| 2006年11月02日 Nature中英文摘要 | 点击： 作者： 来源： 时间： 2006-11-12 本站论坛
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Volume 444 Number 7115 pp1-122 2 November 2006
November 02, 2006
封面故事：伊斯兰国家的科学事业
本期Nature发表了一系列关于伊斯兰世界科学与科学家的特写和观点文章。在很多有大量穆斯林人口的国家，权力的天平在从世俗政府向伊斯兰宗教政权和伊斯兰教义倾斜，实际上在过去的很多世纪，后者的权力就要比前者大。不久前的评估表明，穆斯林国家科技水平和高等教育水平整体上比较低。然而，一些新的伊斯兰国家政府已开始扩大高等教育规模，科研投资（经常是用于军事目的）也有一定增长。虽然不同国家情况有所不同，但在一些国家，对学术自由的限制仍然存在。请看本期第11页的介绍，以了解更多情况。 本期相关栏目的文字将翻译成阿拉伯文在网上发布。
November 02, 2006
赤道冰川的成因到底是什么？
原生代冰川沉积在近赤道古磁纬度地区的存在，可以由造成全球变冷的“雪球地球”事件来解释。也可能是，极端的轨道倾斜逆转了两极与赤道之间的关系，使热带出现冰川时期。或许还有一种可能性，那就是，我们是在用根据我们今天所看到的现象得出的关于地球磁场行为的不成立的假设来看待过去的事件。耶鲁大学地球物理学家David Evans设计了一个试验来对这些可能性进行分辨。该研究利用古蒸发岩盆地的古磁来测试地磁参照系和古气候参照系之间的一致性。高轨道倾斜假设未能通过该测试，因为前寒武纪蒸发岩并不像高倾斜全球气候模型所预测的那样是属于赤道地区的。过去20亿年间蒸发岩盆地古磁纬度的一致性说明，在这个时间段内，我们熟悉的双极地心磁场是稳定的。
November 02, 2006
一种可在大脑中建立神经连接的植入体
作为一项开发可植入电路或“神经芯片”、以更换神经系统中受损通道的项目的一部分，Jackson等人研制出一种神经植入体，它能在灵长类动物大脑中两个皮层点之间形成一个神经连接。该植入体利用一个电极上记录的动作电位来将电刺激输送到另一个电极上。几天之后，来自记录点的输出与来自相应刺激点的输出相似，这与同步神经细胞群之间突触连接的势差现象是一致的。这种在活体中重组神经细胞的方式也许可用于伤后神经康复治疗，而且这些工作还加深了我们对神经可塑性的认识。
November 02, 2006
视网膜母细胞瘤也与p53有关
在多数人类肿瘤中，细胞肿瘤抑制基因Rb 和p53是失活的。该规则的一个例外是视网膜母细胞瘤（retinoblastoma），在这种肿瘤中，仅仅视网膜母细胞瘤基因的突变，就足以从不要求p53失活的一种固有的抗死亡细胞类型诱发肿瘤。但这种观点可能是基于一个误解。人类视网膜母细胞瘤表达野生型p53基因，所以过去人们假设p53通道是完好的：在Arf-MDM2/MDMX-p53通道中的其他基因的状态没有被考虑。现在，研究人员在人类视网膜母细胞瘤中识别出了一种遗传放大现象，它能抑制Arf-MDM2/MDMX-p53通道。重要的是，由放大的基因编码的蛋白（MDMX）可能是对付这种让人死不了又活不好的少儿癌症的药物的一个理想的作用目标。
November 02, 2006
关于机械共振器冷缺方法的三篇论文
机械共振器的冷缺是一项重要研究课题，因为它在引力波检测等超高精度测量中有可能派上用场。它在基础研究中也有意义，因为利用该方法就有可能对一个机械系统的经典和量子行为之间的转变进行观测 。三个小组在本期Nature上报告了他们在这一领域所取得的进展。Gigan等人和Arcizet等人用辐射压力来冷却掉很小的微共振器或微镜的热振动。在合适的条件下，微镜不用外界影响可从室温冷却到大约10 °K。一旦对该方法进行改进后，就有可能实现进一步冷却，就有可能通过实验来观测一个微镜的量子基态。在第三篇论文中，Dustin Kleckne 和 Dirk Bouwmeester利用光学反馈来将一个微镜冷却到亚开尔文温度。
November 02, 2006
最复杂沸石ITQ-22的结构被确定
很多重要工业材料是多晶，所以多数解决晶体结构的传统方法（要求晶体是单晶）是无效的。在可供选择的方法中，透射电子显微镜迄今只解决了简单的结构；在粉末衍射方法中，具有相似强度的峰之间的重叠会造成不确定性。现在，将粉末衍射数据应用于一种结合了来自高分辨率透射电子显微图的相信息（phase information）的算法，为使用多晶样本解决沸石结构提供了一种方法。这种新的组合方法成功解决了沸石ITQ-22的结构，它是迄今已知最复杂的沸石。
November 02, 2006
一次地磁逆转的记录首次在冰芯中被发现
每几十万年，地球的北磁极和南磁极就会交换位置。现在，研究人员首次在一个冰芯中发现了其中一个地磁逆转的记录。因为在逆转过程中磁场强度非常低，所以地球大气中的宇宙射线的强度增加。这导致沉积在冰中的铍-10（同碳-14一样，是由大气中的宇宙射线形成的）的数量增加。研究人员所检测到的正是冰中铍-10数量的这种增加。这一发现的一个重要意义是，因为这次逆转的时间（距今78万年）很清楚，所以就有可能独立于冰流模拟和与其他气候记录的“摆动匹配”来确定冰的年龄。
November 02, 2006
