| 2006年04月14日 Science中英文摘要 | | 点击： 作者： 来源： 时间： 2006-11-12 本站论坛 |
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2006年4月14日 美国《科学》周刊312卷 第5771期
人类肥胖症的新遗传线索[To top]
科学家发现了一个与成年人和儿童的肥胖症有联系的常见遗传变异。大部分的肥胖症被认为是可遗传的，但与此有关的基因一直比较难以确定。这个可能的易患肥胖症的基因型出现在世界各地人群中大约10%的个体身上，该变异位于INSIG2的上游，INSIG2与总体脂肪代谢有关。这个遗传变异的位置意味着它可能影响INSIG2基因的功能，该基因的蛋白质产物抑制脂肪酸和胆固醇的合成。但是建立这个遗传变异与肥胖症的因果关系仍需要进一步的研究。科学家最初是在弗明汉心脏病研究(Framingham Heart Study)参与者中发现这个联系的，参加这项研究的是没有特殊特征或疾病的正常人。在后续研究中，研究人员在5个不同独立人群的4个中发现了同样的联系，这些人群包括欧洲血统和非洲血统的美国成年人和儿童。研究人员检验了86000个单核苷酸多态性(SNPs)与体质指数的关系，体质指数是用来确定肥胖的体重与身高的一个比率。文章作者提出，常见的遗传多态性很可能是肥胖症的重要决定因素。
报告：A Common Genetic Variant Is Associated with Adult and Childhood Obesity, Alan Herbert, et al.
耐热蠕虫喜欢的温度[To top]
研究人员报告说，虽然生活在深海热液喷口的硫化物虫是地球上最耐热的动物之一，但是它们所能承受的温度并不是那么高。这些学名为Paralvinella sulfincola的多毛目蠕虫(polychaete worms)有多毛的红鳃和长的分节躯体，它们生活在温度极高的热液与冷水混合的岩石上。研究人员一直在争论这些动物究竟能承受多高的温度，因为有些证据表明它们在极高的温度下能存活，但是所有动物细胞中的线粒体在摄氏55度以上可能都失去功能。Peter Girguis和 Raymond Lee修建了一个水族槽来模拟热液环境的高压和快速变化的温度，他们发现这些硫化物虫迁移到温度在45到50摄氏度之间的区域，而且蠕虫在这些区域能呆7 小时之久。这篇简报的作者说，人们还从来没有观察到偏爱这么高温度的生物体。虽然这些蠕虫能短暂地承受略高的温度，但是它们完全不进入超过60摄氏度的区域。所以，尽管P. sulfincola 的确喜欢不同寻常的高温环境，但是温度并没有高到需要新机制来解释它们的线粒体如何工作的程度。
简报：Thermal Preference and Tolerance of Alvinellids, Peter R. Girguis and Raymond W. Lee
海胆受精与新物种[To top]
一项对自然环境中海胆受精遗传学的新研究，给为什么物种的进化率不同提供了可能的线索。Don Levitan和David Ferrell重点研究了确定精子与卵子受精是否适合的“配子识别蛋白”的遗传学。文章作者报告说，当海胆种群密度低时，具有匹配配子识别蛋白的雄性和雌性，比具有不匹配配子识别蛋白的雄性和雌性，能更有效地利用精子从而获得更高的繁殖成功。作者说，在这些低密度种群中，选择不利于全新的配子识别蛋白。与此相反，在高密度海胆种群中，具有与大量精子的蛋白匹配的配子识别蛋白的卵子的死亡率，比具有罕见或全新的配子识别蛋白的卵子高得多。科学家报告说，罕见或全新卵蛋白导致低效的卵子-精子匹配，从而降低了精子穿透卵子的概率，减少了被多个精子受精而导致的卵子死亡。这项研究提出了新物种形成的一个可能途径：高精子密度可能有利于不同种群卵子上独特蛋白的进化，最终导致这些种群间不能互相交配。
报告：Selection on Gamete Recognition Proteins Depends on Sex, Density, and Genotype Frequency, Don R. Levitan and David L. Ferrell
太空分子落户实验室[To top]
一个名为cyclopropenylidene的三角形碳环分子过去只是在星际空间被探测到，现在一个研究小组在地球上的实验室中制造出了稳定的这种分子。稳定的cyclopropenylidenes也许能帮助研究人员更好地了解含碳的分子如何在太空中形成，而且可能为在实验室中稳定其他的星际分子提供一种技术，Vincent Lavallo和同事说。这些研究人员通过将氨基酸连接到三角碳环骨架上去，制造出这个不同寻常的碳分子的室温下稳定的衍生物。添加的氨基酸没有破怀该分子的基本结构，这在稳定类似的卡宾络合物(carbene)分子中曾是很难做到，研究人员说。
科学特快报告：Cyclopropenylidenes: From Interstellar Space to an Isolated Derivative in the Laboratory, Vincent Lavallo, Yves Canac, Bruno Donnadieu, Wolfgang W. Schoeller, and Guy Bertrand
用重组碳链的方法制造燃料？[To top]
