23 December 2005 Vol 310, Issue 5756, Pages 1865-1974 2005年度科学十大进展
自从达尔文1859年把进化理论首次引入科学界以来，该理论一直是生物学的基础和指导思想。但是，达尔文可能完全没有想到，到了2005年研究人员仍在发现有关进化论的基本要点的新结果-在流感病毒基因、黑猩猩基因、以及棘鱼硬鳞的世界中进化到底是如何进行的？这些实地观察进化发生的研究被《科学》周刊和其出版者、非营利的美国科学促进会评为2005年度中科学的第一大进展。
2005年中，科学家获得了不少有关基因水平上的进化以及物种诞生的深刻了解，包括也许能帮助我们未来生活得更健康的信息。新进展具体包括：今年10月，一个国际研究小组发表了黑猩猩的基因组图谱。科学家们已经开始仔细分析黑猩猩基因组，结合另一个旨在建立迄今最大的人类遗传序列单字母变异数据库的国际努力，科学家希望更好地了解人类物种的进化。这两项研究为从艾滋病到心脏病的疾病研究提供了新材料，也许能为未来个体化的基因医学奠定基础。
今年测定的1918年大流行的流感病毒序列可能对医学有更直接的影响。这个被永冻层保存下来的流感基因以及科学家煞费苦心重建病毒的神奇故事有一个令人不寒而粟的结论：这个致命的流感似乎起源于禽病毒。了解上个世纪的致命禽流感的进化也许能帮助我们预测和对付当今禽流感的威胁。
另一些研究揭示了DNA的微小变化能引发不同的进化事件。研究人员发现，将一个物种变成多个物种仅仅需要一个遗传变异，比如阿拉斯加的失去了硬鳞的棘鱼是由一个海洋物种进化成几个生活在陆地湖泊的物种的。
除了基因组进化研究，研究人员还观察了从毛毛虫到蟋蟀的几种动物中的进化发生，发现行为上的差异，比如吃什么东西和什么时候交配，足以将一个物种变成两个。这些仔细的观察以及其它一些实验显示，进化研究，像在1859年一样，在2005年仍然有关。
《科学》周刊评出的2005年度另外九大进展是：
行星旅行行星研究在2005年突飞猛进，去月球、水星、金星、火星、一个彗星、一个小行星、土星、以及太阳系边缘的宇宙飞船不是已经到达就是已经上路。这一年的精彩表演中最漂亮的也许是欧洲宇宙飞船的惠更斯探测器在土星的最大卫星土卫六、又名"泰坦"的登陆。惠更斯探测器在泰坦上的旅行揭示了一个由不经常的液态甲烷滂沱大雨所形成的地貌、以及一个不同寻常的水文循环。
植物研究丰收: 几个有关植物开花和其它神秘或惊人特征的关键的分子线索在2005年被揭示。比如，植物分子生物学家找到了启动植物季节性发育的信号。另一项研究的重点是涉及刺激开花的基因，还有一项研究发现了令人惊异的隐藏的RNA。
中子星碰撞: 2005年迎来了用新仪器获得的中子星中最剧烈活动的清晰记录的发表。一个2004年12月27日记录下来的、来自银河系中心附近的短暂、强烈的辐射脉冲，可能是一个短伽玛射线暴发，这被认为是两个古老的中子星或一个中子星和一个黑洞快速碰撞产生的。
大脑回路与疾病: 2005年中的几项研究提出，精神分裂症、抽动-秽语综合征(Tourette syndrome)、以及阅读困难(dyslexia)等症的根源在于子宫内胚胎发育时期大脑神经回路的"错误连接"。
形成地球的物质是从哪里来的? : 今年，研究人员再次仔细观察了类似太阳系中早期物质的地球上的岩石和陨石，发现它们的原子组分与这些早期物质有很大的不同。究竟地球是从哪里得到它的构件的? 现在有些科学家说，地球上的物质来自太阳系的另一个区域，而其他科学家说，早期的地球已经被厚厚地埋在地表的下面，人们看不到它了。
关键蛋白的详细图像: 电压门控钾通道迄今为止最高分子分辨率的图像在2005年被揭示。这些通道是负责钾离子进出细胞的看门蛋白，它们在神经和肌肉功能上的作用同晶体管在计算机中的一样重要。
对气候变化的看法在转变? : 2005年中不断积累的人类活动与全球变暖联系的证据，引起美国政客们的主意。这些证据包括，海洋深处的水变暖、最强烈热带风暴的频率增加、北冰洋的冰覆盖继续减少、以及鸟类迁徙模式的改变等，随着气候变化的科学证据不断增多，一般人开始关心这个问题了。
细胞信号研究又上一层楼: 由于同时跟踪细胞信号网络多个输入输出的努力，细胞如何响应它们周围的化学和环境信号的动态观念在2005年趋于成熟。比如，研究人员创建了一个导致细胞凋亡网络所涉及的近8000个化学信号的模型。
ITER落户法国: 世界首座国际热核实验堆(ITER)建设地点的争夺告终，参与ITER项目国际合作的六方今年一致同意将ITER试验反应堆设在法国南部的Cadarache，而不是日本的Rokkasho。ITER的目的之一是用通过在地球上模拟太阳内部所发生的核聚变来发电。
专题报道：BREAKTHROUGH OF THE YEAR: Evolution in Action, Elizabeth Culotta and Elizabeth Pennisi
专题报道：BREAKTHROUGH OF THE YEAR: The Runners-Up, Rebecca L. Lamason, et al.
