2005年11月18日 美国《科学》周刊310卷 第5751期
专题部分：用于与来自生物学的材料
本期封面是用生物启发的光学系统合成的一个人工复眼的共聚焦显微照片，其中每个微透镜各自对一个人工光柱和波导自动调整。本期专题部分聚焦自然界中的结构如何启发人们发展新的材料，以及如何设计新材料来探测和操纵生物学过程。专题新闻报道介绍了用纳米材料来诊断、成像、以及治疗癌症的研究。
专题介绍：Design for Living, Marc Lavine, Valda Vinson, and Robert Coontz
吃草的恐龙
研究人员在大约6500万年前的晚白垩世生活在如今印度的巨龙(sauropod)粪化石中发现了草形成的硅质微粒，这是第一次找到的吃草恐龙的证据。文章作者说，这一发现对了解草、恐龙生态、以及早期的植物-草食动物相互作用等的进化有重要意义。科学家发现的这种特殊的硅质结构被称为植物石(phytoliths)，它们在草和其它植物的细胞中形成。在恐龙粪化石中发现的不同草的植物石提出，晚白垩世的草科中的多样性比通常认为的要高。但是，从粪化石中发现的草植物石的量来看，草不是巨龙的主要食物。文章作者说，某些有神秘的、看起来适合处理研磨材料的牙齿的早期哺乳动物也许也吃过草。一篇相关的研究评述进一步讨论了这些发现。
报告：Dinosaur Coprolites and the Early Evolution of Grasses and Grazers, Wolfgang Haak, et al.
研究评述：Dinosaurs Dined on Grass, Ruben Nogueiras and Matthias Tschop
与精神分裂症有关的基因
DISC1基因是被列为可能使人易患精神分裂症的候选基因中的一个，新研究显示了这个基因是怎样以一种可能促成该病的方式工作的。人们认为精神分裂症和相关的情绪紊乱病是有遗传和环境两个方面的因素造成的，但是研究人员在确定涉及的具体基因上一直有小大的困难。虽然DISC1被发现与精神分裂症有关，但是这个基因所编码的蛋白质的功能人们不了解。J. Kirsty Millar和她英国的同事现在提供出基因和生物化学证据，显示DISC1蛋白质与一个叫PDE4B的酶相互作用，从而影响信号传递分子cAMP的活性。这个信号传递系统过去在其它试验系统中被发现与学习、记忆、以及情绪有关，这与该系统中的变化可能促成精神分裂症是一致的。一篇相关的研究评述指出，这些发现也许能帮助澄精神分裂症与其它情绪紊乱病之间的关系，也许能带来新的治疗策略，但是该文也指出是否能带来新的有效的治疗方法仍需要做大量的研究工作。
报告：DISC1 and PDE4B Are Interacting Genetic Factors in Schizophrenia That Regulate cAMP Signaling, J. Kirsty Millar, et al.
研究评述：Two Genes Link Two Distinct Psychoses, Akira Sawa and Solomon H. Snyder
蝴蝶翅膀胜过发光部件
在研究人员最早开始研究用来精确地反射和引导光的“高效发光部件”时，他们还不知道东部和中部非洲的燕尾蝴蝶早就掌握了这个过程。Peter Vukusic和Ian Hooper现在报告说，这些蝴蝶的翅基板中含有反射和引导入射光的天然“光子晶体”以及控制光发射方向的被称为“布拉格反射器”分层结构。这些学名为Papilio nireus的凤蝶科蝶种的翅基板充满了色素和二维光子晶体，它们所形成的结构使其产生很强的荧光，它们用的优化光输出的“高招”与高级发光部件所用的是一样的。作者在这篇简报中写道，“大自然和人工技术相互独立地演化出高效地引导来自光发射器的光的设计”。
简报：Directionally Controlled Fluorescence Emission in Butterflies, Pete Vukusic and Ian Hooper
细胞信号增强结肠癌细胞生长
新的发现将一个与发炎有关的分子与结肠癌细胞的异常生长联系起来，给为什么某些抗发炎药物有时能抑制结肠癌的发展提供了一个可能的解释。Maria Domenica Castellone和同事报告说，当促炎性分子前列腺素E2与它的受体结合时，这个过程激活两个信号传递通道，这些通道最终汇集促进β-Catenin的稳定和核转位，β-Catenin是促进增加癌细胞增值的基因转录的一个蛋白。前列腺素E2是COX-2酶的一个代谢物，它的活性被非甾体抗炎药(NSAIDs)阻碍。这些发现也许能使研究人员更好地了解NSAIDs如何在癌症治疗中起作用。
报告： Prostaglandin E2 Promotes Colon Cancer Cell Growth Through a Novel Gs-Axin-β-Catenin Signaling Axis, Maria Domenica Castellone, et al.