一个新的碳链重组技术也许使科学家向用非石油资源（比如煤、天然气和生物量）有效地制造柴油迈进了一步。原油含有很多长链重烃，目前很大的工业基础设施是用来将这些长链降解为短的、更容易处理的短链的。可能取代原油的碳源则有相反的问题，它们的组分通常太短、太轻，不适合发动机应用。Alan Goldman和同事演示了一个将短烃链变成更长或更短片段的方法。将烃链在一起的碳-碳单键通常是非反应性的。本文作者用一个双催化系统解决了这个问题。第一个催化剂去掉部分链上的两个氢原子，使其形成较高反应性的双键。第二个催化剂在氢原子返回之前在双键的地方很快地重新组合这些链。用这个方法，两个6碳的链能被重新组合成一个2碳和一个10碳的链，后者是柴油的一个有用成分。
报告：Catalytic Alkane Metathesis by Tandem Alkane Dehydrogenation-Olefin Metathesis, Alan S. Goldman, et al.
本期专题：生物化学前沿的新工具[To top]
本期的仪器专题部分介绍了生物化学前沿的研究人员是怎样采集在其自然环境-活细胞中蛋白质如何工作的定量信息的。专题部分的文章描述了研究人员用来搞清楚细胞中蛋白质种类和数量、在蛋白质相互作用时观察之、以及探索蛋白质运动的技术和方法。这些已有和即将来临的工具应该能使科学家在或细胞中观察生物化学反应，以及了解每个分子如何起作用。
专题介绍：Proteins at Work, Valda J. Vinson
Contents
Special Issue
Biochemistry: Tools for New Frontiers
Proteins at Work
Valda J. Vinson
Science 14 April 2006: 211.
Summary »| PDF »|
Perspective
Living Cells as Test Tubes
X. Sunney Xie, Ji Yu, and Wei Yuan Yang
Science 14 April 2006: 228-230.
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Reviews
Mass Spectrometry and Protein Analysis
Bruno Domon and Ruedi Aebersold
Science 14 April 2006: 212-217.
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The Fluorescent Toolbox for Assessing Protein Location and Function
Ben N. G. Giepmans, Stephen R. Adams, Mark H. Ellisman, and Roger Y. Tsien
Science 14 April 2006: 217-224.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »|
New Tools Provide New Insights in NMR Studies of Protein Dynamics
Anthony Mittermaier and Lewis E. Kay
Science 14 April 2006: 224-228.
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This Week in Science
Editor summaries of this week's papers.
Science 14 April 2006: 155.
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Editorial:
Nick Cozzarelli
Donald Kennedy
Science 14 April 2006: 159.
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Editors' Choice
Highlights of the recent literature.
Science 14 April 2006: 161.
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NetWatch
Best of the Web in science.
Science 14 April 2006: 169.
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Quarterly Author Index
Science 14 April 2006: 289.
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NEW PRODUCTS
Science 14 April 2006: 289.
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News of the Week
INTERNATIONAL EXCHANGES: Secret Pyongyang Meeting Builds Science Ties Between Two Koreas
Richard Stone
Science 14 April 2006: 172-173.
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CLINICAL MEDICINE: Accident Prompts a Closer Look at Antibody Trials
Eliot Marshall
Science 14 April 2006: 172.
