| 2005年11月04日 Science中文摘要 | | 点击： 作者： 来源： 时间： 2006-11-12 本站论坛 |
|  | 4 November 2005 Volume 310 Number 5749
专题部分：大脑发育的系统分析
本期专题部分总结了大脑发育在系统水平上的分析是如何将细胞生物学与精神医学联系起来的。研究人员正在从大脑的表面复杂性深入到开始了解构成思想、行动、以及性格的分子影响和途径。从细胞到思想的跳跃看起来似乎是无穷的复杂，然而每个成长中的儿童都能完成这个跳跃。在精神医学与大脑的分子组成部分之间有一个中间地带，这就是“系统水平的大脑发育”。专题部分的综述、观点文章、和一组新闻报道分别介绍了这个领域各个方面的进展
专题介绍：Neuroscience: Systems-Level Brain Development, Peter Stern and Pamela J. Hines
自闭症与大脑的性别差异
一篇观点文章的作者说，自闭症患者的大脑的一些特征也许是典型男性神经解剖学的极端表现。在精神医学水平，平均地说，男性有较强的系统分类倾向，而女性通常有较强的理解人的能力。在神经解剖学水平，男性的大脑通常在某些区域表现出较早的发育，但与女性大脑相比，两个半球间的连接较少。自闭症的“极端男性大脑”理论预测，患有不同程度自闭症的人，应该在理解人上有缺陷，而有完好甚至超常的系统分类能力。文章作者还总结了认为影响大脑性别差异的睾酮以及其它雄激素可能将自闭症大脑推向超出典型男性发育的范围的证据。
观点：Sex Differences in the Brain: Implications for Explaining Autism, Simon Baron-Cohen, Rebecca C. Knickmeyer, and Matthew K. Belmonte
语言与大脑
在另一篇观点文章中，Kuniyoshi Sakai总结了最近的功能神经成像工作的进展，这些工作旨在了解大脑的哪些部位在执行基本语言功能时激活，这些功能包括有声语言和手语的讲话和理解。Sakai特别考虑了在所谓的“关键期”（从出生至10到13岁左右）学习语言与在这个时期之后学习语言时，大脑涉及理解、产生语言的声音、单词和句子上的区域有什么不同。当然，澄清语言和大脑的联系还有更多的工作要做。
观点：Language Acquisition and Brain Development, Kuniyoshi L. Sakai
猴子神经元快速识别物体
Chou Hung和同事说，只需一小组神经元几毫秒就能完成帮助猕猴识别物体的大脑计算。这些研究人员分析了两个猴子大脑一个叫颞下回的区域中神经元的活动，他们给这两个猴子看77个物体的图片，这些物体分别属于包括玩具、食物、以及其它猴子的脸等8各种类。大约100个神经元能仅用12.5毫秒的时间帮助识别物体并将它正确归类，即使物体的大小或位置有所改变后。作者所，能够从所有物体中区分出一个的能力，以及能够在物体改变后也能识别它的能力是“哺乳类动物视觉的主要成就”。
报告：Fast Readout of Object Identity from Macaque Inferior Temporal Cortex, Chou P. Hung, Gabriel Kreiman, Tomaso Poggio, and James J. DiCarlo
治疗小鼠的多发性硬化
人们已经知道氨基酸色氨酸降解后的产物能抑制免疫响应，现在一项新研究显示，与IDO酶有关的氨酸降解物能治疗一种小鼠形式的多发性硬化引起的瘫痪。多发性硬化是一种自身免疫疾病，是由中枢神经系统中神经纤维的保护外壳受到破坏引起的，它导致肌肉减弱、麻木感、肌肉协调的丧失、以及视觉和语言困难。研究人员报告说，吃了一个IDO控制的色氨酸降解后天然形成的物质的合成衍生物后，瘫痪的小鼠恢复了。这项工作提出， 色氨酸代谢物在治疗多发性硬化以及其他自身免疫疾病上也许有用。作者说，天然的与合成的IDO路径色氨酸代谢物看起来能抑制免疫细胞的增殖和激活，免疫细胞的增殖和激活被认为导致了炎症和小鼠多发性硬化的神经系统病理。
报告：Treatment of Autoimmune Neuroinflammation with a Synthetic Tryptophan Metabolite, Michael Plattens, et al.