发红外光的碳纳米管
研究人员在碳纳米管中发出了红外光，该发光过程的效率比常规发光二极管(LEDs)所用的高许多倍。在LED中，被注入到半导体一个区域内的电子与带正电荷的空穴结合，以光子的形式释放出能量。Jia Chen和同事显示，在悬浮的碳纳米管中，一种载流子的局域加速产生激子（一个激发的电子-空穴对）。在纳米管有限的空间中，这些激子复合释放出红外辐射。作者报告说，这个过程比LED中的电子-空穴复合的效率高100到1000倍。
报告：Bright Infrared Emission from Electrically Induced Excitons in Carbon Nanotubes, Jia Chen, et al.
Contents
18 November 2005
Vol 310, Issue 5751, Pages 1085-1199
Materials and Biology
Design for Living
Marc Lavine, Valda Vinson, and Robert Coontz
Science 18 November 2005: 1131.
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News
MATERIALS AND BIOLOGY: Nanotechnology Takes Aim at Cancer
Robert F. Service
Science 18 November 2005: 1132-1134.
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Review
Exploring and Engineering the Cell Surface Interface
Molly M. Stevens and Julian H. George
Science 18 November 2005: 1135-1138.
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Tissue Cells Feel and Respond to the Stiffness of Their Substrate
Dennis E. Discher, Paul Janmey, and Yu-li Wang
Science 18 November 2005: 1139-1143.
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Rigid Biological Systems as Models for Synthetic Composites
George Mayer
Science 18 November 2005: 1144-1147.
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Inspirations from Biological Optics for Advanced Photonic Systems
Luke P. Lee and Robert Szema
Science 18 November 2005: 1148-1150.
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This Week in Science
Editor summaries of this week's papers.
Science 18 November 2005: 1085.
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Editorial:
Not Just Jobs: ScienceCareers.org
Jim Austin and Donald Kennedy
Science 18 November 2005: 1089.
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Editors' Choice
Highlights of the recent literature.
Science 18 November 2005: 1091.
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NetWatch
Best of the Web in science.
Science 18 November 2005: 1099.
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NEW PRODUCTS
Science 18 November 2005: 1199.
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News of the Week
STEM CELLS: Collaborators Split Over Ethics Allegations
Gretchen Vogel
Science 18 November 2005: 1100.
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U.S. HIGHER EDUCATION: Professor Sues University Over Building He Is Funding
Jennifer Couzin
Science 18 November 2005: 1101-1102.
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POLITICS: Antiterror Law Intrusive, U.K. Academic Groups Warn
Eliot Marshall
Science 18 November 2005: 1101.
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AFRICAN SCIENCE: A Move to Revamp Elite Institutions Across the Continent
Robert Koenig
Science 18 November 2005: 1102.
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INFLUENZA: Meeting Seeks Global Consensus, Highlights Global Disparities
Martin Enserink
Science 18 November 2005: 1103.
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NEUROSCIENCE: Neuroscientists Welcome Dalai Lama With Mostly Open Arms
Yudhijit Bhattacharjee
Science 18 November 2005: 1104.
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TEACHING EVOLUTION: Antievolutionists Win One in Kansas, Lose Eight Seats in Dover
Constance Holden and Yudhijit Bhattacharjee
Science 18 November 2005: 1105.
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ScienceScope
Science 18 November 2005: 1103.
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Random Samples
Science 18 November 2005: 1114.
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News Focus
ENERGY SUPPLIES: Bumpy Road Ahead for World's Oil
Richard A. Kerr
Science 18 November 2005: 1106-1108.
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ENERGY SUPPLIES: If Not Cheap Oil ...
Richard A. Kerr
Science 18 November 2005: 1107.
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DEVELOPMENTAL BASIS OF EVOLUTION MEETING: Hummingbirds Keep Plant Speciation Humming Along
Elizabeth Pennisi
Science 18 November 2005: 1109.
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DEVELOPMENTAL BASIS OF EVOLUTION MEETING: Development Out of Sync
Elizabeth Pennisi
Science 18 November 2005: 1109-1110.
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EDWARD AMES PROFILE: Uncovering the Hidden Paths Of Maine's Threatened Cod
Yudhijit Bhattacharjee
Science 18 November 2005: 1110-1111.
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AVIAN INFLUENZA: Pandemic Skeptics Warn Against Crying Wolf
Dennis Normile
Science 18 November 2005: 1112-1113.
