungwecebus kipunji有浅到中灰色的皮毛，尾部和腹部的皮毛接近白色。猴子有特有的鸣叫，作者说，由于栖息地的破碎和被捕捉，它们处于濒危状态。
科学特快报告：A New Genus of African Monkey, Rungwecebus: Morphology, Ecology, and Molecular Phylogenetics, Tim R.B. Davenport, et al.
大脑中的燃料感应器
科学家发现了调节体重的大脑系统中的一个新组分。大脑的丘脑下部中有一群感应身体中燃料多少的神经元，并根据感应结果影响胃口和代谢。Daniela Cota和同事报告说，除了监测碳水化合物和脂肪的水平外，这个神经回路还响应蛋白的组成部分氨基酸的信号。科学家过去曾发现，大脑外的"mTOR信号通路"结合营养信号与激素信号来控制生长和发育。他们还发现氨基酸亮氨酸增加mTOR信号作用。在这项新研究中，当研究人员将亮氨酸注射到锯齿类动物的大脑中时，激活了下丘脑的mTOR信号作用，降低了食物的摄取和体重。文章作者推测，大脑中与身体其他部分燃料感应通路的不平衡也许使人易患肥胖症或糖尿病。一篇相关的研究评述讨论了这项研究。
报告：The Sand Seas of Titan: Cassini RADAR Observations of Longitudinal Dunes, R. D. Lorenz, et al.
地球的磁场不是在快速消失
来自历史记录和古地磁学测量的新数据提出，地球磁场强度最近的衰减也许是一个近期现象而不是一个固定趋势。自1840年首次精确地测量了地球磁场以来，我们行星的磁场以每世纪5%的速度在减弱。如果这个趋势继续下去，在本千年中的某个时刻地球磁场或者消失或者转换方向。这个强度减弱不可避免吗？David Gubbins和同事现在显示，与近期强度的大幅度减弱相比，地球磁场强度在1590年到1840年间相对稳定。这些研究人员在老航海纪录的帮助下给地球磁场增加了250年的测量纪录，老航海记录中的磁场方向对重建磁场强度有用。Gubbins和同事的分析提出，近期磁场强度减弱中的大部分来自南半球的反向磁通量块的增长和移动。Masaru Kono在一篇相关的研究评述中讨论了这些结果。
报告：Fall in Earth's Magnetic Field Is Erratic, David Gubbins, Adrian L. Jones, and Christopher C. Finlay
研究评述：Ships' Logs and Archeomagnetism, Masaru Kono
中风打开细胞死亡通道
中风使大脑细胞失去关键的氧气和葡萄糖，导致细胞混沌，可以在几分钟内造成细胞死亡。现在，研究人员找到了响应中风应激的关键离子导电通道，该通道促进细胞死亡。Roger Thompson和同事说这些被称为"半通道"的通道也许是预防中风时神经细胞死亡的一个重要的药物靶标。这些研究人员发现，低氧和低葡萄糖的结合打开了大脑的锥体细胞中由Pannexin 1蛋白组成的半通道，从而打开了细胞膜中钙、钠、钾离子功能异常流动的大门，导致细胞死亡。
报告：Ischemia Opens Neuronal Gap Junction Hemichannels, Roger J. Thompson, Ning Zhou, and Brian A. MacVicar
碳保存的无机路径
对瑞士一个湖底湾挖出的淤泥的实验室试验分析提出，作为石油和天然气原料的有机碳是首先通过大部分为机硫化物反应而保存在沉积物中的。这一发现推翻了人们长期认为的一个观点，既涉及细菌的生物过程在碳保存的早期过程中起主要作用。大多数碳保存研究的重点是其晚期阶段，这是碳转化为石油、天然气、和煤的阶段。现在，Yanek Hebting和同事用来自瑞士Cadagno湖的沉积物显示，富碳沉积物中的早期还原反应纯粹是化学的，是在无机硫化物的帮助下进行的。在一篇相关的研究评述中，John Hayes讨论了环境碳所经历的漫长过程，从光合作用到成为埋藏的自然资源。
科学特快报告：Biomarker Evidence for a Major Preservation Pathway of Sedimentary Organic Carbon, Y. Hebting, et al.
