2005年11月25日 美国《科学》周刊310卷 第5752期
冰芯记录延长了21万年
欧洲研究人员报告说，对来自南极洲东部的EPICA(欧洲南极冰芯计划)DOME C冰芯中存留气泡首次深入的分析，将温室气体的纪录比现有的推后了约50%，至距今65万年前。这个延长了21万年的大气二氧化碳和甲烷记录包括了两个完整冰川周期，应该能帮助科学家更好地了解气候变化和地球上现在这个变暖期的性质。文章作者说，这一分析明确地显示，如今大气二氧化碳含量的增加比过去65万年中的最高纪录还要高。这些工作也许还能帮助澄清人类是什么时候开始明显地改变了地球大气中温室气体的平衡的。
其中一项工作汇编了更新世(据今65万到39万年前)期间南极气候与碳循环稳定关系的历史。另一项研究记录了同一时期大气中甲烷和氧化亚氮的水平。新研究确定了在最近的4个冰川周期期间南极气候与二氧化碳和甲烷之间的稳定关系，并将这个稳定关系推后到包括另外两个冰川周期的时间段，那期间“冰川间”暖期比更近的暖期更长也更温和，来自瑞士、法国和德国的研究人员说。文章作者说，对温室气体与气候关系的深入了解可能有助于了解未来的气候变化。
报告：Stable Carbon Cycle-Climate Relationship During the Late Pleistocene, Urs Siegenthaler, et al.
报告：Atmospheric Methane and Nitrous Oxide of the Late Pleistocene from Antarctic Ice Cores, Renato Spahni, et al.
震荡的冰山
一个德国研究小组把在南极记录到的一组地震脉动追溯到一个移动中的冰山，并确定出这些脉动与来自基拉韦厄火山和圣海伦火山的脉动有关键的类似之处。Christian Müller 和同事在研究这些地震信号之后，初步提出这些信号代表了冰山内通过隧道和裂缝的水流动产生的冰山的弹性震荡。作者们描述了一个可能的情形：冰山与浅海底的一个悬崖相撞，导致一个局部震级为3.6的地震冲击，这个撞击被海岸的水流推动沿大陆架持续传播，最终导致冰山的崩溃。他们还揭示了该地震信号的某些特征，指出这些地震信号的持续时间、震级、以及震荡模式与火山脉动极为相似。
简报：Singing Icebergs, Christian Müller, Vera Schlindwein, Alfons Eckstaller, and Heinrich Miller
针对妇女的暴力的隐藏代价
本期的政策论坛指出，世界各地的妇女都有较大的遭受配偶的肉体暴力和性暴力的危险，但一个国家内以及不同国家之间，这些危险有很大的不同。Claudia Garcia-Moreno和同事讨论了世界卫生组织对10个国家家庭暴力的地理范围与广度的一项新研究。在15个研究地点的13个中，有35%到76%的妇女自15岁以来曾遭受过肉体或性暴力。遭受过肉体暴力的一半以上的妇女说，她们从未没有向专门的社会服务机构或权力部门寻求过帮助。在至少半数的研究点，大多数妇女同意这样的观点：即在某些情况下丈夫打妻子是可以接受的。文章作者说，家庭暴力除了其感情代价外，还有直接的经济代价。
政策论坛：Violence Against Women, Claudia Garcia-Moreno, Lori Heise, Henrica A. F. M. Jansen, Mary Ellsberg, and Charlotte Watts
深入了解对毒品的渴望
对锯齿类是如何变得对滥用药物越来越敏感的深入了解，也许有朝一日能帮助研究人员研制出抵抗毒品瘾的治疗方法。断续接触滥用药物的动物会对这些药物变得越来越敏感，这个现象被认为与人类的毒品渴望以及毒瘾的可能复发有关。这个致敏过程涉及大脑的一个叫伏隔核的部分，尤其是其中的一个叫长时程抑制的突触弱化形式。Karen Brebner和同事用新的合成肽抑制剂演示了伏隔核中的长时程抑制是由一个涉及细胞的AMPA受体摄入的过程调节的。他们将一个针对AMPA的抑制剂与一个病毒蛋白融合，制造了能容易地转导为神经元的蛋白。文章作者报告说，这个融合肽完全阻碍了对安非他明注射的行为致敏。
报告：Nucleus Accumbens Long-Term Depression and the Expression of Behavioral Sensitization, Karen Brebner, et al.