与颅面缺陷有关的基因
新研究在与Williams-Beuren综合症(WBS)有关的多基因变异中，将一个涉及颅面缺陷的基因与造成该综合症的智力和社会缺陷的基因分离出来。导致人类WBS的原因是通常消除了28个基因的染色体缺失。这些变异影响颅面发育以及认知和社会发育的某些方面。May Tassabehji和同事指出，颅面异常在所有人类先天性缺陷中占很大的比例，但是我们对控制颅面发育的基因机制知之甚少。这些研究人员分析了一位患者的染色体缺失，并在小鼠身上进行了同样的分析，他们发现与WBS有关的染色体区域中的GTF2IRD1基因在该症的颅面缺陷上起关键作用。
科学特快报告：GTF2IRD1 in Craniofacial Development of Humans and Mice, May Tassabehji, et al.
Contents
SPECIAL ISSUE
Neuroscience: Systems-Level Brain Development
Peter Stern and Pamela J. Hines
Science 4 November 2005: 801. [Summary] [PDF]
News Friendly Faces and Unusual Minds
Yudhijit Bhattacharjee
Science 4 November 2005: 802-804. [Summary] [Full Text] [PDF]
Viewpoint Language Acquisition and Brain Development
Kuniyoshi L. Sakai
Science 4 November 2005: 815-819. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
Sex Differences in the Brain: Implications for Explaining Autism
Simon Baron-Cohen, Rebecca C. Knickmeyer, and Matthew K. Belmonte
Science 4 November 2005: 819-823. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
Reviews Patterning and Plasticity of the Cerebral Cortex
Mriganka Sur and John L. R. Rubenstein
Science 4 November 2005: 805-810. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
Map Plasticity in Somatosensory Cortex
Daniel E. Feldman and Michael Brecht
Science 4 November 2005: 810-815. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
RESEARCH
This Week in Science
Close Up of the Ribosome * More Prolific Planet Production * A Wetter Upper Troposphere * A Quintuple Bond * Intermittent Ionosphere Layer * Decay Discrepancy Reconciled * Breakdown to Recovery * A Gut Oxidase Reaction * Gliding Motility Factors on the Move * From Post- to Presynaptic Sites * Object Recognition in a Flash * Wringing the Neck * Differentiating the Male Germ Line
Science 4 November 2005: 741 [Full Text]
Editors' Choice: Highlights of the recent literature
ECOLOGY/EVOLUTION: The Dynamics of Invasions * CHEMISTRY: Boron Metathesis * BIOCHEMISTRY: Rescuing Glycine * DEVELOPMENT: Death in the Blink of an Iris * CHEMISTRY: Grabbing Hydrogen * ASTRONOMY: Thriving in a Sea of Methane * VIROLOGY: Improving Child Health
Science 4 November 2005: 747 [Full Text]
Brevia Synthesis and Structure of Sila-Adamantane
Jelena Fischer, Judith Baumgartner, and Christoph Marschner
Science 4 November 2005: 825. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [Supporting Online Material]
Research Article Structures of the Bacterial Ribosome at 3.5 Å Resolution
Barbara S. Schuwirth, Maria A. Borovinskaya, Cathy W. Hau, Wen Zhang, Antón Vila-Sanjurjo, James M. Holton, and Jamie H. Doudna Cate
Science 4 November 2005: 827-834. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [Supporting Online Material]
Reports The Onset of Planet Formation in Brown Dwarf Disks
Dániel Apai, Ilaria Pascucci, Jeroen Bouwman, Antonella Natta, Thomas Henning, and Cornelis P. Dullemond
Science 4 November 2005: 834-836.
Published online 20 October 2005 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1118042] (in Science Express Reports) [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [Supporting Online Material]
A Sporadic Third Layer in the Ionosphere of Mars
M. Pätzold, S. Tellmann, B. Häusler, D. Hinson, R. Schaa, and G. L. Tyler
Science 4 November 2005: 837-839. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [Supporting Online Material]
Meteorite Phosphates Show Constant 176Lu Decay Rate Since 4557 Million Years Ago
Yuri Amelin
Science 4 November 2005: 839-841. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [Supporting Online Material]
The Radiative Signature of Upper Tropospheric Moistening
Brian J. Soden, Darren L. Jackson, V. Ramaswamy, M. D. Schwarzkopf, and Xianglei Huang
Science 4 November 2005: 841-844.
