13 January 2006 Vol 311, Issue 5758, Pages 141-247
有缺陷的登革病毒也许是个寄生物
一项在缅甸做的新研究指出，登革病毒的一个有缺陷的毒株也许靠拣拾同一宿主身上功能正常病毒的蛋白存活和蔓延。John Aaskov和同事说，这个被称为互补的寄生战略使有缺陷毒株得以复原，可能在该病毒的毒性以及其在人类的传播上有重要作用。登革热是一种由蚊子传染的RNA病毒引起的热带疾病，最近曾在亚洲灾难性地爆发过。这个有缺陷的毒株带有一个应该使病毒失效的遗传错误，但是研究人员发现它在蚊子种群和人群中能很快地传播。引人注意的是，这个有缺陷毒株的扩散与另一个登革病毒株的衰退同时发生，这也许意味着一个战胜登革热爆发的新的公共卫生策略。
报告：Long-Term Transmission of Defective RNA Viruses in Humans and Aedes Mosquitoes, John Aaskov, Katie Buzacott, Hlaing Myat Thu, Kym Lowry, and Edward C. Holmes
土卫六的云层气象
一个将云层微观物理结合进来的新土卫六（又名泰坦）大气循环模型复制出了土星的这个最大卫星上的甲烷和乙烷云层类型。这个模型预测了这些云的形状、位置、高度、不透明度、以及持续时间。模型模拟了土卫六富氮大气中甲烷和乙烷的分布，产生出一个永久南极云以及较低纬度的零星云。模型的预测与最近对土卫六的观察相符的事实意味着该模型将能够帮助研究人员分析土卫六上云如何形成，以及为土卫六的云层物理提供更深入的了解。一篇相关的研究评述的作者描述了土卫六上的甲烷循环与地球上的水循环的类似和不同之处。
报告：The Latitudinal Distribution of Clouds on Titan, P. Rannou, F. Montmessin, F. Hourdin, and S. Lebonnois
研究评述：Titan's Zoo of Clouds, Emmanuel Lellouch
连接大型光学望远镜
一个国际研究小组成功地用光纤将夏威夷的两个10米的大型望远镜连接成一个巨大的“干涉仪”-一个将光波结合起来产生精密的光学成像和测量的设备。这技术是将距离几百米远的大型望远镜连接起来的第一步，从而所形成一对巨大的眼睛，大大增加了受单望远镜口径限制的成像能力。在这篇简报中，Guy Perrin和同事描述了首次成功地用氟化物玻璃纤维揽线连接大型望远镜所做的对一个巨星的精密观察。
简报：Interferometric Coupling of the Keck Telescopes with Single-Mode Fibers, G. Perrin, et al.
磁性纳米结构逻辑门
科学家用磁性纳米结构制造了一个通用逻辑门，这一进展也许使研究人员向新一代的微电子部件靠近了一步。通用逻辑门能提供数字微电子学所需要的所有逻辑功能而不用晶体管。一篇相关研究评述的作者写道，通用逻辑门还为可重配置逻辑提供了可能性，可重配置逻辑指在硬件制造成之后能改变门的实际功能。研究人员的工作是用“磁性量子细胞自动机”做的，这是一个规定了相邻细胞如何相互作用的细胞网络。经过适当地配置，细胞自动机能够从事计算。文章作者显示能够在一个用磁性纳米结构组成的细胞自动机元件上实现全部的逻辑功能。虽然磁学性质在数据存贮上被广泛地应用，但是其在逻辑计算上的应用是比较新的进展。
报告：Majority Logic Gate for Magnetic Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata, A. Imre, et al.