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Letters
This Week's Letters
Science 18 November 2005: 1117.
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New Directions in Plastic Debris
Richard Thompson, Charles Moore, Anthony Andrady, Murray Gregory, Hideshige Takada, and Stephen Weisberg
Science 18 November 2005: 1117.
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Preparing for the Worst-Case Scenario
Pui Hong Alex Chung;, Ira M. Longini Jr., and M. Elizabeth Halloran
Science 18 November 2005: 1117-1118.
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Timing in Collection of Stool Samples
Volker Mai, O. Colin Stine, J. Glenn Morris Jr.;, Paul B. Eckburg, Elisabeth M. Bik, Charles N. Bernstein, Les Dethlefsen, Elizabeth Purdom, Michael Sargent, Steven R. Gill, Karen E. Nelson, and David A. Relman
Science 18 November 2005: 1118.
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Corrections and Clarifications
Science 18 November 2005: 1119.
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Books et al.
NEUROSCIENCE: Nerves as Chemical Messengers
Arvid Carlsson
Science 18 November 2005: 1120-1121.
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PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE: Genomic Meanings
Michael A. Goldman
Science 18 November 2005: 1121.
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Books Received
Science 18 November 2005: 1121.
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Policy Forum
EPIDEMIOLOGY: Enhanced: DNA Identifications After the 9/11 World Trade Center Attack
Leslie G. Biesecker, Joan E. Bailey-Wilson, Jack Ballantyne, Howard Baum, Frederick R. Bieber, Charles Brenner, Bruce Budowle, John M. Butler, George Carmody, P. Michael Conneally, Barry Duceman, Arthur Eisenberg, Lisa Forman, Kenneth K. Kidd, Benoit Leclair, Steven Niezgoda, Thomas J. Parsons, Elizabeth Pugh, Robert Shaler, Stephen T. Sherry, Amanda Sozer, and Anne Walsh
Science 18 November 2005: 1122-1123.
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Perspectives
CELL BIOLOGY: Twists in the Tale of the Aging Yeast
Jasper Rine
Science 18 November 2005: 1124-1125.
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GEOCHEMISTRY: A Stranger in Paradise
Paul F. McMillan
Science 18 November 2005: 1125-1126.
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PALEONTOLOGY: Dinosaurs Dined on Grass
Dolores R. Piperno and Hans-Dieter Sues
Science 18 November 2005: 1126-1128.
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GENETICS: Two Genes Link Two Distinct Psychoses
Akira Sawa and Solomon H. Snyder
Science 18 November 2005: 1128-1129.
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Brevia
Directionally Controlled Fluorescence Emission in Butterflies
Pete Vukusic and Ian Hooper
Science 18 November 2005: 1151.
Butterfly scales contain two-dimensional photonic crystals with a direct reflector, producing an intense fluorescence similar to that of light-emitting diodes.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Research Articles
Logic of the Yeast Metabolic Cycle: Temporal Compartmentalization of Cellular Processes
Benjamin P. Tu, Andrzej Kudlicki, Maga Rowicka, and Steven L. McKnight
Science 18 November 2005: 1152-1158.
Published online 27 October 2005 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1120499] (in Science Express Research Articles)
Tracking of gene expression in yeast during a 5-hour cycle of respiration and cell division reveals how metabolic processes are segregated in time.
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Structure of the Quaternary Complex of Interleukin-2 with Its , ß, and c Receptors
Xinquan Wang, Mathias Rickert, and K. Christopher Garcia
Science 18 November 2005: 1159-1163.
A hormone activates immune cells by sequentially recruiting two specific receptors and then a common third receptor, forming a high-affinity signaling complex.
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Reports
Thermodynamics of an Incommensurate Quantum Crystal
P. W. Anderson, W. F. Brinkman, and David A. Huse
Science 18 November 2005: 1164-1166.
Published online 3 November 2005 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1118625] (in Science Express Reports)
A thermodynamic model explains that supersolid 4He--a solid that flows as a superfluid--is a crystal in which the number of lattice sites mismatches the number of atoms.
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Porous, Crystalline, Covalent Organic Frameworks
Adrien P. Côté, Annabelle I. Benin, Nathan W. Ockwig, Michael O'Keeffe, Adam J. Matzger, and Omar M. Yaghi
Science 18 November 2005: 1166-1170.
Condensation of organic boron compounds produces useful materials containing large pores that are stable to high temperatures and do not require linking metal atoms.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Bright Infrared Emission from Electrically Induced Excitons in Carbon Nanotubes
Jia Chen, Vasili Perebeinos, Marcus Freitag, James Tsang, Qiang Fu, Jie Liu, and Phaedon Avouris
Science 18 November 2005: 1171-1174.