一妻多夫的合理性得到实验证明
一个不断增长的共识是，一妻多夫（即与多个雄性交配）是有益的，尽管存在疾病或受伤等潜在代价，因为交配后的机制使父权偏向于这些雄性。令人吃惊的是，由于在实验设计和解释方面存在困难，关于这一过程没有确凿的证据。澳大利亚有一种棕色的、跟大鼠差不多大的有袋动物，名叫Antechinus stuartii。这种动物的交配期集中在10-14天内。它的不寻常的生命史使得研究人员有可能去设计解决这些问题的实验。这些实验结果首次非常肯定地表明，一妻多夫在野生环境中能提高后代的净适应能力。
November 02, 2006
保护生物多样性没有“银弹”
“银弹”（Silver bullet）保护策略假设，一个非常清楚的类别中易灭绝种的分布可预测其他类别中可比种的分布。由于缺乏合适的数据库，这个假设一直难以验证。关于鸟类、哺乳动物和两栖动物全球分布的新的数据库的建成意味着，这种验证现在可以进行了。三个类别在总物种丰富程度方面表现出相似的模式，但濒危物种的分布在每个类别中是不同的。看来，单采用“银弹”策略并不能切中要害。相反，生物多样性保护重点领域的确定必须以来自多种生物类别的高分辨率数据为依据。
November 02, 2006
玉米真菌病原体U. maydis的基因组完成测序
Ustilago maydis是一种重要的玉米真菌病原体，能引起玉米黑穗病。作为一种活体寄生虫，它非常适应其寄主，能在活植物组织中增殖而不会引起防卫反应。现在，U. maydis的基因组序列已被确定，这在活体植物寄生虫中还是第一次。研究人员识别出了为所分泌出的功能未知的蛋白编码的几个基因团：整个基因组范围的表达分析表明，这些成团基因的作用在患病期间被增强。这些基因团的突变经常影响到致病能力，其影响范围从致病能力完全丧失到致病能力超强不等。
November 02, 2006
GPCR是跨膜电势和外部化学刺激的传感器
很多细胞外化学刺激（荷尔蒙、神经传输物、气味等等）是通过G-蛋白耦合的受体（GPCR）传递给细胞的。这些信号传导过程中的第一步是配体向GPCR上的结合。这些受体横跨细胞膜，但通常并不被认为是对电压敏感的。对一种典型GPCR（m2蕈毒碱受体）所做的一项新的研究表明，它具有与电流相关的电荷运动，类似于电压门控通道的“门控电流”，而且正是这种电荷运动调控GPCR的结合亲和力。该结果有力证明，GPCR充当跨膜电势和外部化学刺激的传感器。
Contents
Editorials
Science and the Islamists p1
Muslim countries stand to gain much from science but will fail to do so if fundamentalists repress openness. Chronic neglect by Arab leaders doesn't help either.
doi:10.1038/444001a
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A global call to arms p2
A seminal report on climate change deserves the world's attention.
doi:10.1038/444002a
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Enough biodefence p2
Who wants a bioweapons lab next door?
doi:10.1038/444002b
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Top of pageResearch Highlights
Research highlights p04
doi:10.1038/44404a
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Correction p05
doi:10.1038/44405a
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Top of pageNews
How much will it cost to save the world? p6
The Stern Review won't be the last word on the cost of global warming. But it has upped the stakes in the debate. Jim Giles reports.
doi:10.1038/444006a
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Sidelines p8
doi:10.1038/444008a
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Ethiopian plan for Lucy tour splits museums p8
Palaeontologists say fossil bones should stay in Africa.
