2006年1月6日 美国《科学》周刊311卷 第5757期掠食者帮助珊瑚礁恢复
新研究发现，一个回到禁捕的巴哈马群岛海洋保护区的顶级掠食者意想不到地带来了该保护区珊瑚礁的复苏。Peter Mumby和同事说，珊瑚中的这个有关拿骚(NASSAU)鲈鱼、它的捕猎对象鹦嘴鱼、以及鹦嘴鱼的吃草习性的故事显示，保护区对海洋栖息地可能提供出乎意料的好处。鹦嘴鱼是巴哈马群岛珊瑚礁中主要的吃草动物，它们通过吃长在珊瑚礁上的海藻清洗珊瑚帮助其生长。拿骚鲈鱼是以鹦嘴鱼为食的，所以咋看起来建立一个禁捕区会增加鲈鱼的数量，对珊瑚礁来说不是好事。然而，研究人员发现，鲈鱼的出现带来了珊瑚中鹦嘴鱼大小的变化，使它们变得更大也游得更快，以便能从鲈鱼口中逃生。这些大个的鹦嘴鱼也成为珊瑚礁中更有效的吃草动物，从而使珊瑚礁更干净也长得更快。在一篇相关的"研究评述"中，Ove Hoegh-Guldberg指出，这项工作正是说服政府和其它机构认识建立海洋保护区是有价值的保护工具所需要的那种。
报告：Fishing, Trophic Cascades, and the Process of Grazing on Coral Reefs, Peter J. Mumby, et al.
研究评述：Complexities of Coral Reef Recovery, Ove Hoegh-Guldberg
早期的玛雅文字
危地马拉圣巴托罗(San Bartolo)被掩埋的玛雅庙宇的石头建筑的年代大约是公元前250年，其上的象形文字意味着该玛雅地区文字出现的时间与文字在中美洲其它地区广泛出现的时间相差不远。这些涂有色彩的构件支撑着一个10个象形文字的柱子，象形文字表现为画在白色石膏上的粗黑线条。William Saturno和同事在玛雅庙宇的一间深屋子里发现了一系列的象形文字，该建筑的年代大约是公元前300年到200年。过去人们一直认为美洲大陆文字出现于奥尔梅克文化，或者更广地出现于新瓦哈卡，这些地区所发现的明显证据的年代是公元前300年左右，还有一些发现提出这些地区的文字起源还要早100到300年。在新发现之前，除了很少的几个暗示外，玛雅废墟中文字证据的年代是更近期的。
科学特快报告：Early Maya Writing at San Bartolo, Guatemala, William A. Saturno, David Stuart, and Boris Beltrán
抑郁与羟色胺可能是如何联系的
一项新研究也许能帮助解释长期已知的抑郁与羟色胺信号异常的关系。新发现揭示了脑蛋白p11与羟色胺受体5-HT1B (羟色胺1B)之间的几个相互作用，这个受体在过去的研究中被发现与抑郁、强迫症(obsessive compulsive disorder)、药物成瘾、焦虑症、侵略性、以及睡眠有关。这个p11蛋白增加细胞表面上有的羟色胺1B受体的数量。相关"研究评述"的作者Trevor Sharp指出，新工作还提出了p11在导致和治疗抑郁中起重要作用的可能性。研究人员发现在服用了抗抑郁药物的啮齿动物大脑中的p11增加，但是在抑郁的一个模式动物中以及患有抑郁症的死亡人身上减少。而且，文章作者显示，敲掉p11基因的小鼠表现出类似抑郁的行为，p11的增加与抑郁症状减轻相联系。
报告：Alterations in 5-HT1B Receptor Function by p11 in Depression-Like States, Per Svenningsson, et al.
研究评述：A New Molecule to Brighten the Mood, Trevor Sharp
打捞伐木与森林再生
打捞伐木是指从最近被火烧过的森林中取出木材，本期一篇简报指出，打捞伐木妨碍了美国西北部一个道格拉斯冷杉林的再生，而且可能增加了森林冷杉未来火灾的风险。研究人员分析了美国俄勒冈州2002年Biscuit 火灾后针叶树再生的早期数据。他们发现，野火后伐木过程中所造成的土壤干扰以及木质物质的掩埋使针叶树的再生减少了70%。伐木也增加了地面上的枝干量，这些都是未来火灾的可能燃料。这项工作也许为澄清火灾刚过后从森林中取出木材的代价和收益提供了新数据，但是仍需要其它火灾和其它类型森林的数据。美国最近森林天然火灾的增加使火灾后如何管理公共森林的争论变得更加激烈，火灾后伐木是美国国会在2005年底立法中的一个议题。
科学特快报告：Post-Wildfire Logging Hinders Regeneration and Increases Fire Risk, D. C. Donato, et al.