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ARCHAEOLOGY: Iraq Antiquities Find Sparks Controversy
Susan Biggin and Andrew Lawler
Science 14 April 2006: 173.
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CHEMISTRY: Catalyst Combo Offers New Route for Turning Waste Products Into Fuel
Robert F. Service
Science 14 April 2006: 175.
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NUCLEAR POWER: DOE Asked to Fill in the Blanks on Fuel Recycling Research Plan
Eli Kintisch
Science 14 April 2006: 176-177.
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PEER REVIEW: Australia's Proposed U.K.-Style Merit Ranking Stirs Debate
Elizabeth Finkel
Science 14 April 2006: 176.
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U.S. IMMIGRATION: Congress Weighs Steps to Retain Foreign Talent
Yudhijit Bhattacharjee
Science 14 April 2006: 177.
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DEVELOPMENT: Two Unexpected Players Add Twists to Liver's Comeback Story
Gretchen Vogel
Science 14 April 2006: 178.
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PALEOANTHROPOLOGY: Fossils Clinch Identity of Lucy's Ancestor
Ann Gibbons
Science 14 April 2006: 178.
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ASTROBIOLOGY SCIENCE CONFERENCE 2006: Life Slow Enough to Live on Radioactivity
Richard A. Kerr
Science 14 April 2006: 179.
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ASTROBIOLOGY SCIENCE CONFERENCE 2006: Diversity Before Life
Richard A. Kerr
Science 14 April 2006: 179.
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ScienceScope
Science 14 April 2006: 175.
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Random Samples
Science 14 April 2006: 171.
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Newsmakers
Science 14 April 2006: 193.
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News Focus
NUCLEAR RADIATION: Return to the Inferno: Chornobyl After 20 Years
Richard Stone
Science 14 April 2006: 180-182.
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ECOLOGY: Once a Terminal Case, the North Aral Sea Shows New Signs of Life
Christopher Pala
Science 14 April 2006: 183.
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IMMUNOLOGY: Targeting the Tolls
Ingrid Wickelgren
Science 14 April 2006: 184-187.
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COMPUTER SCIENCE: Life in Silico: A Different Kind of Intelligent Design
Kim Krieger
Science 14 April 2006: 189-190.
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NUCLEAR PHYSICS: Scheme for Boiling Nuclear Matter Gathers Steam at Accelerator Lab
Adrian Cho
Science 14 April 2006: 190-191.
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Letters
This Week's Letters
Science 14 April 2006: 195.
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Retraction
David A. Vanden Bout and Laura A. Deschenes
Science 14 April 2006: 195.
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Marketing Drugs Too Early in Testing
Colin B. Begg, Otis Brawley, Robert M. Califf, David L. Demets, Susan S. Ellenberg, and Richard S. Kaplan
Science 14 April 2006: 195.
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Life-Span Extension in Yeast
David A. Sinclair, Su-Ju Lin, Leonard Guarente;, and Jasper Rine
Science 14 April 2006: 195-197.
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Archaeopteryx: The Lost Evidence
Reinhold Leinfelder
Science 14 April 2006: 197-198.
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Corrections and Clarifications
Science 14 April 2006: 198.
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Books et al.
SCHOLARLY PUBLISHING: Who Needs Books?
Sam Elworthy
Science 14 April 2006: 199-200.
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Browsings
Science 14 April 2006: 199.
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SCIENTIFIC PUBLISHING: Considering Multiple Flavors
John E. Enderby
Science 14 April 2006: 200.
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Books Received
Science 14 April 2006: 200.
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Policy Forum
SCIENCE COMMUNICATION: Enhanced: Environmental Science Adrift in the Blogosphere
Alison Ashlin and Richard J. Ladle
Science 14 April 2006: 201.
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Perspectives
EARTHQUAKE ANNIVERSARY: Halfway Through Reid's Cycle and Counting
William L. Ellsworth
Science 14 April 2006: 203-204.
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EARTHQUAKE ANNIVERSARY: Can Buildings Be Made Earthquake-Safe?
Mary C. Comerio
Science 14 April 2006: 204-206.
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IMMUNOLOGY: Thoracic Thymus, Exclusive No Longer
Harald von Boehmer
Science 14 April 2006: 206-207.
