2006年4月7日 美国《科学》周刊312卷 第5770期
允许惩罚的小组赢
一项新研究提出，对合作和小组利益来说，没有痛苦就没有收获。科学家报告说，在一个实验游戏中，如果让参加者自由选择的话，他们会首先选择加入不允许惩罚的小组。但是，随着参加者一轮一轮地玩游戏，这些小组中的合作会进行不下去，而且几乎所有的人开始认识到合作会带来更多的报偿，于是他们加入到允许惩罚从而能维持合作的小组中。换到允许惩罚的组的人马上开始积极地惩罚他们新组中不合作的成员，虽然惩罚别人会带来经济损失，而且这些换组的人在原来的组中也表现过不合作行为。一篇相关研究评述的作者指出，了解在什么情况下人们会合作，对解决世界上一些最紧迫的问题，比如全球气候变化，具有极大的意义。
报告：The Competitive Advantage of Sanctioning Institutions, Ozgür Gürerk, Bernd Irlenbusch, and Bettina Rockenbach
研究评述：Cooperation, Punishment, and the Evolution of Human Institutions, Joseph Henrich
开花植物与蚂蚁
科学家重建了蚂蚁的亲缘树，发现在开花植物出现后，蚂蚁的多样性有过一个大爆发。这些事件的估计发生时间提出，开花植物在蚂蚁多样性上起了作用，蚂蚁响应开花植物以及随之进化的其他以植物为食的昆虫提供的新生态机会而多样化。Corrie Moreau 和同事用他们新建的蚂蚁亲缘树提出，一个单一群--细蚁亚科(Leptanillinae)-位于树的底部，其余所有的群分成两个簇。研究人员用化石记录校准了蚂蚁DNA的进化率，得出结论现今的蚂蚁大约是在距今1.4到1.68亿年前出现的。但蚂蚁的多样性只是在1亿年前开始增加，也就是在开花植物出现后不久。
报告：Phylogeny of the Ants: Diversification in the Age of Angiosperms, Corrie S. Moreau, Charles D. Bell, Roger Vila, S. Bruce Archibald, and Naomi E. Pierce
“返古蛋白”解决进化之谜
通过将一个很早以前消失了的蛋白重新复活，研究人员解决了一个常见激素和它的蛋白受体之间“锁与钥匙”关系背后的进化之迷。生物系统中这些高度完善的部件是所谓的“智能设计论”运动的战斗口号，该论点用这些高度完善的系统作为不能再分的复杂体的例子，认为它们不可能在自然选择作用下一步一步地形成。激素血浆醛固酮(aldosterone)比与它结合并被它激活的盐皮质激素(mineralcorticoid)蛋白质受体蛋白质受体出现的晚得多。这个复杂的一对是如何分别进化出它们互相依赖的部分的呢？为了回答这个问题，Jamie Bridgham和同事重建了在一次远古的基因复制中产生了盐皮质激素类受体和糖皮质激素受体的祖先蛋白受体。这个重建蛋白的序列提示，该祖先受体因其与类似激素的亲和性，很有可能能与血浆醛固酮相互作用。研究人员提出，当血浆醛固酮最终在进化中出现后，它雇佣了盐皮质激素作为合适的受体。Christoph Adami在一篇相关的研究评述中写道，类似这样的精心研究“坚决地否定了智能设计论提出的所有观点”。
报告：Evolution of Hormone-Receptor Complexity by Molecular Exploitation, Jamie T. Bridgham, Sean M. Carroll, and Joseph W. Thornton
研究评述：Reducible Complexity, Christoph Adami
马方综合征的新疗法？
一项用小鼠做的新研究提出，治疗高血压的药物洛沙坦也许对在马方综合征(Marfan syndrome)患者身上预防主动脉瘤有用。遗传疾病马方综合征使患者身体的结缔组织有缺陷，使他们成为患威胁生命的主动脉破裂的高危人群。这个疾病的一些特征是转化生长因子β(TGFβ)分子路径信号过度活跃的后果。Jennifer Habashi 和同事用马方综合征的一个小鼠模式显示，增加的TGFβ信号伴随主动脉瘤的形成。他们发现阻碍TGFβ信号的高血压药物洛沙坦，在主动脉瘤已经在小鼠身上形成后，恢复了主动脉壁的正常结构。洛沙坦比现在用的治疗马方综合征的药物能更有效地修复主动脉壁。洛沙坦已经广泛地用于人，并且有好的安全纪录，研究人员提出应该研究用这个药物治马方综合征的可能性。
报告：Losartan, an AT1 Antagonist, Prevents Aortic Aneurysm in a Mouse Model of Marfan Syndrome, Jennifer P. Habashi, et al.