研究评述：Where Have All the Transistors Gone?, R. P. Cowburn
生物钟究竟如何保持时间
新研究指出，一些关于动物、植物的生物钟如何保持生物时间的基本假设可能不正确。这项工作涉及两个调节生物钟的蛋白，它们每天从钟细胞的细胞质进入细胞核一次。人们目前认为，这两个蛋白（PERIOD和TIMELESS）的结合所需要的时间影响他们从细胞质进入细胞核的时间。但是新研究的作者报告说，在活的果蝇细胞中，PERIOD和TIMELESS的结合不需要很多时间，而且它们在进入细胞核之前分离开，PERIOD和TIMELESS到细胞质的运动量与这两个蛋白在细胞质中的浓度无关。一篇相关研究评述的作者写道，现在看来，PERIOD和TIMELESS进入细胞核的时间通过一个间隔定时器的作用而延迟，这个间隔定时器的存在是完全出乎人们意料的。
报告：PER-TIM Interactions in Living Drosophila Cells: An Interval Timer for the Circadian Clock, Pablo Meyer, Lino Saez, and Michael W. Young
研究评述：Running a Clock Requires Quality Time Together, Jay C. Dunlap
脑脊液给神经元引路
一个国际小组新的小鼠研究揭示，新生神经元在脑脊液流中携带的迁移信号因子的帮助下，从它们的出生处迁移到大脑的嗅球中。神经元到它们在大脑的指定位置的复杂迁移受到几个因子的引导，包括已被充分研究过的那些给神经元确定具体运动方向和动力的信号分子。Kazunobu Sawamoto和同事发现，形成神经元的名为纤毛的微小细胞结构协调地搏动，在一个区域内产生一个脑脊液的定向流。他们显示，这个脑脊液流携带一个帮助将神经元引导到嗅球的信号因子的梯度。
科学特快报告：New Neurons Follow the Flow of Cerebrospinal Fluid in the Adult Brain, Kazunobu Sawamoto, et al.
This Week in Science
Editor summaries of this week's papers.
Science 13 January 2006: 141.
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Editorial:
Good News--and Bad
Donald Kennedy
Science 13 January 2006: 145.
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Editors' Choice
Highlights of the recent literature.
Science 13 January 2006: 147.
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NetWatch
Best of the Web in science.
Science 13 January 2006: 153.
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Quarterly Author Index
Science 13 January 2006: 247.
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NEW PRODUCTS
Science 13 January 2006: 247.
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News of the Week
CLONING: South Korean Team's Remaining Human Stem Cell Claim Demolished
Dennis Normile, Gretchen Vogel, and Jennifer Couzin
Science 13 January 2006: 156-157.
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NUCLEAR WEAPONS: Iran's Trouble With Molybdenum May Give Diplomacy a Second Chance
Richard Stone
Science 13 January 2006: 158.
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BOTANY: Plants May Be Hidden Methane Source
Erik Stokstad
Science 13 January 2006: 159.
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RESEARCH FACILITIES: Scripps's Offshoot Stalled in South Florida
Robert F. Service
Science 13 January 2006: 160.
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REGULATORY SCIENCE: More Details Sought in Assessing Health Risks
Jocelyn Kaiser
Science 13 January 2006: 161.
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AVIAN INFLUENZA: More Cases in Turkey, but No Mutations Found
Martin Enserink
Science 13 January 2006: 161.
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ScienceScope
Science 13 January 2006: 159.
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Random Samples
Science 13 January 2006: 155.
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Newsmakers
Science 13 January 2006: 173.
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News Focus
GLOBAL HEALTH: The New World of Global Health
Jon Cohen
Science 13 January 2006: 162-167.
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GLOBAL HEALTH: Public-Private Partnerships Proliferate
Jon Cohen
Science 13 January 2006: 167.
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RESEARCH MANAGEMENT: U.S. Rules on Accounting for Grants Amount to More Than a Hill of Beans
Jennifer Couzin
Science 13 January 2006: 168-169.
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NUCLEAR PROLIFERATION: A Career Change Possible for North Korea's Nuclear Scientists?
Richard Stone
Science 13 January 2006: 170-171.
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PLANETARY SCIENCE: Long Trek to Solar System's Last Frontier Begins
Govert Schilling
Science 13 January 2006: 172.
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Letters
This Week's Letters
Science 13 January 2006: 175.
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HIV Research and Access to Treatment
Mitchell Warren;, Robert M. Grant, John P. Moore, Edith Clarke, Javier R. Lama, Willard Cates Jr., Thomas Coates, Myron S. Cohen, Martin Delaney, Mark A. Wainberg, Vivian Levy, Jeff McConnell, and Kathleen M. MacQueen
Science 13 January 2006: 175-176.
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Continuing Progress in Neuroinformatics
Michael S. Gazzaniga, John D. Van Horn, Floyd Bloom, Gordon M. Shepherd, Marcus Raichle, and Edward Jones
Science 13 January 2006: 176.
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Loss of Grants Hurts the Vulnerable
Karol Sestak
Science 13 January 2006: 176-177.
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Corrections and Clarifications
Science 13 January 2006: 177.
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Books et al.
CHEMICAL ECOLOGY: Bug Sprays or Class (Insecta) Warfare
May Berenbaum
Science 13 January 2006: 178.