猫科的新系统树
科学家用所有37个活着猫科物种的X和Y染色体DNA以及线粒体DNA的数据建立了一个新的猫科系统树。猫科系统树一直比较难确定，部分地因为猫化石非常罕见，部分地因为大多数现存的猫科物种是在比较近进化来的。在Warren Johnson和一个国际小组建立的这个新的系统树中，现代猫的根在亚洲，它们的起源不早于1100万年前，这之后现代猫做了至少10次跨越大陆的迁徙，达到它们现在在全球的分布。这个分子树有8支主要的猫谱系，包括有狮子和老虎的“吼猫”、非洲野猫、美洲豹猫 、以及常见的家猫。
报告：The Late Miocene Radiation of Modern Felidae: A Genetic Assessment, Warren E. Johnson, et al.
人类造成的海洋变暖
美国南加州沿海的沉积物中微小水生物的分布显示，该北太平洋区域的水体在20世纪变暖的程度是过去1400年中不曾有的。自从这个现象被发现以来，是什么原因造成20世纪70年代北太平洋的这个主要变化--海洋-大气条件的自然变化还是人类引起的全球变暖，一直是人们激烈争论的问题。David Field和同事通过分析来自圣巴巴拉海峡沉积物中不同浮游有孔虫物种的丰富程度进一步检验了这个问题。他们发现，在20世纪60年代，较冷水域物种数相对较暖水域物种数有大的下降，也是在这段时间海洋表面的变暖开始向更深的水域扩展。这些研究人员还发现，热带有孔虫与亚热带有孔虫物种的比例在20世纪末期比过去1400年中的任何时候都低。这些发现提出，人类活动的驱动是北太平洋20世纪70年代变化的一个重要原因。
报告：Planktonic Foraminifera of the California Current Reflect 20th-Century Warming, David B. Field, et al.
Contents
This Week in Science
Editor summaries of this week's papers.
Science 6 January 2006: 12.
|Full Text »
Editorial:
New Year, New Look, Old Problem
Donald Kennedy
Science 6 January 2006: 15.
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Editors' Choice
Highlights of the recent literature.
Science 6 January 2006: 16.
|Full Text »
NetWatch
Best of the Web in science.
Science 6 January 2006: 19.
|Full Text »
NEW PRODUCTS
Science 6 January 2006: 104.
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News of the Week
STEM CELLS: How Young Korean Researchers Helped Unearth a Scandal ...
Sei Chong and Dennis Normile
Science 6 January 2006: 22-25.
Summary »| Full Text »| PDF »|
STEM CELLS: ... And How the Problems Eluded Peer Reviewers and Editors
Jennifer Couzin
Science 6 January 2006: 23-24.
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TERRORISM: Indian Scientist Slain in Surprise Attack
Pallava Bagla
Science 6 January 2006: 25.
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ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH: DuPont Settlement to Fund Test of Potential Toxics
Erik Stokstad
Science 6 January 2006: 26-27.
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SPACE SCIENCE: NASA Terminates Gore's Eye on Earth
Andrew Lawler
Science 6 January 2006: 26.
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ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION: New Particulate Rules Are Anything but Fine, Say Scientists
Erik Stokstad
Science 6 January 2006: 27.
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U.S. SCIENCE BUDGET: NIH Shrinks, NSF Crawls as Congress Finishes Spending Bills
Jeffrey Mervis
Science 6 January 2006: 28-29.
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PLANETARY SCIENCE: How Saturn's Icy Moons Get a (Geologic) Life
Richard A. Kerr
Science 6 January 2006: 29.
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ScienceScope
Science 6 January 2006: 25.
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Random Samples
Science 6 January 2006: 21.
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Newsmakers
Science 6 January 2006: 35.
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News Focus
ASTROPHYSICS: A Very Good Year For Explosions
Robert Irion
Science 6 January 2006: 30-32.
Summary »| Full Text »| PDF »|
IN THE NEWS: MICHAEL ANASTASIO: By Design, New Los Alamos Head Hopes to Leave Big Imprint on Lab
Eli Kintisch
Science 6 January 2006: 33.
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THE DOVER ID DECISION: Judge Jones Defines Science--and Why Intelligent Design Isn't
Jeffrey Mervis
Science 6 January 2006: 34.
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Letters
This Week's Letters
Science 6 January 2006: 36.
Summary »| PDF »|
Editorial Expression of Concern
Donald Kennedy
Science 6 January 2006: 36.