固定量子点的电子自旋态
一个新的激光冷却技术能高保真地生产具有稳定自旋态的量子点。为了量子计算的应用，研究人员希望能生产具有可靠的自旋态的量子点，但是迄今为止，制备和操纵这样的量子点一直很困难。电子自旋可能处于两种状态：自旋向上或自旋向下。但是自旋态会翻转，这使得信息处理所需要的量子点保持一个特有的自旋态变得困难。Mete Atature和同事现在显示，激光制冷能够将量子点上的一个电子的温度从4.2开氏度降到0.02开氏度，使研究人员能够以99.8%的准确性固定量子点的一个特定自旋态。
科学特快报告：Quantum-Dot Spin-State Preparation with Near-Unity Fidelity, Mete Atatüre, et al.
重创中国科学院
本期《政策论坛》作者详细描述了一个旨在重新创建中国科学院并使中国成为“创新性社会”的为期8年的项目。这个项目的名称是“知识创新工程”，现在处于第三阶段，目的是增加中国科学院和其中进行的研究的国际名声。在项目的前两个阶段，知识创新工程降低了中国对国外科学的依赖，吸引了新的领军人物，建立了一个可以与国际最高水平媲美的评价系统。作者说，第三个阶段的一个最困难的挑战是使科学院的重点适合中国宣布的国家研究重点，包括可持续资源、材料科学、人口健康方面的研究。另外，文章作者说，科学院对研究成果的压力导致一些年轻的、有前途的科学家到管理不是那么严的地方寻求出路。虽然知识创新工程的指导带来了一大些令人烦恼的问题，但是该项目已经改进了科学院的工作，在欧洲、美国、以至全世界提高了中国科学的声望。
政策论坛："Knowledge Innovation" and the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Richard P. Suttmeier, Cong Cao, and Denis Fred Simon
Contents
This Week in Science
Editor summaries of this week's papers.
Science 7 April 2006: 15.
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Editorial:
FDA Centennial
Donald Kennedy
Science 7 April 2006: 19.
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Editors' Choice
Highlights of the recent literature.
Science 7 April 2006: 21.
|Full Text »
NetWatch
Best of the Web in science.
Science 7 April 2006: 29.
|Full Text »
NEW PRODUCTS
Science 7 April 2006: 122.
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News of the Week
SOUTH KOREA: Premier Science University Ousts Unpopular President
D. Yvette Wohn
Science 7 April 2006: 32-33.
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U.S. SCIENCE POLICY: Revised NASA Media Rules Promise Greater Openness
Eli Kintisch
Science 7 April 2006: 32.
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PALEONTOLOGY: Fossil Shows an Early Fish (Almost) out of Water
Elizabeth Pennisi
Science 7 April 2006: 33.
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GERMAN SCIENCE: With Friends Like CAESAR's, Who Needs Brutus?
Gretchen Vogel
Science 7 April 2006: 34.
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U.S. OCEAN POLICY: Major Fisheries Bill Introduced in House
Erik Stokstad
Science 7 April 2006: 34.
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CHEMISTRY: New Polymer May Rev Up the Output of Fuel Cells Used to Power Cars
Robert F. Service
Science 7 April 2006: 35.
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DEVELOPMENT AND ECOLOGY: Villagers Drafted Into China's Model of 'Sustainability'
Richard Stone
Science 7 April 2006: 36.
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MEDICINE: Old Drug, New Hope for Marfan Syndrome
John Travis
Science 7 April 2006: 36-37.
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ScienceScope
Science 7 April 2006: 35.
|Full Text »
Random Samples
Science 7 April 2006: 31.
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Newsmakers
Science 7 April 2006: 51.
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News Focus
SCIENTIFIC MISCONDUCT: Cleaning Up the Paper Trail
Jennifer Couzin and Katherine Unger
Science 7 April 2006: 38-43.
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SCIENTIFIC MISCONDUCT: Even Retracted Papers Endure
Katherine Unger and Jennifer Couzin
Science 7 April 2006: 40-41.
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U.S. EDUCATION POLICY: NSF Board Wades Into Swirling Debate on School Reform
Jeffrey Mervis
Science 7 April 2006: 45.
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ARAB SCIENCE: Qatar Taps Wells of Knowledge
Lone Frank
Science 7 April 2006: 46-47.
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ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCE: Technique From Outer Space Takes On Earth Observation
Daniel Clery
Science 7 April 2006: 48-49.