天王星添新卫星和新光环
科学家发现了天王星的新光环以及两个新卫星。这些天王星系统的新成员是在哈勃太空望远镜拍摄的照片上以及"旅行者"2号发回的早期照片中发现的。新发现的卫星和由尘埃构成的环的轨道在天王星过去已知的光环以外，但离天王星的距离比其已知的较大卫星要近。天王星的"第二个光环系统"由11个动态相互作用的观察到的卫星、一个（迄今还未观察到的）微小或有争议的卫星、以及从卫星出来的尘埃带构成。与"旅行者"2号发回的照片相比，卫星的位置以及光环的亮度都有较大的变化。许多卫星不按照简单的开普勒轨道运行，而是表现出复杂的动力学性质，表明该系统不稳定或有混沌性。作者说，新的发现为天王星密集的内卫星快速和混沌的演化系统提供了更清晰的图像。
科学特快报告：The Second Ring-Moon System of Uranus: Discovery and Dynamics, Mark R. Showalter and Jack J. Lissauer
造林的水和土壤成本
一项新研究指出，为了用树来吸收碳的目的种植新的森林有水和土壤资源的较大的成本。造林是减缓大气中二氧化碳浓度的一个潜在的有利工具，但是森林也会影响它们所依赖的水和土壤资源。对野外试验、区域经济和气候模型、以及过去发表的近600个观察的新分析表明，种植一个新森林会极大地减少可利用的水资源，而且会使附近的土壤盐碱化或酸化。Robert Jackson和同事发现，在他们分析的案例中有十分之一以上的造林场导致附近的小溪干枯，而且平均有一半林场的小溪水流量降低。这些发现应该能帮助人们注意到用造林来吸收碳也有其成本，而不仅仅看到这样做的好处。
报告：Trading Water for Carbon with Biological Carbon Sequestration, Robert B. Jackson, et al.
记忆与"心理时间旅行"
人能通过重新产生一个记住的事件第一次发生时大脑具体的活动模式来启动这个记忆，心理学家Endel Tulving称这个过程为 "心理时间旅行"。现在Sean Polyn和同事显示，很多的时间旅行是在记忆实际上恢复成为我们能把它说出来之前完成的。研究人员分析了参加测试者的大脑扫描，他们给测试者看一些照片，包括名人的照片、旅游胜地的照片、以及日常用品（比如镊子）的照片，然后让他们尽可能地回忆这些看过的照片。Polyn和同事发现，在测试者开始讲他们对照片的回忆之前的几秒钟，与该照片联系的大脑活动模式恢复出来。研究人员甚至能从恢复的大脑模式猜出来测试者是否能回忆出名人、胜地、或物体。文章作者说，他们的技术是"研究人员用来检验或改进人们如何挖掘记忆深处东西的理论的一个强有力的新工具"。
报告：Category-Specific Cortical Activity Precedes Retrieval During Memory Search, Sean M. Polyn, Vaidehi S. Natu, Jonathan D. Cohen, and Kenneth A. Norman
治疗发炎的新路径?
据一项新研究报告，两个在控制发炎上有重要作用的酶COX-2和一氧化氮合酶在名为巨噬细胞的免疫细胞内相互作用。Sangwon Kim和同事说，这一发现也许能导致新的抗发炎药物靶标。这些研究人员发现，在巨噬细胞内一氧化氮合酶将一氧化氮输送给COX-2，从而激活COX-2。他们说，阻碍这个相互作用的药物将能降低由一氧化氮合酶和COX-2产生的炎症分子的水平。商业名为Vioxx和Celebrex的COX-2抑制剂被发现与心脏病和中风等副作用有联系。Kim和同事提出，他们研究所发现的相互作用也许能为小剂量（从而可能更安全）的COX-2抑制剂的治疗方法奠定了基础。
报告：Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Binds, S-Nitrosylates, and Activates Cyclooxygenase-2, Sangwon F. Kim, Daniel A. Huri, and Solomon H. Snyder
Special Issue
For all checked items
Breakthrough of the Year
News
BREAKTHROUGH OF THE YEAR: Evolution in Action
Elizabeth Culotta and Elizabeth Pennisi
Science 23 December 2005: 1878-1879.