科学特快研究评述：The Pathway of Carbon in Nature, John M. Hayes
专题部分：利用病毒
病毒被称为“完美的寄生物”，因为它们大多数具有极为简单的部件不足以被划分为活的生物体。虽然病毒学领域研究的重点是它们如何致病，但是研究人员开始对病毒的其它功能越来越感兴趣。本期封面显示的是植物的豇豆萎黄斑病毒打开和关闭的形态，关闭形态的病毒糖衣的一部分被去掉，以便显示其内腔。这个病毒能被用作基于病毒的纳米材料应用的生物模板，有关的介绍见本期的一篇研究评述。该研究评述与两篇综述文章及一篇新闻报道构成本期的专题部分，介绍了人类健康以外的病毒研究。
专题介绍：Paradigms in the Virosphere, Caroline Ash, Stella Hurtley, Marc Lavine, Stephen Simpson
Contents
Special Issue
Topics in Virology
Paradigms in the Virosphere
Caroline Ash, Stella Hurtley, Marc Lavine, and Stephen Simpson
Science 12 May 2006: 869.
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News
Did DNA Come From Viruses?
Carl Zimmer
Science 12 May 2006: 870-872.
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Perspective
Viruses: Making Friends with Old Foes
Trevor Douglas and Mark Young
Science 12 May 2006: 873-875.
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Reviews
Aggresomes and Autophagy Generate Sites for Virus Replication
Thomas Wileman
Science 12 May 2006: 875-878.
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Type 1 Interferons and the Virus-Host Relationship: A Lesson in Détente
Adolfo García-Sastre and Christine A. Biron
Science 12 May 2006: 879-882.
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Contents
This Week in Science
Editor summaries of this week's papers.
Science 12 May 2006: 809.
|Full Text »
Editorial:
More Silliness on the Hill
Donald Kennedy
Science 12 May 2006: 813.
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Editors' Choice
Highlights of the recent literature.
Science 12 May 2006: 815.
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NetWatch
Best of the Web in science.
Science 12 May 2006: 821.
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NEW PRODUCTS
Science 12 May 2006: 931.
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News of the Week
NASA BUDGET: Crisis Deepens as Scientists Fail to Rejigger Space Research
Andrew Lawler
Science 12 May 2006: 824-825.
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GLOBAL CHANGE: No Doubt About It, the World Is Warming
Richard A. Kerr
Science 12 May 2006: 825.
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INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY: Decision on NFκB Patent Could Have Broad Implications for Biotech
Ken Garber
Science 12 May 2006: 827.
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SCHOLARLY PUBLISHING: Bill Would Require Free Public Access to Research Papers
Jocelyn Kaiser
Science 12 May 2006: 828.
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CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS: Solid Hydrogen Not So Super After All
Adrian Cho
Science 12 May 2006: 828.
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U.S. SCIENCE POLICY: Senate Panel Chair Asks Why NSF Funds Social Sciences
Jeffrey Mervis
Science 12 May 2006: 829.
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CANADA: Research Budgets Are Tight Pending Science Policy Review
Wayne Kondro
Science 12 May 2006: 831.
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SCIENTIFIC PUBLISHING: A Call to Improve South Africa's Journals
Robert Koenig
Science 12 May 2006: 831.
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ScienceScope
Science 12 May 2006: 827.
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Random Samples
Science 12 May 2006: 823.
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Newsmakers
Science 12 May 2006: 843.
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News Focus
GLOBAL HEALTH: Polio Eradication: Is It Time to Give Up?
Leslie Roberts
Science 12 May 2006: 832-835.
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SCIENTIFIC PUBLISHING: A Cure for the Common Trial
David Grimm
Science 12 May 2006: 835-837.
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COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE SOCIETY MEETING: Probing the Social Brain
Greg Miller
Science 12 May 2006: 838-839.
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ASTRONOMY: A Hawaiian Upstart Prepares to Monitor the Starry Heavens
Robert Irion
Science 12 May 2006: 840-841.
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Letters
This Week's Letters
Science 12 May 2006: 845.
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Multiple Outbreaks and Flu Containment Plans
Marc Lipsitch, James M. Robins, Christina E. Mills, and Carl T. Bergstrom
Science 12 May 2006: 845.
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Migratory Birds and Avian Flu
Rob Fergus, Michael Fry, William B. Karesh, Peter P. Marra, Scott Newman, and Ellen Paul
Science 12 May 2006: 845-846.
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Species Diversity and Ecosystem Functioning
Daniel E. Bunker, Shahid Naeem;, Christopher Wills, and Kyle Harms
Science 12 May 2006: 846-848.
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Increase in Foreign Grad Students
Robert M. Yeh
Science 12 May 2006: 848.
