| 2006年03月03日 Science中英文摘要 | 点击： 作者： 来源： 时间： 2006-11-12 本站论坛
|
|  | 
2006年3月3日 美国《科学》周刊311卷 第5765期
乐于助人的黑猩猩
我们通常认为“出于好心”帮助与自己没有血缘关系的他人，是唯人类独有的行为，但是两项对黑猩猩的新研究提出，这些离我们进化关系最近的动物也能像人类一样互相帮助。在其中一项研究中，Felix Warneken和Michael Tomasello观察了18个月大的人类幼儿和年轻的黑猩猩，看他们在成年人完成简单任务有明显困难时是否会提供帮助，这些简单任务包括将书整齐地摞起来和从高处取物体。幼儿看来懂得成年人的困难，他们热心地帮助成年人完成所有的测试任务。黑猩猩虽然愿意帮助人从高出取物体，但在帮助完成其它任务上不可靠。研究人员的结论是，"虽然儿童和黑猩猩都愿意帮助，但是他们对他人在不同情况下需要帮助的理解能力不同。”
人类还习惯性地与没有血缘关系的他人合作完成一项具体任务或解决一个问题。在另一项研究中，Alicia Melis和同事演示，黑猩猩也有类似的合作行为，甚至会选择黑猩猩“专家”来帮助他们完成任务。这些研究人员设计了一系列的试验，需要黑猩猩调动其他黑猩猩帮助他们从一个高台上取下食物。这些黑猩猩似乎能记住他们与不同伙伴合作的成功率，并且最终选择那些更熟练的取食物伙伴。在一篇相关的研究评述中，Joan Silk讨论了为什么Warneken和Melis等黑猩猩研究人员要通过研究黑猩猩来发现人类合作的根源。
报告：Altruistic Helping in Human Infants and Young Chimpanzees, Felix Warneken and Michael Tomasello
报告：Chimpanzees Recruit the Best Collaborators, Alicia P. Melis, Brian Hare, and Michael Tomasello
研究评述：Who Are More Helpful, Humans or Chimpanzees?, Joan B. Silk
南极洲冰原在减少
一项新的对整个南极洲冰原的综合考察提出，冰的总质量从2002年4月到2005年8月以每年152±80立方公里的速度在减少，这主要是因为西南极洲大冰原(West Antarctic Ice Sheet)的减少。文章作者用来自GRACE(Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment)卫星的数据来解决估计整个南极洲冰原的增加和减少这个棘手的问题，这个测量对确定冰原对全球海平面变化的贡献是必需的。GRACE卫星提供地球总体重力场每月的估值。重力场随时间的变化能被用来确定地球的质量分布，从质量分布进一步得到对南极洲冰原变化的估计。文章作者对南极洲冰原消失量估计中内在的不确定性主要来自地球过去几千年中的冰川后回升问题。作者说，GRACE卫星数据更多的积累应该能让研究人员找到不受冰川后回升误差影响的长期冰原消失率的变化。
科学特快报告：Measurements of Time-Variable Gravity Show Mass Loss in Antarctica, Isabella Velicogna and John Wahr
非洲面临未来更多的干旱？
到本世纪末，非洲大陆的四分之一将面临严重缺水问题，由全球变暖造成的降雨量的变化将使一些常年湖和溪流干枯。Maarten de Wit和Jacek Stankiewicz说，在旱灾已经在定期地发生、人们对局部水源依赖很强的非洲，气候驱动的水源变化对当地“可能有毁灭性的影响”。用一个记载非洲所有湖泊和河流的大数据库，以及几个21世纪气候的模型，研究人员计算了整个非洲大陆流域面积的减少。气候模型预测的降雨减少意味着到2100年，25%的非洲大陆的地表水量会极大地降低。de Wit 和Stankiewicz指出，一些受气候变化影响最大的水源不稳定的地区，是南部和西部非洲、以及尼罗河上游部分人口密度很高的地区。
科学特快报告：Changes in Surface Water Supply Across Africa with Predicted Climate Change, Maarten de Wit and Jacek Stankiewicz
新的制冷技术
研究人员在一项新研究中发现，一种氧化物薄膜在电场的作用下能比任何已知系统产生多得多的制冷能力，这也许为全新的制冷技术提供了基础。Alex Mischenko和同事给一种含锆钛的氧化铅材料施加电场，发现它产生温度变化的能力是其它物质的100倍，而且在周围的空气中没有热交换。虽然科学家在20世纪50年代就知道给某些材料施加电场能降低周围的温度，但是这个效应极弱，所以一直没有商业应用。本文作者提出，他们发现的这个强效应也许能带来新的制冷技术，比如用来冷却计算机芯片等电子器件。这个技术还能用来回收常规的、有移动部分的制冷系统通常浪费了的热量。
报告：Giant Electrocaloric Effect in Thin-Film PbZr0.95Ti0.05O3 , A. S. Mischenko, Q. Zhang, J. F. Scott, R. W. Whatmore, and N. D. Mathur
自动构造“生命之树”
在一项新研究中，研究人员用基因组数据建立了一个自动化的、能更新的“生命之树”，该树也许能帮助科学家了解进化是怎样发生的。Francesca Ciccarelli和同事研究了在191个物种中普遍出现的36个基因，找到了这些基因的共同祖先基因。他们建立了一个方法，识别出5个有横向转移的基因，不考虑它们，用剩下的31个基因做了一个树。然后将这些基因分别归于4个组，构成一个191个物种的8090位置的超矩阵。这些研究人员用这个树证实了某些进化关系以及有关现代细菌祖先的假说。这个树对了解从分子网络到生物体之间的关系等进化的许多方面很重要。该工作还为生物研究提供了一个有用的工具，包括识别和命名生物体、以及分类未知起源的DNA片段等。
报告：Toward Automatic Reconstruction of a Highly Resolved Tree of Life, Francesca D. Ciccarelli, et al.