Summary »| Full Text »| PDF »| Video Presentation »|
BREAKTHROUGH OF THE YEAR: The Runners-Up
Science 23 December 2005: 1880-1885.
Summary »| Full Text »| PDF »| Podcast »|
BREAKTHROUGH OF THE YEAR: Scorecard 2004
Science 23 December 2005: 1880.
Summary »| Full Text »| PDF »|
Breakdown of the Year: U.S. Particle Physics
Adrian Cho
Science 23 December 2005: 1882.
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Disasters: Searching for Lessons From a Bad Year
John Bohannon
Science 23 December 2005: 1883.
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BREAKTHROUGH OF THE YEAR: Areas to Watch in 2006
Science 23 December 2005: 1885.
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Contents
For all checked items
This Week in Science
Editor summaries of this week's papers.
Science 23 December 2005: 1865.
|Full Text »
Editorial:
Breakthrough of the Year
Donald Kennedy
Science 23 December 2005: 1869.
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Editors' Choice
Highlights of the recent literature.
Science 23 December 2005: 1871.
|Full Text »
NetWatch
Best of the Web in science.
Science 23 December 2005: 1877.
|Full Text »
NEW PRODUCTS
Science 23 December 2005: 1974.
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News of the Week
STEM CELLS: Cloning Researcher Says Work Is Flawed but Claims Results Stand
Dennis Normile, Gretchen Vogel, and Constance Holden
Science 23 December 2005: 1886-1887.
Summary »| Full Text »| PDF »|
ANCIENT DNA: New Methods Yield Mammoth Samples
Ann Gibbons
Science 23 December 2005: 1889.
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DRUG TESTING: Massive Trial of Celebrex Seeks to Settle Safety Concerns
Jennifer Couzin
Science 23 December 2005: 1890-1891.
Summary »| Full Text »| PDF »|
DEEP-SEA DRILLING: Scientific Drill Ship to Be Reborn
Richard A. Kerr
Science 23 December 2005: 1890.
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U.S. SCIENCE POLICY: Bill Seeks Billions to Bolster Research
Jeffrey Mervis
Science 23 December 2005: 1891.
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CONDENSED-MATTER PHYSICS: Mismatched Cold Atoms Hint at a Stellar New Superfluid
Adrian Cho
Science 23 December 2005: 1892.
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IMMUNOLOGY: Jawless Fish Have Form of Adaptive Immunity
Mary Beckman
Science 23 December 2005: 1892-1893.
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SATELLITE NAVIGATION: Europe's Answer to GPS Could Be a Boon for Research
Daniel Clery
Science 23 December 2005: 1893.
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ScienceScope
Science 23 December 2005: 1889.
|Full Text »
Random Samples
Science 23 December 2005: 1900.
|Full Text »
News Focus
GENE THERAPY: Putting the Fingers On Gene Repair
Jocelyn Kaiser
Science 23 December 2005: 1894-1896.
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TREE GROWTH: The Sky Is Not the Limit
Elizabeth Pennisi
Science 23 December 2005: 1896-1897.
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MEETING: AMERICAN GEOPHYSICAL UNION: San Andreas Drillers Find a Strangely Weak Fault
Richard A. Kerr
Science 23 December 2005: 1898.
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MEETING: AMERICAN GEOPHYSICAL UNION: An Early, Muddy Mars Just Right for Life
Richard A. Kerr
Science 23 December 2005: 1898-1899.
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MEETING: AMERICAN GEOPHYSICAL UNION: Mars Saucer Mystery Baffles the Experts
Richard A. Kerr
Science 23 December 2005: 1899.
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MEETING: AMERICAN GEOPHYSICAL UNION
Snapshots From the Meeting
Richard A. Kerr
Science 23 December 2005: 1899.
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Letters
This Week's Letters
Science 23 December 2005: 1903.
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Retraction
Richard A. Flavell, Leonard K. Kaczmarek, Abdallah Badou, Emile L. Boulpaep, Rooma Desai, Srisaila Basavappa, Didi Matza, You-Qing Peng, and Wajahat Z. Mehal
Science 23 December 2005: 1903.