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Books et al.
HISTORY OF SCIENCE: Advocating Science for the People
Soraya de Charadevian
Science 12 May 2006: 849-850.
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HISTORY OF SCIENCE: Overshadowed Ports of Call
Alistair Sponsel
Science 12 May 2006: 850.
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Books Received
Science 12 May 2006: 850.
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Policy Forum
PUBLIC HEALTH: Progress Toward Rotavirus Vaccines
Umesh D. Parashar and Roger I. Glass
Science 12 May 2006: 851-852.
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PUBLIC HEALTH: Is Polio Eradication Realistic?
Isao Arita, Miyuki Nakane, and Frank Fenner
Science 12 May 2006: 852-854.
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PUBLIC HEALTH: Who Should Get Influenza Vaccine When Not All Can?
Ezekiel J. Emanuel and Alan Wertheimer
Science 12 May 2006: 854-855.
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Perspectives
ECOLOGY: Photosymbiosis and the Evolution of Modern Coral Reefs
George D. Stanley Jr.
Science 12 May 2006: 857-858.
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PLANT SCIENCE: Auxin Transport, but in Which Direction?
Tobias Sieberer and Ottoline Leyser
Science 12 May 2006: 858-860.
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MATERIALS SCIENCE: Enhanced: Toward Devices Powered by Biomolecular Motors
Henry Hess
Science 12 May 2006: 860-861.
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NEUROSCIENCE: Regulating Energy Balance: The Substrate Strikes Back
Jeffrey S. Flier
Science 12 May 2006: 861-864.
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MATERIALS SCIENCE: Collective Defect Behavior Under Stress
Ladislas Kubin
Science 12 May 2006: 864-865.
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GEOPHYSICS: Ships' Logs and Archeomagnetism
Masaru Kono
Science 12 May 2006: 865-866.
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Brevia
Polar PIN Localization Directs Auxin Flow in Plants
Justyna Wisniewska, Jian Xu, Daniela Seifertová, Philip B. Brewer, Kamil Ruzicka, Ikram Blilou, David Rouquié, Eva Benková, Ben Scheres, and Jirí Friml
Science 12 May 2006: 883.
Published online 6 April 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1121356] (in Science Express Brevia)
The local distribution of auxin transport proteins within cells controls the direction of auxin flow in plants.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Reports
Virus-Enabled Synthesis and Assembly of Nanowires for Lithium Ion Battery Electrodes
Ki Tae Nam, Dong-Wan Kim, Pil J. Yoo, Chung-Yi Chiang, Nonglak Meethong, Paula T. Hammond, Yet-Ming Chiang, and Angela M. Belcher
Science 12 May 2006: 885-888.
Published online 6 April 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1122716] (in Science Express Reports)
Viruses provide a template for growing cobalt oxide nanowires that can be used as battery electrodes, and cobalt oxide杇old hybrid wires that enhance the capacity of nanobatteries.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Formation and Subdivision of Deformation Structures During Plastic Deformation
Bo Jakobsen, Henning F. Poulsen, Ulrich Lienert, Jonathan Almer, Sarvjit D. Shastri, Henning O. Sørensen, Carsten Gundlach, and Wolfgang Pantleon
Science 12 May 2006: 889-892.
X-ray observations reveal that as copper is stretched, grains become ordered along dislocations, and some grains located elsewhere shrink, grow, or split.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Simultaneous Negative Phase and Group Velocity of Light in a Metamaterial
Gunnar Dolling, Christian Enkrich, Martin Wegener, Costas M. Soukoulis, and Stefan Linden
Science 12 May 2006: 892-894.
Light passing through a material with a negative index of refraction simultaneously exhibits negative phase and group velocities.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »|
Observation of Backward Pulse Propagation Through a Medium with a Negative Group Velocity
George M. Gehring, Aaron Schweinsberg, Christopher Barsi, Natalie Kostinski, and Robert W. Boyd
Science 12 May 2006: 895-897.
A light pulse is reshaped as it passes through an optical fiber with a negative refractive index, causing the peak to travel in a backward direction, opposing the flow of energy.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Statistical Independence of Escalatory Ecological Trends in Phanerozoic Marine Invertebrates
Joshua S. Madin, John Alroy, Martin Aberhan, Franz T. Fürsich, Wolfgang Kiessling, Matthew A. Kosnik, and Peter J. Wagner
Science 12 May 2006: 897-900.