缺陷的自组织
一项新研究指出，金属表面膜中的原子如何产生缺陷构造取决于它们在膜内位错的分布。这些工作也许能带来研制更强的合金方法。材料的性质通常与杂质、以及这些杂质如何相互作用有很强的关系。Konrad Thurmer和同事在不同温度下用时间序列扫描成像的方法，研究了金属钌上的银薄膜中硫原子缺陷的六边形阵列。通过观察与一条连线平行或垂直的缺陷的热涨落，他们测量了薄膜中这些孔的复原力和稳定性。这些研究人员确定，缺陷的稳定性取决于它们在薄膜中形成时如何自行排列。
报告：Surface Self-Organization Caused by Dislocation Networks, Konrad Thürmer, Robert Q. Hwang, and Norman C. Bartelt
Contents
Special Feature
CAREERS IN SYSTEMS BIOLOGY: Working the Systems
Jim Kling
Science 3 March 2006: 1305-1306.
Summary »| Full Text »| PDF »|
CAREERS IN SYSTEMS BIOLOGY: A Meeting of Minds, Expertise, and Imagination
Anne Forde
Science 3 March 2006: 1306-1307.
Summary »| Full Text »| PDF »|
Contents
For all checked items
This Week in Science
Editor summaries of this week's papers.
Science 3 March 2006: 1209.
|Full Text »
Editorial:
The Mailbag
Donald Kennedy
Science 3 March 2006: 1213.
Summary »| PDF »|
Editors' Choice
Highlights of the recent literature.
Science 3 March 2006: 1214.
|Full Text »
NetWatch
Best of the Web in science.
Science 3 March 2006: 1221.
|Full Text »
NEW PRODUCTS
Science 3 March 2006: 1304.
Summary »| PDF »|
News of the Week
AVIAN INFLUENZA: As H5N1 Keeps Spreading, a Call to Release More Data
Martin Enserink
Science 3 March 2006: 1224.
Summary »| Full Text »| PDF »|
AVIAN INFLUENZA: Evidence Points to Migratory Birds in H5N1 Spread
Dennis Normile
Science 3 March 2006: 1225.
Summary »| Full Text »| PDF »|
GENOMICS: DOE Hits Potholes on the Road to Systems Biology
Elizabeth Pennisi
Science 3 March 2006: 1226.
Summary »| Full Text »| PDF »|
SCIENTIFIC PUBLISHING: Canadian Editors Fired in Row With Association
Paul Webster
Science 3 March 2006: 1226.
Summary »| Full Text »| PDF »|
UNIVERSITIES: Despite a Chilly Reception, the 'European MIT' Advances
Daniel Clery
Science 3 March 2006: 1227.
Summary »| Full Text »| PDF »|
SCIENCE INDICATORS: NSF Presents the Wide World of Science
Jeffrey Mervis
Science 3 March 2006: 1228.
Summary »| Full Text »|
SCIENCE AND DIPLOMACY: Indian Chemist Receives a Visa and an Apology
Pallava Bagla
Science 3 March 2006: 1229.
Summary »| Full Text »| PDF »|
ANIMAL RESEARCH: Protesters March to a Different Drummer
Eliot Marshall
Science 3 March 2006: 1229.
Summary »| Full Text »| PDF »|
ScienceScope
Science 3 March 2006: 1227.
|Full Text »
Random Samples
Science 3 March 2006: 1223.
|Full Text »
Newsmakers
Science 3 March 2006: 1239.
|Full Text »
News Focus
CONSERVATION BIOLOGY: The Lost World of the Kihansi Toad
Kevin Krajick
Science 3 March 2006: 1230-1232.