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Human Embryonic Stem Cells
Ian Wilmut, Michael D. West, Robert P. Lanza, John D. Gearhart, Austin Smith, Alan Colman, Alan O. Trounson, and Keith H. Campbell
Science 23 December 2005: 1903.
Published online 13 December 2005 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1123832] (in Science Express Letters)
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Inka Accounting Practices
Martti Pärssinen, Jukka Kiviharju;, Gary Urton, and Carrie J. Brezine
Science 23 December 2005: 1903-1904.
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Highlighting the STAR Collaboration
Timothy Hallman
Science 23 December 2005: 1904.
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Books et al.
BEHAVIOR: Hormones in the Middle
Ellen D. Ketterson
Science 23 December 2005: 1905-1906.
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ECONOMICS: Taxation with Representation
Thomas Piketty
Science 23 December 2005: 1906-1907.
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Browsings
Science 23 December 2005: 1907.
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Books Received
Science 23 December 2005: 1907.
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Policy Forum
COMMUNICATION: Enhanced: Social Values and the Governance of Science
George Gaskell, Edna Einsiedel, William Hallman, Susanna Hornig Priest, Jonathan Jackson, and Johannus Olsthoorn
Science 23 December 2005: 1908-1909.
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Perspectives
EVOLUTION: Is the "Big Bang" in Animal Evolution Real?
Lars S. Jermiin, Leon Poladian, and Michael A. Charleston
Science 23 December 2005: 1910-1911.
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PHYSIOLOGY: The Tick-Tock of Aging?
Adam Antebi
Science 23 December 2005: 1911-1913.
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CHEMISTRY: Nuclear Spin Conversion in Molecules
Jon T. Hougen and Takeshi Oka
Science 23 December 2005: 1913-1914.
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GEOCHEMISTRY: A Tale of Early Earth Told in Zircons
Yuri Amelin
Science 23 December 2005: 1914-1915.
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RETROSPECTIVE: Richard E. Smalley (1943-2005)
W. Wade Adams and Ray H. Baughman
Science 23 December 2005: 1916.
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Association Affairs
AAAS News and Notes
Science 23 December 2005: 1917-1918.
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Review
Appendage Regeneration in Adult Vertebrates and Implications for Regenerative Medicine
Jeremy P. Brockes and Anoop Kumar
Science 23 December 2005: 1919-1923.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Brevia
Torus-Margo Pits Help Conifers Compete with Angiosperms
Jarmila Pittermann, John S. Sperry, Uwe G. Hacke, James K. Wheeler, and Elzard H. Sikkema
Science 23 December 2005: 1924.
The success of conifer trees is partly a result of specialized pits in the ends of water-conducting cells that allow efficient fluid transport equal to that of angiosperms.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Research Articles
Radar Soundings of the Subsurface of Mars
Giovanni Picardi, Jeffrey J. Plaut, Daniela Biccari, Ornella Bombaci, Diego Calabrese, Marco Cartacci, Andrea Cicchetti, Stephen M. Clifford, Peter Edenhofer, William M. Farrell, Costanzo Federico, Alessandro Frigeri, Donald A. Gurnett, Tor Hagfors, Essam Heggy, Alain Herique, Richard L. Huff, Anton B. Ivanov, William T. K. Johnson, Rolando L. Jordan, Donald L. Kirchner, Wlodek Kofman, Carlton J. Leuschen, Erling Nielsen, Roberto Orosei, Elena Pettinelli, Roger J. Phillips, Dirk Plettemeier, Ali Safaeinili, Roberto Seu, Ellen R. Stofan, Giuliano Vannaroni, Thomas R. Watters, and Enrico Zampolini
Science 23 December 2005: 1925-1928.
Published online 30 November 2005 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1122165] (in Science Express Research Articles)
Mars Express radar data reveal that 2 kilometers of layered deposits rich in pure water ice underlie the North Polar Cap, but their weight barely deforms the underlying crust.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »|
Radar Soundings of the Ionosphere of Mars
D. A. Gurnett, D. L. Kirchner, R. L. Huff, D. D. Morgan, A. M. Persoon, T. F. Averkamp, F. Duru, E. Nielsen, A. Safaeinili, J. J. Plaut, and G. Picardi
Science 23 December 2005: 1929-1933.
Published online 30 November 2005 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1121868] (in Science Express Research Articles)
Radar observations from Mars Express map the bulging of the Martian ionosphere in areas where the magnetic field in Mars' crust is oriented vertically.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »|
Animal Evolution and the Molecular Signature of Radiations Compressed in Time
Antonis Rokas, Dirk Krüger, and Sean B. Carroll
Science 23 December 2005: 1933-1938.