Published online 22 December 2005 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1124185] (in Science Express Letters)
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Revamping NIH Study Sections
John Lenard
Science 6 January 2006: 36.
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Clarifications on miRNA and Cancer
Gary Ruvkun
Science 6 January 2006: 36-37.
Full Text »| PDF »|
Coastal Vegetation and the Asian Tsunami
Farid Dahdouh-Guebas, Nico Koedam;, Finn Danielsen, Mikael K. Sørensen, Mette F. Olwig, Vaithilingam Selvam, Faizal Parish, Neil D. Burgess, Elmer Topp-Jørgensen, Tetsuya Hiraishi, Vagarappa M. Karunagaran, Michael S. Rasmussen, Lars B. Hansen, Alfredo Quarto, and Nyoman Suryadiputra
Science 6 January 2006: 37-38.
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Books et al.
APPLIED PHYSICS: Steps to the Light Fantastic
Colin Webb
Science 6 January 2006: 39-40.
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PHYSICS: Bringing Hidden Dimensions into View
James D. Wells
Science 6 January 2006: 40.
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Books Received
Science 6 January 2006: 40.
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Policy Forum
RESEARCH FUNDING: Peer Review at NIH
Toni Scarpa
Science 6 January 2006: 41.
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Perspectives
ECOLOGY: Complexities of Coral Reef Recovery
Ove Hoegh-Guldberg
Science 6 January 2006: 42-43.
Summary »| Full Text »| PDF »|
PALEONTOLOGY: A Different Kind of Croc
James M. Clark
Science 6 January 2006: 43-44.
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ASTRONOMY: Triangulating the Galaxy
James J. Binney
Science 6 January 2006: 44-45.
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NEUROSCIENCE: A New Molecule to Brighten the Mood
Trevor Sharp
Science 6 January 2006: 45-46.
Summary »| Full Text »| PDF »|
Review
When Does "Economic Man" Dominate Social Behavior?
Colin F. Camerer and Ernst Fehr
Science 6 January 2006: 47-52.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »|
Brevia
Two-Way Laser Link over Interplanetary Distance
David E. Smith, Maria T. Zuber, Xiaoli Sun, Gregory A. Neumann, John F. Cavanaugh, Jan F. McGarry, and Thomas W. Zagwodzki
Science 6 January 2006: 53.
By returning a laser signal beamed from Earth, the Messenger spacecraft signaled its position to within 20 centimeters, thus testing an advanced means of space communication.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Reports
The Distance to the Perseus Spiral Arm in the Milky Way
Y. Xu, M. J. Reid, X. W. Zheng, and K. M. Menten
Science 6 January 2006: 54-57.
Published online 8 December 2005 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1120914] (in Science Express Reports)
Radio parallax measurements provide an accurate distance to a star cluster in the Perseus spiral arm and show that this cluster is rotating differently than expected for the Milky Way.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Quantum Dynamics of a d-Wave Josephson Junction
Thilo Bauch, Tobias Lindström, Francesco Tafuri, Giacomo Rotoli, Per Delsing, Tord Claeson, and Floriana Lombardi
Science 6 January 2006: 57-60.
A high-temperature superconducting device shows macroscopic quantum effects required for an inherently quiet and stable qubit, which is needed for quantum information storage.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »|
Quantum Deconstruction of the Infrared Spectrum of CH5+
Xinchuan Huang, Anne B. McCoy, Joel M. Bowman, Lindsay M. Johnson, Chandra Savage, Feng Dong, and David J. Nesbitt
Science 6 January 2006: 60-63.
Calculations based on a quantum mechanical potential energy surface reveal specific molecular motions that comprise the experimental CH5+ vibrational spectrum.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »|
Planktonic Foraminifera of the California Current Reflect 20th-Century Warming
David B. Field, Timothy R. Baumgartner, Christopher D. Charles, Vicente Ferreira-Bartrina, and Mark D. Ohman
Science 6 January 2006: 63-66.
Variation in plankton preserved in sediments shows that the Santa Barbara basin has become warmer during the late 20th century than it was at any time during the past 1400 years.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Variability in Nocturnal Nitrogen Oxide Processing and Its Role in Regional Air Quality
S. S. Brown, T. B. Ryerson, A. G. Wollny, C. A. Brock, R. Peltier, A. P. Sullivan, R. J. Weber, W. P. Dubé, M. Trainer, J. F. Meagher, F. C. Fehsenfeld, and A. R. Ravishankara
Science 6 January 2006: 67-70.
