| 2006年03月24日 Science中英文摘要 | | 点击： 作者： 来源： 时间： 2006-11-12 本站论坛 |
|  | 
2006年3月24日 美国《科学》周刊311卷 第5768期
未来海平面的上升
两篇新研究报告指出，到2100年地球的变暖可能足以使格陵兰岛冰架大面积融化以及南极冰架部分地坍塌，这两项模型研究比较了12.9万年前和过去100年中地球的气候。Bette Otto-Bliesner和同事结合古气象数据、气候模型、以及冰架模型确定了大约12.9万年前的最后一个间冰期格陵兰岛的冰架有多大，那时的海平面比现在的高出几米。以他们重建的那时的表面温度为基础，他们估计，在第二个距今最近的冰消期格陵兰岛冰架和北冰洋冰原对海平面上升的贡献在2.2到3.4米之间。在一篇相关的论文中，Jonathan Overpeck和同事将同一个模型对未来130年气候变暖的预测与Otto-Bliesner等人的论文的气候重建做了比较，得出结论，21世纪末的表面温度将接近12.9万年前的温度。如果过去是未来的指导的话，那将意味着21世纪末时足够多的格陵兰岛冰架将融化，并将导致海平面上升好几米。
报告：Paleoclimatic Evidence for Future Ice-Sheet Instability and Rapid Sea-Level Rise, Jonathan T. Overpeck, et al.
报告：Simulating Arctic Climate Warmth and Icefield Retreat in the Last Interglaciation, Bette L. Otto-Bliesner, et al.
冰川地震的次数增加
一项新研究指出，格陵兰岛2002年以来，由冰川和冰河大的、突然的运动所导致的“冰川地震”发生的次数在增加。文章作者从1993年1月到2005年10月，用一个全球地震仪网络监测了格陵兰岛冰川地震的发生。作者说，地震发生频率的增加以及冰川地震的夏季发生都与观察到的来自格陵兰岛冰架的冰川出口运动速度加快是一致的，而且与最近几年中冰架大面积融化相关联。一篇相关研究评述的作者说，冰川地震频率的增加也许可以作为冰架动力学变化的一个标志，而且用它们产生的地震波来探测这些事件的能力为监视冰川活动提供了一个新的强有力的方法。
报告：Seasonality and Increasing Frequency of Greenland Glacial Earthquakes, Goran Ekstrom, Meredith Nettles, and Victor C. Tsai
研究评述：Greenland Rumbles Louder as Glaciers Accelerate, Ian Joughin
疗法暂停免疫进攻使糖尿病痊愈
造成1型糖尿病的原因是身体的免疫系统进攻自己的产生胰岛素的β胰岛细胞，所以治疗的重点必须集中在停止这个免疫反应，同时补充损失的β胰岛细胞。2003年研究人员曾演示一组复杂疗法，用移植脾细胞来补充β胰岛细胞数量的方法部分地逆转了小鼠的1型糖尿病。本期刊登的三篇论文重复了这个疗法，但提出这些小鼠的糖尿病“治好了”不是因为补充了β胰岛细胞，而可能是因为移植脾细胞激发了免疫系统，阻止了其对β胰岛细胞的进攻。这三篇论文分别来自Junko Nishio和同事，Anita Chong和同事，以及Anish Suri和同事。这三个小组在患糖尿病的小鼠身上没有发现脾细胞移植导致新的β胰岛细胞产生的任何证据，但是移植的同时给小鼠注射的抗免疫药物也许让身体的免疫系统“暂停”对β胰岛细胞的进攻，从而使少数剩下的宿主细胞得以恢复，产生足够的胰岛素使糖尿病得到逆转。
报告：Reversal of Diabetes in Non-Obese Diabetic Mice Without Spleen Cell-Derived β Cell Regeneration, Anita S. Chong, et al.
报告：Islet Recovery and Reversal of Murine Type 1 Diabetes in the Absence of Any Infused Spleen Cell Contribution, Junko Nishio, et al.
报告：Immunological Reversal of Autoimmune Diabetes Without Hematopoietic Replacement of β Cells, Anish Suri, et al.