Published online 6 October 2005 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1115602] (in Science Express Reports) [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [Supporting Online Material]
Synthesis of a Stable Compound with Fivefold Bonding Between Two Chromium(I) Centers
Tailuan Nguyen, Andrew D. Sutton, Marcin Brynda, James C. Fettinger, Gary J. Long, and Philip P. Power
Science 4 November 2005: 844-847.
Published online 22 September 2005 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1116789] (in Science Express Reports) [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [Supporting Online Material]
A Direct Role for Dual Oxidase in Drosophila Gut Immunity
Eun-Mi Ha, Chun-Taek Oh, Yun Soo Bae, and Won-Jae Lee
Science 4 November 2005: 847-850. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [Supporting Online Material]
Treatment of Autoimmune Neuroinflammation with a Synthetic Tryptophan Metabolite
Michael Platten, Peggy P. Ho, Sawsan Youssef, Paulo Fontoura, Hideki Garren, Eun Mi Hur, Rohit Gupta, Lowen Y. Lee, Brian A. Kidd, William H. Robinson, Raymond A. Sobel, Michael L. Selley, and Lawrence Steinman
Science 4 November 2005: 850-855. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [Supporting Online Material]
Regulated Pole-to-Pole Oscillations of a Bacterial Gliding Motility Protein
Tâm Mignot, John P. Merlie, Jr., and David R. Zusman
Science 4 November 2005: 855-857. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [Supporting Online Material]
Retrograde Signaling by Syt 4 Induces Presynaptic Release and Synapse-Specific Growth
Motojiro Yoshihara, Bill Adolfsen, Kathleen T. Galle, and J. Troy Littleton
Science 4 November 2005: 858-863. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [Supporting Online Material]
Fast Readout of Object Identity from Macaque Inferior Temporal Cortex
Chou P. Hung, Gabriel Kreiman, Tomaso Poggio, and James J. DiCarlo
Science 4 November 2005: 863-866. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [Supporting Online Material]
Neuronal Activity Regulates Diffusion Across the Neck of Dendritic Spines
Brenda L. Bloodgood and Bernardo L. Sabatini
Science 4 November 2005: 866-869. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [Supporting Online Material]
Tissue-Specific TAFs Counteract Polycomb to Turn on Terminal Differentiation
Xin Chen, Mark Hiller, Yasemin Sancak, and Margaret T. Fuller
Science 4 November 2005: 869-872. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [Supporting Online Material]
Technical Comments Comment on "A Brief History of Seed Size"
Peter J. Grubb, David A. Coomes, and Daniel J. Metcalfe
Science 4 November 2005: 783. [Full Text] [PDF]
Response to Comment on "A Brief History of Seed Size"
Angela T. Moles, David D. Ackerly, Campbell O. Webb, John C. Tweddle, John B. Dickie, and Mark Westoby
Science 4 November 2005: 783. [Full Text] [PDF]
COMMENTARY
Editorial
Pedagogy Meets Neuroscience
Elsbeth Stern
Science 4 November 2005: 745. [Summary] [PDF]
Letters University Investment in Drug Discovery Adrian J. Ivinson ; A Place at the Pharma Table for Women? Linda Rhodes ; Costs and Benefits of Regulating Mercury Dirk Zeller, Shawn Booth;, Ted Gayer, and Robert W. Hahn ; Landscape Corridors: Possible Dangers? Serban Proches, John R. U. Wilson, Ruan Veldtman, Jesse M. Kalwij, David M. Richardson, Steven L. Chown;, Douglas J. Levey, Benjamin M. Bolker, Joshua J. Tewksbury, Sarah Sargent, and Nick M. Haddad
Science 4 November 2005: 777. [Full Text] [PDF]
Essays on Science and Society GLOBAL VOICES OF SCIENCE:
Teaching Evolution in Mexico: Preaching to the Choir
Antonio Lazcano
Science 4 November 2005: 787-789. [Summary] [Full Text] [PDF]
125th Anniversary Series
Science 4 November 2005: 787. [Summary]
EPPENDORF 2005 WINNER:
A Drosophila OBP Required for Pheromone Signaling
Pingxi Xu
Science 4 November 2005: 798-799. [Summary] [Full Text] [PDF]
ESSAY:
2005 Grand Prize Winner
Science 4 November 2005: 799. [Summary] [Full Text] [PDF]
Books et al. OPERA: PHYSICS:
An Explosion in the Desert
Gregg Herken
Science 4 November 2005: 784-785. [Summary] [Full Text] [PDF]
PLANETARY SCIENCE:
Impressions of Our Solar System
Donald K. Yeomans
Science 4 November 2005: 785. [Summary] [Full Text] [PDF]
Books Received
Science 4 November 2005: 785. [Summary]
Perspectives NEUROSCIENCE:
The Neuron Doctrine, Redux
Theodore H. Bullock, Michael V. L. Bennett, Daniel Johnston, Robert Josephson, Eve Marder, and R. Douglas Fields
Science 4 November 2005: 791-793. [Summary] [Full Text] [PDF]
STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY:
A Ribosomal Coup: E. coli at Last!