A rich marine fossil database implies that although carnivores and their prey have both diversified greatly, their interactions were not the main cause of this evolving diversity.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Fall in Earth's Magnetic Field Is Erratic
David Gubbins, Adrian L. Jones, and Christopher C. Finlay
Science 12 May 2006: 900-902.
Early directional measurements of Earth抯 magnetic field combined with archaeological samples show that the field抯 strength only began to decline after 1840.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »|
Impaired Control of IRES-Mediated Translation in X-Linked Dyskeratosis Congenita
Andrew Yoon, Guang Peng, Yves Brandenburg, Ornella Zollo, Wei Xu, Eduardo Rego, and Davide Ruggero
Science 12 May 2006: 902-906.
A rare disease that increases cancer susceptibility is caused by defective protein synthesis from messenger RNAs that are translated from an internal start site.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
RNA Recognition and Cleavage by a Splicing Endonuclease
Song Xue, Kate Calvin, and Hong Li
Science 12 May 2006: 906-910.
The two catalytic subunits of a dimeric enzyme that cleaves RNA at two sites interact reciprocally.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Molecular Sorting by Electrical Steering of Microtubules in Kinesin-Coated Channels
Martin G. L. van den Heuvel, Martijn P. de Graaff, and Cees Dekker
Science 12 May 2006: 910-914.
Microtubules moving through kinesin motor朿oated channels can be steered by alternating electric fields.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
PIN Proteins Perform a Rate-Limiting Function in Cellular Auxin Efflux
Jan Petrásek, Jozef Mravec, Rodolphe Bouchard, Joshua J. Blakeslee, Melinda Abas, Daniela Seifertová, Justyna Wisniewska, Zerihun Tadele, Martin Kubes, Milada Covanová, Pankaj Dhonukshe, Petr Skupa, Eva Benková, Lucie Perry, Pavel Krecek, Ok Ran Lee, Gerald R. Fink, Markus Geisler, Angus S. Murphy, Christian Luschnig, Eva Zazímalová, and Jirí Friml
Science 12 May 2006: 914-918.
Published online 6 April 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1123542] (in Science Express Reports)
Inserting a specific plant protein and its regulated hormone auxin into nonplant cells shows that the protein can move auxin out of cells on its own.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Oceanographic Basis of the Global Surface Distribution of Prochlorococcus Ecotypes
Heather A. Bouman, Osvaldo Ulloa, David J. Scanlan, Katrin Zwirglmaier, William K. W. Li, Trevor Platt, Venetia Stuart, Ray Barlow, Ole Leth, Lesley Clementson, Vivian Lutz, Masao Fukasawa, Shuichi Watanabe, and Shubha Sathyendranath
Science 12 May 2006: 918-921.
A global census of an abundant photosynthetic marine bacterium reveals that its distribution is predicted by light, nutrients, and other oceanographic parameters.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Wnt Gradient Formation Requires Retromer Function in Wnt-Producing Cells
Damien Y. M. Coudreuse, Giulietta Roël, Marco C. Betist, Olivier Destrée, and Hendrik C. Korswagen
Science 12 May 2006: 921-924.
Published online 27 April 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1124856] (in Science Express Reports)
A multiprotein complex that transports molecules into cells is required for formation of a protein gradient that patterns developing tissues in animals.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Ischemia Opens Neuronal Gap Junction Hemichannels
Roger J. Thompson, Ning Zhou, and Brian A. MacVicar
Science 12 May 2006: 924-927.
When neurons are deprived of oxygen and glucose, the gap-junctional channels between them open, interfering with appropriate ion flow.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Hypothalamic mTOR Signaling Regulates Food Intake
Daniela Cota, Karine Proulx, Kathi A. Blake Smith, Sara C. Kozma, George Thomas, Stephen C. Woods, and Randy J. Seeley
Science 12 May 2006: 927-930.
In addition to responding to carbohydrates and fat in the blood, neurons in the brain can also be activated by blood-borne amino acids, the building blocks of proteins.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Technical Comments
Comment on "Evidence for Positive Epistasis in HIV-1"
Kai Wang, John E. Mittler, and Ram Samudrala
Science 12 May 2006: 848.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »|
Response to Comment on "Evidence for Positive Epistasis in HIV-1"
Sebastian Bonhoeffer, Colombe Chappey, Neil T. Parkin, Jeannette M. Whitcomb, and Christos J. Petropoulos
Science 12 May 2006: 848.
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