特洛伊木马输送杀癌病毒
一个用免疫细胞“特洛伊木马”输送的消灭肿瘤的牛痘苗病毒为小鼠提供了有效的抗肿瘤治疗。这个组合疗法是被称为“智能炸弹”类的癌症治疗法中的一个新成员，这类疗法的特点是直接针对肿瘤而不影响周围的组织。Steve Thorne和同事将分别具有抗癌前景的牛痘苗病毒与细胞因子诱导的杀伤 (CIK)细胞结合起来，形成了一个强有力的二位体。CIK细胞能在深入到小鼠身上生长的肿瘤细胞的所有部位之后再释放出它们运载的病毒。一旦进入了肿瘤，牛痘苗病毒和CIK细胞一起工作来加强相互的杀癌细胞的能力。研究人员发现治疗的48小时后，肿瘤以外的组织中几乎没有病毒的存在。
报告：Synergistic Antitumor Effects of Immune Cell-Viral Biotherapy, Steve H. Thorne, Robert S. Negrin, and Christopher H. Contag
单分子逻辑电路
研究人员用单壁碳纳米管制造了一个单分子的逻辑电路。陈志红(音译)和同事在这篇简报中指出，这个新的电路给碳纳米管在未来电子器件中的应用增加了新的可能性。通过将12个不同金属组分的场效应管布置在一个长度为18微米的纳米管上，陈和同事制造了一个名为环形振荡器的低功率逻辑器件。这些研究人员说，这个沿单个纳米管构建的集成电路演示纳米管可以类似于硅晶片“被用作电子器件的基础”。
简报：An Integrated Logic Circuit Assembled on a Single Carbon Nanotube, Zhihong Chen, et al.
RNA干扰给果蝇以抗病毒的保护
科学家报告说，RNA干扰(RNAi)为果蝇提供了抗病毒的先天性免疫。尽管科学家已经清楚地演示了RNA干扰在植物对付病毒感染中起的作用，但是RNAi在动物身上的作用还不是很清楚。来自组织培养细胞和美丽线虫系统的证据提出RNAi起类似的作用，但是在此之前没有用内源病毒与整个动物的系统得到的决定性证据。现在王小红（音译）和同事显示，果蝇胚胎和成虫对需要RNAi机制的昆虫病毒都能发起大的先天性免疫响应，而且这个先天性免疫抵抗与由toll和免疫缺陷路经提供的细菌抵抗区分不开。
科学特快报告：RNA Interference Directs Innate Immunity Against Viruses in Adult Drosophila, Xiao-Hong Wang, et al.
Contents
This Week in Science
Editor summaries of this week's papers.
Science 24 March 2006: 1669.
|Full Text »
Editorial:
Ice and History
Donald Kennedy and Brooks Hanson
Science 24 March 2006: 1673.
Summary »| PDF »|
Editors' Choice
Highlights of the recent literature.
Science 24 March 2006: 1675.
|Full Text »
NetWatch
Best of the Web in science.
Science 24 March 2006: 1685.
|Full Text »
NEW PRODUCTS
Science 24 March 2006: 1785.
Summary »| PDF »|
News of the Week
DRUG TRIALS: Violent Reaction to Monoclonal Antibody Therapy Remains a Mystery
Eliot Marshall
Science 24 March 2006: 1688-1689.
Summary »| Full Text »| PDF »|
COSMOLOGY: Long-Awaited Data Sharpen Picture of Universe's Birth
Adrian Cho
Science 24 March 2006: 1689.
Summary »| Full Text »| PDF »|
ORGANIC ELECTRONICS: Plastics Break the Speed Barrier
Robert F. Service
Science 24 March 2006: 1691.
Summary »| Full Text »| PDF »|
U.S. SCIENCE POLICY: Cancer Institute Director Tapped for FDA
Jocelyn Kaiser and Jennifer Couzin
Science 24 March 2006: 1692.
Summary »| Full Text »| PDF »|
AVIAN INFLUENZA: Studies Suggest Why Few Humans Catch the H5N1 Virus
Dennis Normile
Science 24 March 2006: 1692.