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EXHIBITS: EVOLUTION: The World Through Darwin's Lens
R. Scott Winters
Science 13 January 2006: 179.
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Books Received
Science 13 January 2006: 179.
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Policy Forum
PUBLIC HEALTH: Clinical Trials Results Databases: Unanswered Questions
Celia B. Fisher
Science 13 January 2006: 180-181.
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Perspectives
STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY: Two Geometric Solutions to a Transporting Problem
Corinne Smith
Science 13 January 2006: 182-183.
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APPLIED PHYSICS: Where Have All the Transistors Gone?
R. P. Cowburn
Science 13 January 2006: 183-184.
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PHYSIOLOGY: Enhanced: Running a Clock Requires Quality Time Together
Jay C. Dunlap
Science 13 January 2006: 184-186.
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PLANETARY SCIENCE: Titan's Zoo of Clouds
Emmanuel Lellouch
Science 13 January 2006: 186-187.
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SYSTEMS BIOLOGY: When Proteomes Collide
Joel S. Bader and John Chant
Science 13 January 2006: 187-188.
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Review
Plasmonics: Merging Photonics and Electronics at Nanoscale Dimensions
Ekmel Ozbay
Science 13 January 2006: 189-193.
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Brevia
Interferometric Coupling of the Keck Telescopes with Single-Mode Fibers
G. Perrin, J. Woillez, O. Lai, J. Guérin, T. Kotani, P. L. Wizinowich, D. Le Mignant, M. Hrynevych, J. Gathright, P. Léna, F. Chaffee, S. Vergnole, L. Delage, F. Reynaud, A. J. Adamson, C. Berthod, B. Brient, C. Collin, J. Crétenet, F. Dauny, C. Deléglise, P. Fédou, T. Goeltzenlichter, O. Guyon, R. Hulin, C. Marlot, M. Marteaud, B.-T. Melse, J. Nishikawa, J.-M. Reess, S. T. Ridgway, F. Rigaut, K. Roth, A. T. Tokunaga, and D. Ziegler
Science 13 January 2006: 194.
A special type of long optical fibers link between two Keck telescopes allows them to operate as a giant optical interferometer, paving the way for the next generation of optical telescopes.
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Research Article
Structural Basis for Double-Stranded RNA Processing by Dicer
Ian J. MacRae, Kaihong Zhou, Fei Li, Adrian Repic, Angela N. Brooks, W. Zacheus Cande, Paul D. Adams, and Jennifer A. Doudna
Science 13 January 2006: 195-198.
The RNA binding site of the small RNA--generating enzyme Dicer is located 65 Å from the two RNA cleavage sites, reliably producing ~25-nucleotide RNA fragments.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Reports
The Nature of the 660-Kilometer Discontinuity in Earth's Mantle from Global Seismic Observations of PP Precursors
Arwen Deuss, Simon A. T. Redfern, Kit Chambers, and John H. Woodhouse
Science 13 January 2006: 198-201.
Global detection of seismic waves reflected from a major boundary in Earth's mantle implies that the boundary is produced by multiple phase transitions.
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The Latitudinal Distribution of Clouds on Titan
P. Rannou, F. Montmessin, F. Hourdin, and S. Lebonnois
Science 13 January 2006: 201-205.
Simulations suggest that atmospheric circulation alone, without ground sources, can explain the enigmatic distribution of methane and ethane clouds on Titan.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Majority Logic Gate for Magnetic Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata
A. Imre, G. Csaba, L. Ji, A. Orlov, G. H. Bernstein, and W. Porod
Science 13 January 2006: 205-208.
A system of coupled nanomagnets, usually used for data storage, can serve as logic gates that are stable at room temperature and therefore useful in magnet-based computer chips.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
A Stretchable Form of Single-Crystal Silicon for High-Performance Electronics on Rubber Substrates
Dahl-Young Khang, Hanqing Jiang, Young Huang, and John A. Rogers
Science 13 January 2006: 208-212.
Published online 15 December 2005 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1121401] (in Science Express Reports)
Silicon is patterned onto elastomeric substrates to give flexible, wavy silicon suitable for making devices and components that can be heavily stretched or compressed.
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Grain Boundary Strengthening in Alumina by Rare Earth Impurities
J. P. Buban, K. Matsunaga, J. Chen, N. Shibata, W. Y. Ching, T. Yamamoto, and Y. Ikuhara
Science 13 January 2006: 212-215.