Aircraft measurements show that the nighttime hydrolysis of N2O5, which removes tropospheric ozone, depends on aerosol composition and thus sulfur emissions.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
An Unusual Marine Crocodyliform from the Jurassic-Cretaceous Boundary of Patagonia
Zulma Gasparini, Diego Pol, and Luis A. Spalletti
Science 6 January 2006: 70-73.
Published online 10 November 2005 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1120803] (in Science Express Reports)
A marine crocodile living 150 million years ago had a short, heavy snout with only a few large serrated teeth, in contrast to the long, narrow snout of most other crocodiles.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
The Late Miocene Radiation of Modern Felidae: A Genetic Assessment
Warren E. Johnson, Eduardo Eizirik, Jill Pecon-Slattery, William J. Murphy, Agostinho Antunes, Emma Teeling, and Stephen J. O'Brien
Science 6 January 2006: 73-77.
The modern distribution of cat families can be explained by 10 intercontinental migrations from their origin in Asia, coinciding with major changes in sea level.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Alterations in 5-HT1B Receptor Function by p11 in Depression-Like States
Per Svenningsson, Karima Chergui, Ilan Rachleff, Marc Flajolet, Xiaoqun Zhang, Malika El Yacoubi, Jean-Marie Vaugeois, George G. Nomikos, and Paul Greengard
Science 6 January 2006: 77-80.
A brain protein required for the proper function of serotonin receptors is decreased in brains of depressed animals and patients but can be increased by antidepressant drugs.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Coevolved Crypts and Exocrine Glands Support Mutualistic Bacteria in Fungus-Growing Ants
Cameron R. Currie, Michael Poulsen, John Mendenhall, Jacobus J. Boomsma, and Johan Billen
Science 6 January 2006: 81-83.
Special anatomical structures on the bodies of attine ants house bacteria that produce antibiotics to help to ward off parasites in the ants' fungal gardens.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
A Clonogenic Bone Marrow Progenitor Specific for Macrophages and Dendritic Cells
Darin K. Fogg, Claire Sibon, Chaouki Miled, Steffen Jung, Pierre Aucouturier, Dan R. Littman, Ana Cumano, and Frederic Geissmann
Science 6 January 2006: 83-87.
Published online 1 December 2005 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1117729] (in Science Express Reports)
One bone marrow cell type is the precursor for two key immune cells, both of which process foreign antigens.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Empirical Analysis of an Evolving Social Network
Gueorgi Kossinets and Duncan J. Watts
Science 6 January 2006: 88-90.
Tracking e-mail interactions among members of a large university community for a year reveals the dynamics of social network behavior in this setting.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Integration of Plant Responses to Environmentally Activated Phytohormonal Signals
Patrick Achard, Hui Cheng, Liesbeth De Grauwe, Jan Decat, Hermien Schoutteten, Thomas Moritz, Dominique Van Der Straeten, Jinrong Peng, and Nicholas P. Harberd
Science 6 January 2006: 91-94.
Stunted plant growth due to environmental stress is not just a byproduct of diminished nutrients but is rather an adaptive response that helps the plant survive.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Cytokinin Signaling and Its Inhibitor AHP6 Regulate Cell Fate During Vascular Development
Ari Pekka Mähönen, Anthony Bishopp, Masayuki Higuchi, Kaisa M. Nieminen, Kaori Kinoshita, Kirsi Törmäkangas, Yoshihisa Ikeda, Atsuhiro Oka, Tatsuo Kakimoto, and Ykä Helariutta
Science 6 January 2006: 94-98.
A disabled enzyme blocks hormone signaling in regions of a growing flowering plant, resulting in the development of vessels that carry water and minerals upward.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Fishing, Trophic Cascades, and the Process of Grazing on Coral Reefs
Peter J. Mumby, Craig P. Dahlgren, Alastair R. Harborne, Carrie V. Kappel, Fiorenza Micheli, Daniel R. Brumbaugh, Katherine E. Holmes, Judith M. Mendes, Kenneth Broad, James N. Sanchirico, Kevin Buch, Steve Box, Richard W. Stoffle, and Andrew B. Gill
Science 6 January 2006: 98-101.
Recovery of populations of large predators in Caribbean coral reef reserves unexpectedly leads to ecosystem restoration via increased algae grazing by fishes.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Technical Comments
Comment on "A Hydrogen-Rich Early Earth Atmosphere"
David C. Catling
Science 6 January 2006: 38.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »|
Response to Comment on "A Hydrogen-Rich Early Earth Atmosphere"
Feng Tian, Owen B. Toon, and Alexander A. Pavlov
Science 6 January 2006: 38.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »|