Summary »| Full Text »| PDF »|
CONDENSED-MATTER PHYSICS: Free-Flowing Supersolid Confirmed, But Origins Remain Murky
Adrian Cho
Science 24 March 2006: 1693.
Summary »| Full Text »| PDF »|
IMMUNOLOGY: Diabetes Studies Conflict on Power of Spleen Cells
Jennifer Couzin
Science 24 March 2006: 1694.
Summary »| Full Text »| PDF »|
SCIENTIFIC PUBLISHING: Turmoil Threatens to Sink Canadian Journal
Paul Webster
Science 24 March 2006: 1695.
Summary »| Full Text »| PDF »|
RESEARCH MISCONDUCT: Seoul National University Dismisses Hwang
Yvette Wohn
Science 24 March 2006: 1695.
Summary »| Full Text »| PDF »|
MICROBIAL ECOLOGY: How a Marine Bacterium Adapts to Multiple Environments
Elizabeth Pennisi
Science 24 March 2006: 1697.
Summary »| Full Text »| PDF »|
ScienceScope
Science 24 March 2006: 1691.
|Full Text »
Random Samples
Science 24 March 2006: 1687.
|Full Text »
Newsmakers
Science 24 March 2006: 1707.
|Full Text »
News Focus
CLIMATE CHANGE: A Worrying Trend of Less Ice, Higher Seas
Richard A. Kerr
Science 24 March 2006: 1698-1701.
Summary »| Full Text »| PDF »|
CLIMATE CHANGE: Along the Road From Kyoto
Eli Kintisch
Science 24 March 2006: 1702-1703.
Summary »| PDF »|
GENETICS: A Clearer View of Macular Degeneration
Jean Marx
Science 24 March 2006: 1704-1705.
Summary »| Full Text »| PDF »|
Letters
This Week's Letters
Science 24 March 2006: 1709.
Summary »| PDF »|
How Many New Genes Are There?
Leo J. Lee, Timothy R. Hughes, Brendan J. Frey;, Piero Carninci, Julian Gough, Takeya Kasukawa, and Yoshihide Hayashizaki
Science 24 March 2006: 1709-1711.
Full Text »| PDF »|
Why Suicide Rates Are High in China
Michael Eddleston and David Gunnell
Science 24 March 2006: 1711-1713.
Full Text »| PDF »|
Corrections and Clarifications
Science 24 March 2006: 1713.
Full Text »| PDF »|
Books et al.
MOVIES: PRIMATOLOGY: The Greatest of Apes
Guy Cowlishaw
Science 24 March 2006: 1714.
Summary »| Full Text »| PDF »|
BOTANY: Conservation Lessons from Herbaria
Mike Maunder
Science 24 March 2006: 1715.
Summary »| Full Text »| PDF »|
Browsing
Science 24 March 2006: 1715.
Full Text »| PDF »|
Books Received
Science 24 March 2006: 1715.
Summary »|
Policy Forum
SCIENCE AND LAW: Intellectual Property and Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research
Jeanne F. Loring and Cathryn Campbell
Science 24 March 2006: 1716-1717.
Summary »| Full Text »| PDF »|
Perspectives
CLIMATE CHANGE: Greenland Rumbles Louder as Glaciers Accelerate
Ian Joughin
Science 24 March 2006: 1719-1720.
Summary »| Full Text »| PDF »|
CLIMATE CHANGE: Hitting the Ice Sheets Where It Hurts
Robert Bindschadler
Science 24 March 2006: 1720-1721.
Summary »| Full Text »| PDF »|
BIOMEDICINE: Lowering LDL--Not Only How Low, But How Long?
Michael S. Brown and Joseph L. Goldstein
Science 24 March 2006: 1721-1723.
Summary »| Full Text »| PDF »|
CHEMISTRY: Enhanced: Dissolved Natural Organic Matter as a Microreactor
John P. Hassett
Science 24 March 2006: 1723-1724.
Summary »| Full Text »| PDF »|
EVOLUTION: Tracing Oxygen's Imprint on Earth's Metabolic Evolution
Paul G. Falkowski
Science 24 March 2006: 1724-1725.