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MOLECULAR BIOLOGY: Managing Associations Between Different Chromosomes
Charalampos G. Spilianakis and Richard A. Flavell
Science 14 April 2006: 207-208.
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BIOCHEMISTRY: Enzyme Motions Inside and Out
Stephen J. Benkovic and Sharon Hammes-Schiffer
Science 14 April 2006: 208-209.
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Brevia
Thermal Preference and Tolerance of Alvinellids
Peter R. Girguis and Raymond W. Lee
Science 14 April 2006: 231.
Extraordinarily heat-tolerant worms in hydrothermal vents flourish within steep thermal gradients and prefer temperatures of 40° to 50°C, briefly tolerating 55°C.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Research Articles
Nuclear Receptor-Dependent Bile Acid Signaling Is Required for Normal Liver Regeneration
Wendong Huang, Ke Ma, Jun Zhang, Mohammed Qatanani, James Cuvillier, Jun Liu, Bingning Dong, Xiongfei Huang, and David D. Moore
Science 14 April 2006: 233-236.
After injury to the liver, accumulated bile induces liver regeneration in mice, providing one mechanism for control of organ size.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Atomic Description of an Enzyme Reaction Dominated by Proton Tunneling
Laura Masgrau, Anna Roujeinikova, Linus O. Johannissen, Parvinder Hothi, Jaswir Basran, Kara E. Ranaghan, Adrian J. Mulholland, Michael J. Sutcliffe, Nigel S. Scrutton, and David Leys
Science 14 April 2006: 237-241.
Proton transfer during enzymatic tryptamine oxidation proceeds by tunneling, which occurs over ~0.6 Å and is modulated by short-range thermal motions.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Reports
Piezoelectric Nanogenerators Based on Zinc Oxide Nanowire Arrays
Zhong Lin Wang and Jinhui Song
Science 14 April 2006: 242-246.
Bending a nanowire with the tip of a scanning tunneling microscope separates charges on its polar faces and generates a current when the tip passes to the oppositely charged face.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Control of Electron Localization in Molecular Dissociation
M. F. Kling, Ch. Siedschlag, A. J. Verhoef, J. I. Khan, M. Schultze, Th. Uphues, Y. Ni, M. Uiberacker, M. Drescher, F. Krausz, and M. J. J. Vrakking
Science 14 April 2006: 246-248.
Through manipulation of its amplitude and frequency, a short light pulse can be used to control the dissociation of a deuterium molecule and the direction of the scattered ions.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Hardening by Annealing and Softening by Deformation in Nanostructured Metals
Xiaoxu Huang, Niels Hansen, and Nobuhiro Tsuji
Science 14 April 2006: 249-251.
In contrast to the behavior of most metals, nanostructured aluminum can be strengthened through annealing and made more ductile through deformation.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Diels-Alder in Aqueous Molecular Hosts: Unusual Regioselectivity and Efficient Catalysis
Michito Yoshizawa, Masazumi Tamura, and Makoto Fujita
Science 14 April 2006: 251-254.
Bowl-shaped structures made from organic molecules and palladium can orient aromatic guest substrates to induce specific reactivity, in a manner analogous to enzymes.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Double Perovskites as Anode Materials for Solid-Oxide Fuel Cells
Yun-Hui Huang, Ronald I. Dass, Zheng-Liang Xing, and John B. Goodenough
Science 14 April 2006: 254-257.
A layered fuel cell based on a molybdenum oxide compound shows high resistance to carbon buildup and sulfur poisoning when running on natural gas.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Catalytic Alkane Metathesis by Tandem Alkane Dehydrogenation-Olefin Metathesis
Alan S. Goldman, Amy H. Roy, Zheng Huang, Ritu Ahuja, William Schinski, and Maurice Brookhart
Science 14 April 2006: 257-261.
A pair of catalysts can convert one alkane into a mixture of larger and smaller ones, a step toward efficient generation of fuel from nonpetroleum sources.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
High Natural Aerosol Loading over Boreal Forests
P. Tunved, H.-C. Hansson, V.-M. Kerminen, J. Ström, M. Dal Maso, H. Lihavainen, Y. Viisanen, P. P. Aalto, M. Komppula, and M. Kulmala
Science 14 April 2006: 261-263.