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Letters
This Week's Letters
Science 7 April 2006: 53.
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The Burden of Brain Disorders
Marcelo Cruz, Rachel Jenkins, and Donald Silberberg
Science 7 April 2006: 53.
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Evolution of Metazoa and Fungi
Dirk Redecker;, Antonis Rokas, and Sean B. Carroll
Science 7 April 2006: 53-54.
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Evaluating Education Effectiveness
Bruce Alberts;, Michael J. Feuer, and Jere Confrey
Science 7 April 2006: 54-55.
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Books et al.
ECOLOGY: The Dark Side of Night Lighting
David Hill
Science 7 April 2006: 56.
Summary »| Full Text »| PDF »|
VERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY: True Giants on Earth
David Norman
Science 7 April 2006: 57.
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Books Received
Science 7 April 2006: 57.
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Policy Forum
PRIORITIES AND FUNDING: "Knowledge Innovation" and the Chinese Academy of Sciences
Richard P. Suttmeier, Cong Cao, and Denis Fred Simon
Science 7 April 2006: 58-59.
Summary »| Full Text »| PDF »|
Perspectives
SOCIAL SCIENCE: Enhanced: Cooperation, Punishment, and the Evolution of Human Institutions
Joseph Henrich
Science 7 April 2006: 60-61.
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EVOLUTION: Reducible Complexity
Christoph Adami
Science 7 April 2006: 61-63.
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PHYSICS: New Additions to the Schrödinger Cat Family
Nicolas Gisin
Science 7 April 2006: 63-64.
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CHEMISTRY: Chemistry in a Computer: Advancing the in Silico Dream
Alec M. Wodtke
Science 7 April 2006: 64-65.
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DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY: Mixed Messages in Early Development
Stephen M. Cohen and Julius Brennecke
Science 7 April 2006: 65-66.
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Review
C-H Bond Functionalization in Complex Organic Synthesis
Kamil Godula and Dalibor Sames
Science 7 April 2006: 67-72.
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Brevia
Sexual Conflict via Maternal-Effect Genes in ZW Species
Paige M. Miller, Sergey Gavrilets, and William R. Rice
Science 7 April 2006: 73.
In species with Z and W sex chromosomes (such as birds and butterflies), a model predicts that genes with negative maternal effects on daughters accumulate on the Z chromosome.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »|
Research Articles
Zebrafish MiR-430 Promotes Deadenylation and Clearance of Maternal mRNAs
Antonio J. Giraldez, Yuichiro Mishima, Jason Rihel, Russell J. Grocock, Stijn Van Dongen, Kunio Inoue, Anton J. Enright, and Alexander F. Schier
Science 7 April 2006: 75-79.
Published online 16 February 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1122689] (in Science Express Research Articles)
A small regulatory RNA promotes the degradation of the maternal messenger RNAs that are packaged into the oocyte to guide the first steps of animal development.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Evolution of the Eastern Tropical Pacific Through Plio-Pleistocene Glaciation
Kira T. Lawrence, Zhonghui Liu, and Timothy D. Herbert
Science 7 April 2006: 79-83.
Five million years of sea surface temperature data from the eastern equatorial Pacific point to the southern ocean as the source of the observed variations over long time scales.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Reports
Generating Optical Schrödinger Kittens for Quantum Information Processing
Alexei Ourjoumtsev, Rosa Tualle-Brouri, Julien Laurat, and Philippe Grangier
Science 7 April 2006: 83-86.
Published online 9 March 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1122858] (in Science Express Reports)
Subtraction of a photon from a squeezed coherent light pulse produces a small flying Schrödinger cat state (with an unbound photon), an essential element for quantum communication.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Reactive and Nonreactive Scattering of H2 from a Metal Surface Is Electronically Adiabatic
Pablo Nieto, Ernst Pijper, Daniel Barredo, Guillaume Laurent, Roar A. Olsen, Evert-Jan Baerends, Geert-Jan Kroes, and Daniel Farías
Science 7 April 2006: 86-89.
Published online 9 February 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1123057] (in Science Express Reports)
The interaction of H2 with a platinum surface can be accurately modeled by treating electronic and nuclear motion as separate, confirming a basic approximation in chemical modeling.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Cobalt-Base High-Temperature Alloys
J. Sato, T. Omori, K. Oikawa, I. Ohnuma, R. Kainuma, and K. Ishida
Science 7 April 2006: 90-91.