Summary »| Full Text »| PDF »|
Reviews
Mutation Pressure and the Evolution of Organelle Genomic Architecture
Michael Lynch, Britt Koskella, and Sarah Schaack
Science 24 March 2006: 1727-1730.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
The Nature and Dynamics of Bacterial Genomes
Howard Ochman and Liliana M. Davalos
Science 24 March 2006: 1730-1733.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Brevia
An Integrated Logic Circuit Assembled on a Single Carbon Nanotube
Zhihong Chen, Joerg Appenzeller, Yu-Ming Lin, Jennifer Sippel-Oakley, Andrew G. Rinzler, Jinyao Tang, Shalom J. Wind, Paul M. Solomon, and Phaedon Avouris
Science 24 March 2006: 1735.
The use of different metals to form electrical contacts allows two types of transistors to be assembled along the same nanotube to form a ring oscillator.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Research Article
Niche Partitioning Among Prochlorococcus Ecotypes Along Ocean-Scale Environmental Gradients
Zackary I. Johnson, Erik R. Zinser, Allison Coe, Nathan P. McNulty, E. Malcolm S. Woodward, and Sallie W. Chisholm
Science 24 March 2006: 1737-1740.
Clades of the most common phytoplankton in the Atlantic Ocean are specialized for particular regions demarcated by temperature, light, and the presence of competitors.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Reports
General Strategies for Nanoparticle Dispersion
Michael E. Mackay, Anish Tuteja, Phillip M. Duxbury, Craig J. Hawker, Brooke Van Horn, Zhibin Guan, Guanghui Chen, and R. S. Krishnan
Science 24 March 2006: 1740-1743.
Because their small size enhances their surface contact, chemically dissimilar nanoparticles can be blended with polymers, whereas larger particles separate out.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Microheterogeneity of Singlet Oxygen Distributions in Irradiated Humic Acid Solutions
Douglas E. Latch and Kristopher McNeill
Science 24 March 2006: 1743-1747.
Published online 23 February 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1121636] (in Science Express Reports)
A hydrophobic probe reveals that there is much more reactive singlet oxygen, which degrades pollutants, in aqueous suspensions of organic matter than has been thought.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Paleoclimatic Evidence for Future Ice-Sheet Instability and Rapid Sea-Level Rise
Jonathan T. Overpeck, Bette L. Otto-Bliesner, Gifford H. Miller, Daniel R. Muhs, Richard B. Alley, and Jeffrey T. Kiehl
Science 24 March 2006: 1747-1750.
Simulations of Earth抯 climate 130,000 years ago, compared with warming projected to occur over the next century, imply that widespread melting of the Greenland Ice Sheet is possible.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Simulating Arctic Climate Warmth and Icefield Retreat in the Last Interglaciation
Bette L. Otto-Bliesner, Shawn J. Marshall, Jonathan T. Overpeck, Gifford H. Miller, Aixue Hu, and CAPE Last Interglacial Project members
Science 24 March 2006: 1751-1753.
Simulations of ice dynamics and climate 130,000 years ago indicate that melting of ice sheets in Greenland and the Canadian Arctic raised sea level by 2.2 to 3.4 meters.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Measurements of Time-Variable Gravity Show Mass Loss in Antarctica
Isabella Velicogna and John Wahr
Science 24 March 2006: 1754-1756.
Published online 2 March 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1123785] (in Science Express Reports)
Satellite measurements of Earth抯 gravity reveal that the mass of ice in Antarctica decreased from 2002 to 2005, mainly from losses in the West Antarctic Ice Sheet.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »|
Seasonality and Increasing Frequency of Greenland Glacial Earthquakes
Göran Ekström, Meredith Nettles, and Victor C. Tsai
Science 24 March 2006: 1756-1758.
Greenland glacier earthquakes produced beneath ice streams and outlet glaciers occur more often in summer and have doubled in frequency over the past 5 years.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »|
The Preparation and Structures of Hydrogen Ordered Phases of Ice
Christoph G. Salzmann, Paolo G. Radaelli, Andreas Hallbrucker, Erwin Mayer, and John L. Finney
Science 24 March 2006: 1758-1761.