Summary »| Full Text »| PDF »|
CELL BIOLOGY: Great Balls of Fat
Mary Beckman
Science 3 March 2006: 1232-1234.
Summary »| Full Text »| PDF »|
WOMEN IN SCIENCE: Getting Women Scientists Back on the Career Track in Japan
Dennis Normile
Science 3 March 2006: 1235-1236.
Summary »| Full Text »| PDF »|
JAPAN: A $214 Billion Plan of Action
Dennis Normile
Science 3 March 2006: 1236.
Summary »| Full Text »| PDF »|
IOANNIS MIAOULIS PROFILE: A Passion for Teaching Leads to Engineering Change in Schools
Yudhijit Bhattacharjee
Science 3 March 2006: 1237-1238.
Summary »| Full Text »| PDF »|
Letters
This Week's Letters
Science 3 March 2006: 1240.
Summary »| PDF »|
Crucial Choices for the Nascent ERC
Initiative for Science in Europe
Science 3 March 2006: 1240.
Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Objectivity in Science
Kenneth R. Gordon
Science 3 March 2006: 1240-1241.
Full Text »| PDF »|
Influenza Mutation from Equine to Canine
Marcin von Grotthuss, Leszek Rychlewski;, Patti C. Crawford, Edward J. Dubovi, William L. Castleman, Iain Stephenson, E. P. J. Gibbs, Limei Chen, Catherine Smith, Richard C. Hill, Pamela Ferro, Justine Pompey, Rick A. Bright, Marie-Jo Medina, Calvin M. Johnson, Christopher W. Olsen, Nancy J. Cox, Alexander I. Klimov, Jackie M. Katz, and Ruben O. Donis
Science 3 March 2006: 1241-1242.
Full Text »| PDF »|
Corrections and Clarifications
Science 3 March 2006: 1242.
Full Text »| PDF »|
Books et al.
MICROBIOLOGY: Of Microbes, Medicine, and Ecology
James Strick
Science 3 March 2006: 1243.
Summary »| Full Text »| PDF »|
ASTROBIOLOGY: Deities for Atheists
Michael Shermer
Science 3 March 2006: 1244.
Summary »| Full Text »| PDF »|
Books Received
Science 3 March 2006: 1244.
Summary »|
Policy Forum
PUBLIC HEALTH: Enhanced: A National Tuberculosis Archive
Damian Gessler, Christopher Dye, Paul Farmer, Megan Murray, Thomas Navin, Randall Reves, Thomas Shinnick, Peter M. Small, Terry Yates, and Gary Simpson
Science 3 March 2006: 1245-1246.
Summary »| Full Text »| PDF »|
MEDICINE: Enhanced: A Portfolio Model of Drug Development for Tuberculosis
Seth W. Glickman, Emma B. Rasiel, Carol Dukes Hamilton, Arsen Kubataev, and Kevin A. Schulman
Science 3 March 2006: 1246-1247.
Summary »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Perspectives
BEHAVIOR: Who Are More Helpful, Humans or Chimpanzees?
Joan B. Silk
Science 3 March 2006: 1248-1249.
Summary »| Full Text »| PDF »|
ANTHROPOLOGY: An Example of Preclassic Mayan Writing?
Stephen D. Houston
Science 3 March 2006: 1249-1250.
Summary »| Full Text »| PDF »|
PLANETARY SCIENCE: Creep and Flow on the Icy Moons of the Outer Planets
Peter R. Sammonds
Science 3 March 2006: 1250-1251.
Summary »| Full Text »| PDF »|
STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY: Architectural Options for a Fatty Acid Synthase
Stuart Smith
Science 3 March 2006: 1251-1252.
Summary »| Full Text »| PDF »|
Review
Auxiliary Subunits Assist AMPA-Type Glutamate Receptors
Roger A. Nicoll, Susumu Tomita, and David S. Bredt
Science 3 March 2006: 1253-1256.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »|
Brevia
Cellular Senescence in Aging Primates
Utz Herbig, Mark Ferreira, Laura Condel, Dee Carey, and John M. Sedivy
Science 3 March 2006: 1257.
Published online 2 February 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1122446] (in Science Express Brevia)
As baboons age, cells that have become irreversibly senescent accumulate in various tissues, likely contributing to the aging of the whole animal.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Research Articles
Architecture of Mammalian Fatty Acid Synthase at 4.5 Å Resolution
Timm Maier, Simon Jenni, and Nenad Ban
Science 3 March 2006: 1258-1262.
The large multiprotein complexes that synthesize fatty acids in mammals and fungi have radically different architectures.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Architecture of a Fungal Fatty Acid Synthase at 5 Å Resolution
Simon Jenni, Marc Leibundgut, Timm Maier, and Nenad Ban
Science 3 March 2006: 1263-1267.