When paired electrons and holes generated in suspended nanotubes recombine, they emit intense infrared radiation, with an efficiency greater than that of typical light-emitting diodes.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Retention of Xenon in Quartz and Earth's Missing Xenon
Chrystèle Sanloup, Burkhard C. Schmidt, Eva Maria Chamorro Perez, Albert Jambon, Eugene Gregoryanz, and Mohamed Mezouar
Science 18 November 2005: 1174-1177.
Experiments suggest that enough xenon can substitute for silicon in quartz (SiO2) in the deep crust to explain a marked deficit of xenon in Earth's atmosphere.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Dinosaur Coprolites and the Early Evolution of Grasses and Grazers
Vandana Prasad, Caroline A. E. Strömberg, Habib Alimohammadian, and Ashok Sahni
Science 18 November 2005: 1177-1180.
Silica particles from grass in fossil dung from Cretaceous sauropods suggest that grasses evolved earlier than had been thought, providing food for dinosaurs and early mammals.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Pre- and Postinvasion Defenses Both Contribute to Nonhost Resistance in Arabidopsis
Volker Lipka, Jan Dittgen, Pawel Bednarek, Riyaz Bhat, Marcel Wiermer, Monica Stein, Jörn Landtag, Wolfgang Brandt, Sabine Rosahl, Dierk Scheel, Francisco Llorente, Antonio Molina, Jane Parker, Shauna Somerville, and Paul Schulze-Lefert
Science 18 November 2005: 1180-1183.
A robust defense system that protects plants from fungal invasion depends on both a cellular enzyme and a signaling pathway that leads to death of infected cells.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
GTF2IRD1 in Craniofacial Development of Humans and Mice
May Tassabehji, Peter Hammond, Annette Karmiloff-Smith, Pamela Thompson, Snorri S. Thorgeirsson, Marian E. Durkin, Nicholas C. Popescu, Timothy Hutton, Kay Metcalfe, Agnes Rucka, Helen Stewart, Andrew P. Read, Mark Maconochie, and Dian Donnai
Science 18 November 2005: 1184-1187.
Published online 3 November 2005 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1116142] (in Science Express Reports)
Of the 28 genes deleted in the complex human disorder Williams-Beuren syndrome, one has been identified as responsible for the facial abnormalities seen in patients.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
DISC1 and PDE4B Are Interacting Genetic Factors in Schizophrenia That Regulate cAMP Signaling
J. Kirsty Millar, Benjamin S. Pickard, Shaun Mackie, Rachel James, Sheila Christie, Sebastienne R. Buchanan, M. Pat Malloy, Jennifer E. Chubb, Elaine Huston, George S. Baillie, Pippa A. Thomson, Elaine V. Hill, Nicholas J. Brandon, Jean-Christophe Rain, L. Miguel Camargo, Paul J. Whiting, Miles D. Houslay, Douglas H. R. Blackwood, Walter J. Muir, and David J. Porteous
Science 18 November 2005: 1187-1191.
Two genes associated with schizophrenia code for interacting proteins that modulate cyclic AMP metabolism, suggesting that this signaling pathway may contribute to the disorder
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Altered TCR Signaling from Geometrically Repatterned Immunological Synapses
Kaspar D. Mossman, Gabriele Campi, Jay T. Groves, and Michael L. Dustin
Science 18 November 2005: 1191-1193.
Manipulating the position of the antigen receptor within the immune synapse shows that receptors near the outside work best.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Regulation of Yeast Replicative Life Span by TOR and Sch9 in Response to Nutrients
Matt Kaeberlein, R. Wilson Powers, III, Kristan K. Steffen, Eric A. Westman, Di Hu, Nick Dang, Emily O. Kerr, Kathryn T. Kirkland, Stanley Fields, and Brian K. Kennedy
Science 18 November 2005: 1193-1196.
A search of all yeast genes identifies two signaling enzymes belonging to a pathway that increases life span when calories are restricted.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
Golgi Duplication in Trypanosoma brucei Requires Centrin2
Cynthia Y. He, Marc Pypaert, and Graham Warren
Science 18 November 2005: 1196-1198.
Published online 27 October 2005 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1119969] (in Science Express Reports)
A bi-lobed structure within cells contains an organelle-replication protein, which is required for duplication and faithful segregation of the Golgi complex to daughter cells.
Abstract »| Full Text »| PDF »| Supporting Online Material »|
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