Contents
For all checked items
This Week in Science
Editor summaries of this week's papers.
Science 25 November 2005: 1241.
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Editorial:
NASA: Back to Eating Seed Corn
Donald Kennedy
Science 25 November 2005: 1245.
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Editors' Choice
Highlights of the recent literature.
Science 25 November 2005: 1247.
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NetWatch
Best of the Web in science.
Science 25 November 2005: 1255.
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NEW PRODUCTS
Science 25 November 2005: 1351.
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News of the Week
AVIAN INFLUENZA: China Will Attempt Largest-Ever Animal Vaccination Campaign
Dennis Normile
Science 25 November 2005: 1256-1257.
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U.S. BUDGET: NIH Set for Tiny Spending Hike in 2006
Jocelyn Kaiser
Science 25 November 2005: 1256.
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GENETICS: Expression of Endorphin Gene Favored in Human Evolution
Michael Balter
Science 25 November 2005: 1257.
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MEDICINE: Cancer-Suppressing Enzyme Adds a Link to Type 2 Diabetes
Jean Marx
Science 25 November 2005: 1259.
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SOCIETY FOR NEUROSCIENCE MEETING: Bats Have a Feel for Flight
Greg Miller
Science 25 November 2005: 1260-1261.
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SOCIETY FOR NEUROSCIENCE MEETING: Neuroscience Society Plans to Leave New Orleans High and Dry
Yudhijit Bhattacharjee
Science 25 November 2005: 1260.
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SOCIETY FOR NEUROSCIENCE MEETING: Computer Game Sharpens Aging Minds
Greg Miller
Science 25 November 2005: 1261.
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CANADA: New Funding Schemes Aim to Retain Top Academic Talent
Wayne Kondro
Science 25 November 2005: 1263.
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HIGHER EDUCATION: U.S. Plans Suit to Stop Minority-Only Programs
Jeffrey Mervis
Science 25 November 2005: 1263.
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ScienceScope
Science 25 November 2005: 1259.
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Random Samples
Science 25 November 2005: 1274.
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News Focus
AFTER KATRINA: Louisiana's Wetlands Struggle for Survival
Erik Stokstad
Science 25 November 2005: 1264-1266.
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AFTER KATRINA: Tapping a River to Restore and Build Up Wetlands
Erik Stokstad
Science 25 November 2005: 1265.
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AFTER KATRINA: New Orleans Labs Start Their Uncertain Comeback
Jocelyn Kaiser
Science 25 November 2005: 1267-1269.
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CONDENSED-MATTER PHYSICS: Researchers Turn Up the Heat In Superconductivity Hunt
Robert F. Service
Science 25 November 2005: 1271-1272.
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SPACE SCIENCE: The Question on the Table: Will Europe Go to Mars?
Daniel Clery
Science 25 November 2005: 1272-1273.
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Letters
This Week's Letters
Science 25 November 2005: 1276.
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Making a Rebuilt New Orleans Sustainable
John W. Day
Science 25 November 2005: 1276.
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Problems of Studying Extinction Risks
A. H. Harcourt;, David Putland;, Marcel Cardillo, Georgina Mace, and Andy Purvis
Science 25 November 2005: 1276-1278.
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Benefits of a Regional Climate Model
Lara M. Kueppers
Science 25 November 2005: 1278-1279.
Full Text »| PDF »|
Proposed Changes to Biomedical Funding
Gregory R. Dressler
Science 25 November 2005: 1279.
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The Paradox of Radiation's Effects
Rainer Facius
Science 25 November 2005: 1279.
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Corrections and Clarifications
Science 25 November 2005: 1279.
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Books et al.
PSYCHOLOGY: The Outer Limits of Belief
Stuart Vyse
Science 25 November 2005: 1280-1281.
Summary »| Full Text »| PDF »|
Browsings
Science 25 November 2005: 1281.
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Books Received
Science 25 November 2005: 1281.
Summary »|
Essays on Science and Society
125th Anniversary Series
Science 2 December 2005: 1435.
Summary »|
Policy Forum
PUBLIC HEALTH: Violence Against Women
Claudia Garcia-Moreno, Lori Heise, Henrica A. F. M. Jansen, Mary Ellsberg, and Charlotte Watts
Science 25 November 2005: 1282-1283.