Alloys based on cobalt maintain their strength at temperatures close to the melting point better than conventional alloys based on nickel or other metals.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »|
New Dust Belts of Uranus: One Ring, Two Ring, Red Ring, Blue Ring
Imke de Pater, Heidi B. Hammel, Seran G. Gibbard, and Mark R. Showalter
Science 7 April 2006: 92-94.
The broad inner ring of Uranus is unusually blue, like Saturn抯 E ring at the same relative distance, and also has an embedded moon; the outer ring is red like Saturn抯 G ring.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Deconvolution of the Factors Contributing to the Increase in Global Hurricane Intensity
C. D. Hoyos, P. A. Agudelo, P. J. Webster, and J. A. Curry
Science 7 April 2006: 94-97.
Published online 16 March 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1123560] (in Science Express Reports)
Higher sea surface temperature was the only statistically significant controlling variable related to the upward trend in global hurricane strength since 1970.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Evolution of Hormone-Receptor Complexity by Molecular Exploitation
Jamie T. Bridgham, Sean M. Carroll, and Joseph W. Thornton
Science 7 April 2006: 97-101.
A steroid receptor developed its modern specificity by changes in two amino acids, followed by modification of a steroid biosynthetic enzyme to make its ligand.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Phylogeny of the Ants: Diversification in the Age of Angiosperms
Corrie S. Moreau, Charles D. Bell, Roger Vila, S. Bruce Archibald, and Naomi E. Pierce
Science 7 April 2006: 101-104.
A phylogeny constructed with DNA sequence data from 139 of the 288 extantant genera indicates that modern ants arose 140 to 170 million years ago but diversified much later.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Platelet-Derived Serotonin Mediates Liver Regeneration
Mickael Lesurtel, Rolf Graf, Boris Aleil, Diego J. Walther, Yinghua Tian, Wolfram Jochum, Christian Gachet, Michael Bader, and Pierre-Alain Clavien
Science 7 April 2006: 104-107.
In mice, regeneration of damaged liver tissue unexpectedly requires the neurotransmitter serotonin carried by circulating blood platelets.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
The Competitive Advantage of Sanctioning Institutions
Özgür Gürerk, Bernd Irlenbusch, and Bettina Rockenbach
Science 7 April 2006: 108-111.
People choosing between two artificial societies initially pick one that tolerates free-loaders, but ultimately prefer the greater rewards of the other, in which free-loaders are punished.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Darwinian Evolution Can Follow Only Very Few Mutational Paths to Fitter Proteins
Daniel M. Weinreich, Nigel F. Delaney, Mark A. DePristo, and Daniel L. Hartl
Science 7 April 2006: 111-114.
Of 120 ways in which an enzyme can sequentially acquire five mutations that together confer drug resistance, 102 fail because the intermediate combinations decrease fitness.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Naïve and Memory CD4+ T Cell Survival Controlled by Clonal Abundance
Jason Hataye, James J. Moon, Alexander Khoruts, Cavan Reilly, and Marc K. Jenkins
Science 7 April 2006: 114-116.
Published online 2 March 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1124228] (in Science Express Reports)
Clonal subpopulations of immune T cells—each of which binds to a different antigen—are more stable if they contain smaller numbers of cells.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Losartan, an AT1 Antagonist, Prevents Aortic Aneurysm in a Mouse Model of Marfan Syndrome
Jennifer P. Habashi, Daniel P. Judge, Tammy M. Holm, Ronald D. Cohn, Bart L. Loeys, Timothy K. Cooper, Loretha Myers, Erin C. Klein, Guosheng Liu, Carla Calvi, Megan Podowski, Enid R. Neptune, Marc K. Halushka, Djahida Bedja, Kathleen Gabrielson, Daniel B. Rifkin, Luca Carta, Francesco Ramirez, David L. Huso, and Harry C. Dietz
Science 7 April 2006: 117-121.
A mouse study suggests that life-threatening heart defects in patients with Marfan syndrome may be preventable by losartan, a drug widely given for high blood pressure.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Technical Comments
Comment on "PDK1 Nucleates T Cell Receptor-Induced Signaling Complex for NF-B Activation"
Thomas Gruber, Michael Freeley, Nikolaus Thuille, Isabelle Heit, Stephen Shaw, Aideen Long, and Gottfried Baier
Science 7 April 2006: 55.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »|
Response to Comment on "PDK1 Nucleates T Cell Receptor-Induced Signaling Complex for NF-B Activation"
Ki-young Lee, Jae-Hyuck Shim, Matthew S. Hayden, Jan-Schulze Luehrmann, and Sankar Ghosh
Science 7 April 2006: 55.
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