The addition of hydrochloric acid to disordered phases of ice unlocks some of the trapped molecules and reveals two new high-pressure phases.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »|
Structure of Tracheal Cytotoxin in Complex with a Heterodimeric Pattern-Recognition Receptor
Chung-I Chang, Yogarany Chelliah, Dominika Borek, Dominique Mengin-Lecreulx, and Johann Deisenhofer
Science 24 March 2006: 1761-1764.
A bacterial peptide activates innate immune responses in Drosophila by inducing two recognition proteins to bind to each other.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
The Effect of Oxygen on Biochemical Networks and the Evolution of Complex Life
Jason Raymond and Daniel Segrè
Science 24 March 2006: 1764-1767.
Models that determine all possible biochemical reactions possible from sets of starting molecules show how oxygen permitted the evolution of complex metabolic systems.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Genomic Islands and the Ecology and Evolution of Prochlorococcus
Maureen L. Coleman, Matthew B. Sullivan, Adam C. Martiny, Claudia Steglich, Kerrie Barry, Edward F. DeLong, and Sallie W. Chisholm
Science 24 March 2006: 1768-1770.
As with other bacteria, genetic differences between closely related strains of phytoplankton are clustered in genomic islands, probably acquired by phage-assisted lateral gene transfer.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Toll-Like Receptor Triggering of a Vitamin D-Mediated Human Antimicrobial Response
Philip T. Liu, Steffen Stenger, Huiying Li, Linda Wenzel, Belinda H. Tan, Stephan R. Krutzik, Maria Teresa Ochoa, Jürgen Schauber, Kent Wu, Christoph Meinken, Diane L. Kamen, Manfred Wagner, Robert Bals, Andreas Steinmeyer, Ulrich Zügel, Richard L. Gallo, David Eisenberg, Martin Hewison, Bruce W. Hollis, John S. Adams, Barry R. Bloom, and Robert L. Modlin
Science 24 March 2006: 1770-1773.
Published online 23 February 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1123933] (in Science Express Reports)
In humans, vitamin D is necessary for efficient induction of antimicrobial peptides that act against tuberculosis, perhaps explaining the therapeutic effect of sunlight.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Reversal of Diabetes in Non-Obese Diabetic Mice Without Spleen Cell-Derived ß Cell Regeneration
Anita S. Chong, Jikun Shen, Jing Tao, Dengping Yin, Andrey Kuznetsov, Manami Hara, and Louis H. Philipson
Science 24 March 2006: 1774-1775.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Islet Recovery and Reversal of Murine Type 1 Diabetes in the Absence of Any Infused Spleen Cell Contribution
Junko Nishio, Jason L. Gaglia, Stuart E. Turvey, Christopher Campbell, Christophe Benoist, and Diane Mathis
Science 24 March 2006: 1775-1778.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Immunological Reversal of Autoimmune Diabetes Without Hematopoietic Replacement of ß Cells
Anish Suri, Boris Calderon, Thomas J. Esparza, Katherine Frederick, Patrice Bittner, and Emil R. Unanue
Science 24 March 2006: 1778-1780.
Symptoms of type 1 diabetes can be alleviated in mice treated with spleen cells from another mouse, but not via transdifferentiation of the transplanted cells as had been suggested.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Synergistic Antitumor Effects of Immune Cell-Viral Biotherapy
Steve H. Thorne, Robert S. Negrin, and Christopher H. Contag
Science 24 March 2006: 1780-1784.
A combination cancer therapy, in which tumor-seeking immune cells deliver a tumor-destroying virus, is more effective in mice than either approach alone.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Technical Comments
Comment on "Changes in Tropical Cyclone Number, Duration, and Intensity in a Warming Environment"
Johnny C. L. Chan
Science 24 March 2006: 1713.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »|
Response to Comment on "Changes in Tropical Cyclone Number, Duration, and Intensity in a Warming Environment"
P. J. Webster, J. A. Curry, J. Liu, and G. J. Holland
Science 24 March 2006: 1713.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »|
|
上一篇：2006年03月17日 Science中英文摘要 下一篇：2006年03月31日 Science中英文摘要 | |
|
|
|