New sequences of 50 genes from 17 taxa successfully resolve fungal evolution, but not animal evolution, because animals evolved in a series of closely spaced steps in deep time.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Reports
Separation and Conversion Dynamics of Four Nuclear Spin Isomers of Ethylene
Zhen-Dong Sun, Kojiro Takagi, and Fusakazu Matsushima
Science 23 December 2005: 1938-1941.
Among the four discrete nuclear spin isomers of ethylene, interconversion can occur among pairs of like-symmetry, qualifying the abundances of these isomers in space.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Synthesis of Imido Analogs of the Uranyl Ion
Trevor W. Hayton, James M. Boncella, Brian L. Scott, Phillip D. Palmer, Enrique R. Batista, and P. Jeffrey Hay
Science 23 December 2005: 1941-1943.
The two oxygens that form double bonds to uranium in a common compound can be replaced with nitrogen groups, shedding light on the nature of bonding in actinide metals.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Trading Water for Carbon with Biological Carbon Sequestration
Robert B. Jackson, Esteban G. Jobbágy, Roni Avissar, Somnath Baidya Roy, Damian J. Barrett, Charles W. Cook, Kathleen A. Farley, David C. le Maitre, Bruce A. McCarl, and Brian C. Murray
Science 23 December 2005: 1944-1947.
Data and modeling imply that the use of large tree plantations to sequester atmospheric carbon dioxide will tax water supplies and degrade soils in many parts of the United States.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Heterogeneous Hadean Hafnium: Evidence of Continental Crust at 4.4 to 4.5 Ga
T. M. Harrison, J. Blichert-Toft, W. Müller, F. Albarede, P. Holden, and S. J. Mojzsis
Science 23 December 2005: 1947-1950.
Published online 17 November 2005 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1117926] (in Science Express Reports)
Isotopic data from more than 100 of Earth's oldest preserved minerals imply that Earth had significant continental crust by 4.3 and perhaps as early as 4.5 billion years ago.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
X-ray Structure of the EmrE Multidrug Transporter in Complex with a Substrate
Owen Pornillos, Yen-Ju Chen, Andy P. Chen, and Geoffrey Chang
Science 23 December 2005: 1950-1953.
A membrane protein that transports drugs out of bacteria is an antiparallel dimer, with asymmetry between the two subunits driving unidirectional transport.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
A Developmental Timing MicroRNA and Its Target Regulate Life Span in C. elegans
Michelle Boehm and Frank Slack
Science 23 December 2005: 1954-1957.
In the nematode, a known RNA regulator that synchronizes development also controls life span through an insulin signaling pathway, suggesting a biological clock for aging.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
fgf20 Is Essential for Initiating Zebrafish Fin Regeneration
Geoffrey G. Whitehead, Shinji Makino, Ching-Ling Lien, and Mark T. Keating
Science 23 December 2005: 1957-1960.
A newly described growth factor controls the earliest stages of limb regeneration in zebrafish, but does not otherwise participate in development.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Protein Synthesis upon Acute Nutrient Restriction Relies on Proteasome Function
Ramunas M. Vabulas and F. Ulrich Hartl
Science 23 December 2005: 1960-1963.
When mammalian cells are starved of amino acids, a cellular organelle, the proteasome, degrades preexisting proteins to supply the amino acids needed for protein synthesis.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Category-Specific Cortical Activity Precedes Retrieval During Memory Search
Sean M. Polyn, Vaidehi S. Natu, Jonathan D. Cohen, and Kenneth A. Norman
Science 23 December 2005: 1963-1966.
Brain activation patterns characteristic of a previously observed object can be seen seconds before subjects consciously remember that object.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Binds, S-Nitrosylates, and Activates Cyclooxygenase-2
Sangwon F. Kim, Daniel A. Huri, and Solomon H. Snyder
Science 23 December 2005: 1966-1970.
Two important enzymes that induce inflammation in mammals physically interact and augment each other's activity, providing a potential target for anti-inflammatory drugs.
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Diversity and Function of Adaptive Immune Receptors in a Jawless Vertebrate
Matthew N. Alder, Igor B. Rogozin, Lakshminarayan M. Iyer, Galina V. Glazko, Max D. Cooper, and Zeev Pancer
Science 23 December 2005: 1970-1973.
Lampreys insert different sequence modules into a constant gene to generate antigen-specific lymphocyte receptors, which can protect them against infection.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