The large multiprotein complexes that synthesize fatty acids in mammals and fungi have radically different architectures.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Reports
Grain Size-Sensitive Creep in Ice II
Tomoaki Kubo, William B. Durham, Laura A. Stern, and Stephen H. Kirby
Science 3 March 2006: 1267-1269.
Experiments show that grain size influences the deformation speed of ice under high pressure, modifying models of the evolution and internal dynamics of icy moons.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Giant Electrocaloric Effect in Thin-Film PbZr0.95Ti0.05O3
A. S. Mischenko, Q. Zhang, J. F. Scott, R. W. Whatmore, and N. D. Mathur
Science 3 March 2006: 1270-1271.
Application of an electric field to a thin lead zirconium titanium oxide produces a surprisingly large drop in its temperature, suggesting a potential refrigeration technology.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Surface Self-Organization Caused by Dislocation Networks
Konrad Thürmer, Robert Q. Hwang, and Norman C. Bartelt
Science 3 March 2006: 1272-1274.
The organization of silver ions on a ruthenium surface depends on dislocations below the surface and not on strain or surface tension as had been thought.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Synthesis and Characterization of the Nitrides of Platinum and Iridium
Jonathan C. Crowhurst, Alexander F. Goncharov, Babak Sadigh, Cheryl L. Evans, Peter G. Morrall, James L. Ferreira, and A. J. Nelson
Science 3 March 2006: 1275-1278.
A platinum nitride produced at high pressure has a simple structure, and an iridium nitride can persist at ambient conditions and may be nearly as stiff as diamond.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
The Rotational Spectrum of the Water-Hydroperoxy Radical (H2O-HO2) Complex
Kohsuke Suma, Yoshihiro Sumiyoshi, and Yasuki Endo
Science 3 March 2006: 1278-1281.
Microwave spectroscopy reveals that a H2O—HO2 complex is pentagonal, offering a signature with which to probe its postulated role in atmospheric chemistry.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Early Maya Writing at San Bartolo, Guatemala
William A. Saturno, David Stuart, and Boris Beltrán
Science 3 March 2006: 1281-1283.
Published online 5 January 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1121745] (in Science Express Reports)
Hieroglyphic writing adorns a buried stone building in the Maya temple of San Bartolo, Guatemala, dated to about 250 B.C., closer to when writing emerged in the New World.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Toward Automatic Reconstruction of a Highly Resolved Tree of Life
Francesca D. Ciccarelli, Tobias Doerks, Christian von Mering, Christopher J. Creevey, Berend Snel, and Peer Bork
Science 3 March 2006: 1283-1287.
Sequences of 36 genes in each of 191 diverse species allow construction of a highly resolved phylogenetic tree, which, when lateral gene transfer is eliminated, clarifies the tree of life.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Germline Mutations in Genes Within the MAPK Pathway Cause Cardio-facio-cutaneous Syndrome
Pablo Rodriguez-Viciana, Osamu Tetsu, William E. Tidyman, Anne L. Estep, Brenda A. Conger, Molly Santa Cruz, Frank McCormick, and Katherine A. Rauen
Science 3 March 2006: 1287-1290.
Published online 26 January 2006 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1124642] (in Science Express Reports)
Mutations that functionally alter an intensely studied cellular signaling pathway are found in young patients with a developmental delay disorder.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Combined Analog and Action Potential Coding in Hippocampal Mossy Fibers
Henrik Alle and Jörg R. P. Geiger
Science 3 March 2006: 1290-1293.
Synapses at one end of a neuron can be affected by graded synaptic currents at the other end, 0.5 millimeters away, suggesting that analog information is unexpectedly used in the brain.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Chemical Rescue of a Mutant Enzyme in Living Cells
Yingfeng Qiao, Henrik Molina, Akhilesh Pandey, Jin Zhang, and Philip A. Cole
Science 3 March 2006: 1293-1297.
Abnormal cells harboring a mutant signaling enzyme found in some cancers can be rapidly rescued by the small molecule imidazole, suggesting a therapeutic application.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Chimpanzees Recruit the Best Collaborators
Alicia P. Melis, Brian Hare, and Michael Tomasello
Science 3 March 2006: 1297-1300.
Like humans, chimps will preferentially recruit especially skilled species-mates to solve difficult problems.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Altruistic Helping in Human Infants and Young Chimpanzees
Felix Warneken and Michael Tomasello
Science 3 March 2006: 1301-1303.
Toddlers can recognize that an adult needs help with a task and assist, indicating empathy and altruism; young chimpanzees do the same, but less effectively.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
|
上一篇：2006年02月24日 Science中英文摘要 下一篇：2006年03月10日 Science中英文摘要 | |
|
|
|