Experiments and simulations show that small amounts of yttrium strengthen alumina by forming strong bonds along alumina grain boundaries.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Ion Distributions near a Liquid-Liquid Interface
Guangming Luo, Sarka Malkova, Jaesung Yoon, David G. Schultz, Binhua Lin, Mati Meron, Ilan Benjamin, Petr Vanysek, and Mark L. Schlossman
Science 13 January 2006: 216-218.
X-ray data show how the distribution of an organic ion along the interface between two liquids depends greatly on the liquids' local molecular structure.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Femtosecond Multidimensional Imaging of a Molecular Dissociation
O. Geßner, A. M. D. Lee, J. P. Shaffer, H. Reisler, S. V. Levchenko, A. I. Krylov, Jonathan G. Underwood, H. Shi, A. L. L. East, D. M. Wardlaw, E. t. H. Chrysostom, C. C. Hayden, and Albert Stolow
Science 13 January 2006: 219-222.
Published online 15 December 2005 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1120779] (in Science Express Reports)
The precise path followed by electrons and then nuclei in the dissociation of the nitric oxide dimer is mapped out in time and space.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
A Bacterial Inhibitor of Host Programmed Cell Death Defenses Is an E3 Ubiquitin Ligase
Radmila Janjusevic, Robert B. Abramovitch, Gregory B. Martin, and C. Erec Stebbins
Science 13 January 2006: 222-226.
Published online 22 December 2005 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1120131] (in Science Express Reports)
During infection, pathogenic bacteria mimic and interpolate with biochemical pathways of the host plant.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
PER-TIM Interactions in Living Drosophila Cells: An Interval Timer for the Circadian Clock
Pablo Meyer, Lino Saez, and Michael W. Young
Science 13 January 2006: 226-229.
Two components of the circadian clock move independently into the nucleus rather than together as a complex, calling into question the current model of the clock.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
The snoRNA HBII-52 Regulates Alternative Splicing of the Serotonin Receptor 2C
Shivendra Kishore and Stefan Stamm
Science 13 January 2006: 230-232.
Published online 15 December 2005 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1118265] (in Science Express Reports)
An exon is included in the mature messenger RNA of a receptor only when a small RNA inhibits a silencer sequence in the precursor RNA.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Excitatory Effect of GABAergic Axo-Axonic Cells in Cortical Microcircuits
János Szabadics, Csaba Varga, Gábor Molnár, Szabolcs Oláh, Pál Barzó, and Gábor Tamás
Science 13 January 2006: 233-235.
A classic inhibitory neurotransmitter unexpectedly excites axons of cortical neurons, activating local networks.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Long-Term Transmission of Defective RNA Viruses in Humans and Aedes Mosquitoes
John Aaskov, Katie Buzacott, Hlaing Myat Thu, Kym Lowry, and Edward C. Holmes
Science 13 January 2006: 236-238.
An inactive, defective form of the dengue fever virus appropriates proteins from normal viruses to replicate and is maintained through generations of infection and transmission.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »|
Herpesviral Protein Networks and Their Interaction with the Human Proteome
Peter Uetz, Yu-An Dong, Christine Zeretzke, Christine Atzler, Armin Baiker, Bonnie Berger, Seesandra V. Rajagopala, Maria Roupelieva, Dietlind Rose, Even Fossum, and Jürgen Haas
Science 13 January 2006: 239-242.
Published online 8 December 2005 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1116804] (in Science Express Reports)
Upon infection of a host cell, the protein interaction networks of herpesviruses change so that they more closely resemble those of the host cells.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Magnetosomes Are Cell Membrane Invaginations Organized by the Actin-Like Protein MamK
Arash Komeili, Zhuo Li, Dianne K. Newman, and Grant J. Jensen
Science 13 January 2006: 242-245.
Published online 22 December 2005 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1123231] (in Science Express Reports)
Bacteria that sense magnetic fields arrange their magnetite-containing membrane invaginations along cytoskeleton-like tracks.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Technical Comments
Comment on "Iron Isotope Constraints on the Archean and Paleoproterozoic Ocean Redox State"
Kosei E. Yamaguchi and Hiroshi Ohmoto
Science 13 January 2006: 177.
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Response to Comment on "Iron Isotope Constraints on the Archean and Paleoproterozoic Ocean Redox State"
Olivier J. Rouxel, Andrey Bekker, and Katrina J. Edwards
Science 13 January 2006: 177.
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