Peter B. Moore
Science 4 November 2005: 793-795. [Summary] [Full Text] [PDF]
ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCE:
Water Vapor Feedback in Climate Models
Robert D. Cess
Science 4 November 2005: 795-796. [Summary] [Full Text] [PDF]
CHEMISTRY:
Building a Quintuple Bond
Gernot Frenking
Science 4 November 2005: 796-797. [Summary] [Full Text] [PDF]
NEWS
News of the Week EVOLUTION:
Groups Wield Copyright Power to Delay Kansas Standards
Yudhijit Bhattacharjee
Science 4 November 2005: 754. [Summary] [Full Text] [PDF]
CHEMISTRY:
'Grandfather of Nanotech' Dies at 62
Robert F. Service
Science 4 November 2005: 754. [Summary] [Full Text] [PDF]
BIODEFENSE:
Critics Question Proposed Countermeasures Agency
Jocelyn Kaiser
Science 4 November 2005: 755. [Summary] [Full Text] [PDF]
NUCLEAR PHYSICS:
Dueling Experiments Close In on Source of Proton's Spin
Adrian Cho
Science 4 November 2005: 757. [Summary] [Full Text] [PDF]
SCIENTIFIC MISCONDUCT:
MIT Terminates Researcher Over Data Fabrication
Jennifer Couzin
Science 4 November 2005: 758. [Summary] [Full Text] [PDF]
SCIENCE AND THE LAW:
Thomas Butler Loses Appeal, Vows to Fight On
Martin Enserink
Science 4 November 2005: 758. [Summary] [Full Text] [PDF]
NEUROSCIENCE:
Genes That Guide Brain Development Linked to Dyslexia
Greg Miller
Science 4 November 2005: 759. [Summary] [Full Text] [PDF]
PATENTS:
Antibody Drug Dispute Ends in $255 Million Cash Payout
Eli Kintisch
Science 4 November 2005: 761. [Summary] [Full Text] [PDF]
ITALIAN UNIVERSITIES:
Government Wins Fight to Modernize Academic Appointments
Susan Biggin
Science 4 November 2005: 761. [Summary] [Full Text] [PDF]
News Focus GEOLOGY:
Tracking Myth to Geological Reality
Kevin Krajick
Science 4 November 2005: 762-764. [Summary] [Full Text] [PDF]
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY:
P-Bodies Mark the Spot for Controlling Protein Production
Jean Marx
Science 4 November 2005: 764-765. [Summary] [Full Text] [PDF]
CANCER BIOLOGY:
A New Cancer Player Takes the Stage
Jennifer Couzin
Science 4 November 2005: 766-767. [Summary] [Full Text] [PDF]
SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY:
Synthetic Biology Remakes Small Genomes
Elizabeth Pennisi
Science 4 November 2005: 769-770. [Summary] [Full Text] [PDF]
EDUCATION:
Forging a Cosmic Connection Between Students and Science
Adrian Cho
Science 4 November 2005: 770-771. [Summary] [Full Text] [PDF]
Products New Products
Science 4 November 2005: 873. [Summary] [PDF]
NetWatch
IMAGES: Just In From the Red Planet * EDUCATION: Slides on Ice * RESOURCES: Supplementary Reading * DATABASE: Fungal Pointer * EXHIBITS: Method Man Science 4 November 2005: 753 [Full Text]
ScienceScope
High Court to Rule on Patent Limits * IP Poses Quandary for Institute * Third Flood for Grand Canyon * Azerbaijani Physicist Held * Bush Unveils Pandemic Flu Plan Science 4 November 2005: 757 [Full Text]
Random Samples
Tracking Mini-Fauna * Raising the Dead * Spotting Illusions * Scope's On * Jobs * Deaths * They Said It
Science 4 November 2005: 773 [Full Text]
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