Summary »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Perspectives
CELL SIGNALING: Frizzled at the Cutting Edge of the Synapse
Alfonso Martinez Arias
Science 25 November 2005: 1284-1285.
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ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCE: Tiny Bubbles Tell All
Edward J. Brook
Science 25 November 2005: 1285-1287.
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PLANETARY SCIENCE: Saturn's Strangest Ring Becomes Curiouser and Curiouser
Mark R. Showalter
Science 25 November 2005: 1287-1288.
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DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY: Enhanced: Encountering MicroRNAs in Cell Fate Signaling
Xantha Karp and Victor Ambros
Science 25 November 2005: 1288-1289.
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Association Affairs
AAAS News and Notes
Science 25 November 2005: 1290-1291.
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Reviews
The Phanerozoic Record of Global Sea-Level Change
Kenneth G. Miller, Michelle A. Kominz, James V. Browning, James D. Wright, Gregory S. Mountain, Miriam E. Katz, Peter J. Sugarman, Benjamin S. Cramer, Nicholas Christie-Blick, and Stephen F. Pekar
Science 25 November 2005: 1293-1298.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Brevia
Singing Icebergs
Christian Müller, Vera Schlindwein, Alfons Eckstaller, and Heinrich Miller
Science 25 November 2005: 1299.
Fluctuating water flow through cracks in a drifting Antarctic iceberg produces seismic signals that resemble moving versions of signals from some volcanoes.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Research Articles
Cassini Discovers a Kinematic Spiral Ring Around Saturn
S. Charnoz, C. C. Porco, E. Déau, A. Brahic, J. N. Spitale, G. Bacques, and K. Baillie
Science 25 November 2005: 1300-1304.
Cassini images reveal that the faint, supposedly concentric strands making up Saturn's delicate F ring actually form a spiral that winds at least three times around the planet.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Reports
Encoding Electronic Properties by Synthesis of Axial Modulation-Doped Silicon Nanowires
Chen Yang, Zhaohui Zhong, and Charles M. Lieber
Science 25 November 2005: 1304-1307.
The number of charged electrons along the length of variably doped silicon nanowires can be modulated during growth, producing devices to decode electronic addresses.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Super-Compressible Foamlike Carbon Nanotube Films
Anyuan Cao, Pamela L. Dickrell, W. Gregory Sawyer, Mehrdad N. Ghasemi-Nejhad, and Pulickel M. Ajayan
Science 25 November 2005: 1307-1310.
Carbon nanotubes can be linked to produce a rigid foamlike film that can be reversibly compressed to just 15 percent of its original size.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
The Nature of Aqueous Tunneling Pathways Between Electron-Transfer Proteins
Jianping Lin, Ilya A. Balabin, and David N. Beratan
Science 25 November 2005: 1311-1313.
Electron transfer between proteins in biologic reactions occurs rapidly across adjoining proteins, slowly through thin water layers, and even more slowly if the water layer is thick.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Stable Carbon Cycle–Climate Relationship During the Late Pleistocene
Urs Siegenthaler, Thomas F. Stocker, Eric Monnin, Dieter Lüthi, Jakob Schwander, Bernhard Stauffer, Dominique Raynaud, Jean-Marc Barnola, Hubertus Fischer, Valérie Masson-Delmotte, and Jean Jouzel
Science 25 November 2005: 1313-1317.
CO2 levels, trapped deep in an Antarctic ice core, varied less between 650,000 and 400,000 years ago than they have since, consistent with that period's smaller temperature changes.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Atmospheric Methane and Nitrous Oxide of the Late Pleistocene from Antarctic Ice Cores
Renato Spahni, Jérôme Chappellaz, Thomas F. Stocker, Laetitia Loulergue, Gregor Hausammann, Kenji Kawamura, Jacqueline Flückiger, Jakob Schwander, Dominique Raynaud, Valérie Masson-Delmotte, and Jean Jouzel
Science 25 November 2005: 1317-1321.