A long-term study in Scandinavia shows that organic gas emissions from upwind boreal forests are a major source of atmospheric aerosols from spring through fall.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
A Bifurcating Pathway Directs Abscisic Acid Effects on Stomatal Closure and Opening in Arabidopsis
Girish Mishra, Wenhua Zhang, Fan Deng, Jian Zhao, and Xuemin Wang
Science 14 April 2006: 264-266.
A plant prevents dehydration by activating a phospholipase that inhibits opening of surface pores through one pathway and closes open ones through another.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Selection on Gamete Recognition Proteins Depends on Sex, Density, and Genotype Frequency
Don R. Levitan and David L. Ferrell
Science 14 April 2006: 267-269.
In wild sea urchins, large amounts of sperm favor the success of rare alleles of sperm recognition proteins, explaining how these proteins can cause rapid speciation.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
CTCF Mediates Interchromosomal Colocalization Between Igf2/H19 and Wsb1/Nf1
Jian Qun Ling, Tao Li, Ji Fan Hu, Thanh H. Vu, Hui Ling Chen, Xin Wen Qiu, Athena M. Cherry, and Andrew R. Hoffman
Science 14 April 2006: 269-272.
A DNA binding protein brings gene sequences from different chromosomes to a common, transcriptionally active region of the nucleus.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Conformational Switches Modulate Protein Interactions in Peptide Antibiotic Synthetases
Alexander Koglin, Mohammad R. Mofid, Frank Löhr, Birgit Schäfer, Vladimir V. Rogov, Marc-Michael Blum, Tanja Mittag, Mohamed A. Marahiel, Frank Bernhard, and Volker Dötsch
Science 14 April 2006: 273-276.
Changes in the structure of a peptide carrier protein that holds a growing peptide chain directs the nonribosomal synthesis of certain antibiotics.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Conservation of RET Regulatory Function from Human to Zebrafish Without Sequence Similarity
Shannon Fisher, Elizabeth A. Grice, Ryan M. Vinton, Seneca L. Bessling, and Andrew S. McCallion
Science 14 April 2006: 276-279.
Published online 23 March 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1124070] (in Science Express Reports)
A human regulatory gene can substitute for the corresponding gene in zebrafish, conferring tissue-specific expression, despite its different sequence.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
A Common Genetic Variant Is Associated with Adult and Childhood Obesity
Alan Herbert, Norman P. Gerry, Matthew B. McQueen, Iris M. Heid, Arne Pfeufer, Thomas Illig, H.-Erich Wichmann, Thomas Meitinger, David Hunter, Frank B. Hu, Graham Colditz, Anke Hinney, Johannes Hebebrand, Kerstin Koberwitz, Xiaofeng Zhu, Richard Cooper, Kristin Ardlie, Helen Lyon, Joel N. Hirschhorn, Nan M. Laird, Marc E. Lenburg, Christoph Lange, and Michael F. Christman
Science 14 April 2006: 279-283.
A common nucleotide variation is associated with obesity in subjects from a 24-year longitudinal heart study and in four other independent groups.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Evidence for a Functional Second Thymus in Mice
Grzegorz Terszowski, Susanna M. Müller, Conrad C. Bleul, Carmen Blum, Reinhold Schirmbeck, Jörg Reimann, Louis Du Pasquier, Takashi Amagai, Thomas Boehm, and Hans-Reimer Rodewald
Science 14 April 2006: 284-287.
Published online 2 March 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1123497] (in Science Express Reports)
Mice have a second thymus in the neck that contributes functional T cells to the immune system.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Technical Comments
Comment on "The Illusion of Invariant Quantities in Life Histories"
Van M. Savage, Ethan P. White, Melanie E. Moses, S. K. Morgan Ernest, Brian J. Enquist, and Eric L. Charnov
Science 14 April 2006: 198.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Response to Comment on "The Illusion of Invariant Quantities in Life Histories"
Sean Nee, Nick Colegrave, Stuart A. West, and Alan Grafen
Science 14 April 2006: 198.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »|
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