Methane levels varied less between 650,000 and 400,000 years ago than they have since; nitrous oxide levels also followed glacial climate swings, but in a more complex way.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Assistance of Microbial Glycolipid Antigen Processing by CD1e
Henri de la Salle, Sabrina Mariotti, Catherine Angenieux, Martine Gilleron, Luis-Fernando Garcia-Alles, Dag Malm, Thomas Berg, Samantha Paoletti, Blandine Maître, Lionel Mourey, Jean Salamero, Jean Pierre Cazenave, Daniel Hanau, Lucia Mori, Germain Puzo, and Gennaro De Libero
Science 25 November 2005: 1321-1324.
One member of an immune protein family helps to process lipid antigens for display on the cell surface; the other members provide the surface binding sites for these lipids.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Vertebrate-Type Intron-Rich Genes in the Marine Annelid Platynereis dumerilii
Florian Raible, Kristin Tessmar-Raible, Kazutoyo Osoegawa, Patrick Wincker, Claire Jubin, Guillaume Balavoine, David Ferrier, Vladimir Benes, Pieter de Jong, Jean Weissenbach, Peer Bork, and Detlev Arendt
Science 25 November 2005: 1325-1326.
Genes resembling intron-rich human genes are found in a marine polychaete, indicating their presence in the bilateral ancestor and their secondary loss in other invertebrates.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
SMEDWI-2 Is a PIWI-Like Protein That Regulates Planarian Stem Cells
Peter W. Reddien, Néstor J. Oviedo, Joya R. Jennings, James C. Jenkin, and Alejandro Sánchez Alvarado
Science 25 November 2005: 1327-1330.
Certain flatworms are able to regenerate damaged body parts because a protein possibly involved in RNA regulation of gene expression allows stem cells to produce new tissue.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
LIN-12/Notch Activation Leads to MicroRNA-Mediated Down-Regulation of Vav in C. elegans
Andrew S. Yoo and Iva Greenwald
Science 25 November 2005: 1330-1333.
Published online 20 October 2005 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1119481] (in Science Express Reports)
A microRNA participates in the cell-cell interactions and biochemical feedback that specify the identity of vulva cells in a developing nematode.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Ecosystem Service Supply and Vulnerability to Global Change in Europe
Dagmar Schröter, Wolfgang Cramer, Rik Leemans, I. Colin Prentice, Miguel B. Araújo, Nigel W. Arnell, Alberte Bondeau, Harald Bugmann, Timothy R. Carter, Carlos A. Gracia, Anne C. de la Vega-Leinert, Markus Erhard, Frank Ewert, Margaret Glendining, Joanna I. House, Susanna Kankaanpää, Richard J. T. Klein, Sandra Lavorel, Marcus Lindner, Marc J. Metzger, Jeannette Meyer, Timothy D. Mitchell, Isabelle Reginster, Mark Rounsevell, Santi Sabaté, Stephen Sitch, Ben Smith, Jo Smith, Pete Smith, Martin T. Sykes, Kirsten Thonicke, Wilfried Thuiller, Gill Tuck, Sönke Zaehle, and Bärbel Zierl
Science 25 November 2005: 1333-1337.
Published online 27 October 2005 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1115233] (in Science Express Reports)
Climate and social changes in Europe over the next 80 years are predicted to degrade ecosystems services such as biodiversity and fresh water, especially in the Mediterranean and mountainous regions.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Representation of Action-Specific Reward Values in the Striatum
Kazuyuki Samejima, Yasumasa Ueda, Kenji Doya, and Minoru Kimura
Science 25 November 2005: 1337-1340.
Monkeys assign a subjective reward value to their choices when making decisions, and this value is coded by neurons in an area near the center of the brain.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Nucleus Accumbens Long-Term Depression and the Expression of Behavioral Sensitization
Karen Brebner, Tak Pan Wong, Lidong Liu, Yitao Liu, Paul Campsall, Sarah Gray, Lindsay Phelps, Anthony G. Phillips, and Yu Tian Wang
Science 25 November 2005: 1340-1343.
A type of neuronal plasticity in the rat that may underlie persistent drug craving in humans depends on the uptake and sequestration of glutamate receptors.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Wingless Signaling at Synapses Is Through Cleavage and Nuclear Import of Receptor DFrizzled2
Dennis Mathew, Bulent Ataman, Jinyun Chen, Yali Zhang, Susan Cumberledge, and Vivian Budnik
Science 25 November 2005: 1344-1347.
A cell surface receptor at the neuromuscular junction is unexpectedly cleaved when bound by ligand, releasing a fragment that travels to the nucleus to control synapse formation.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
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