Rex Dalton
doi:10.1038/444008b
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Search for alien signals stalls for want of cash p9
Microsoft co-founder withholds millions from radio telescope.
doi:10.1038/061023-15
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A votre santé: now in pill form? p11
'Life-enhancing' effects of resveratrol cause a stir.
Erika Check
doi:10.1038/444011a
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Hwang takes the stand at fraud trial p12
Korea's fallen star begins his defence.
David Cyranoski
doi:10.1038/444012a
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Safer embryo tests could boost IVF pregnancy rates p12
Health of cells may be revealed by tell-tale molecules.
Helen Pearson
doi:10.1038/444012b
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News in brief p14
doi:10.1038/444014a
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Correction p15
doi:10.1038/444015a
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Top of pageBusiness
Drilling for nanotech gold p16
One US nanotechnology start-up has hit the jackpot — but for others the prospect of such overnight success seems remote. Colin Macilwain reports.
doi:10.1038/444016a
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In brief p17
doi:10.1038/444017a
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Market watch p17
Colin Macilwain
doi:10.1038/444017b
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Top of pageNews Features
Islam and Science: Ambition & neglect p19
doi:10.1038/444019a
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Islam and Science: The Islamic world p20
The 57 countries in the Organization of the Islamic Conference are home to 1.3 billion people. The attendant diversity in culture, geography, economics and politics can be seen in these snapshots of five different approaches to science.
doi:10.1038/443020a
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Islam and Science: An Islamist revolution p22
Islamist political parties are taking over from secular ones across the Muslim world. What does this mean for science at home and scientific cooperation with the West? Ehsan Masood investigates.
doi:10.1038/444022a
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Islam and Science: The data gap p26
Statistics on scientific investment and performance are lacking across the Muslim world. Declan Butler analyses the best of what is available.
doi:10.1038/444026a
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Islam and Science: Oil rich, science poor p28
The wealthy Arab states offer scant support for science and technology. Jim Giles finds out whether this indifference to research is likely to change.
doi:10.1038/444028a
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Islam and Science: Q&A The reformer p29
Mostafa Moin is a paediatrician and medical researcher who has served as Iran's minister for higher education and for science. He was a reformist candidate in Iran's presidential election last year, which was won by religious conservative Mahmoud Ahmadinejad. Declan Butler asks Moin about the prospects for science in Iran.
doi:10.1038/444029a
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Top of pageCorrespondence
Dishing a modern myth about microbes p31
Tom Fenchel, Genoveva F. Esteban and Bland J. Finlay
doi:10.1038/444031a
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The daunting process of MIAME p31
David W. Galbraith
doi:10.1038/444031b
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No room for complacency on drug resistance in Africa p31
Ian M. Hastings, David G. Lalloo and Saye H. Khoo
doi:10.1038/444031c
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Brief: goodbye to a quirky perspective on science p31
Alex Small
doi:10.1038/444031d
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Brief Communications (RIP) and the soul of wit p31
Jeremy Wolfe
doi:10.1038/444031e
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Top of pageCommentaries
Islam and Science: Steps towards reform p33
Building a knowledge-based society in today's Arab world depends on overcoming primarily political obstacles to progress. Nader Fergany analyses the reforms required for an Arab renaissance.
doi:10.1038/444033a
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Islam and science: Where are the new patrons of science? p35
Muslim nations must take a big leap forward in developing science and technology to catch up with the rest of the world, argues Herwig Schopper, or they risk falling behind in the global economy.
doi:10.1038/444035a
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Top of pageBooks and Arts
Beautiful models p37
The dynamics of evolutionary processes creates a remarkable picture of life.
Sean Nee reviews Evolutionary Dynamics: Exploring the Equations of Life by Martin Nowak
doi:10.1038/444037a
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The pork-barrel diet p38
Tim Lang reviews What to Eat: An Aisle-by-Aisle Guide to Savvy Food Choices and Good Eating by Marion Nestle
doi:10.1038/444038a
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A precise past p39
doi:10.1038/444039a
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Having faith p39
Ann Cale Kruger and Melvin Konner review Minds and Gods: The Cognitive Foundations of Religion by Todd Tremlin
doi:10.1038/444039b
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Science in culture: Creativity on the wings of a dove p40
Violet Fire, an opera about the life of physicist Nikola Tesla, fails to spark.
Horace Freeland Judson
doi:10.1038/444040a
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Top of pageNews and Views
Photonics: A cooling light breeze p41
Mirrors confine light, and light exerts pressure on mirrors. The combination of these effects can be exploited to cool tiny, flexible mirrors to low temperatures purely through the influence of incident light.
Khaled Karrai
doi:10.1038/444041a
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Evolutionary biology: To work or not to work p42
Coercion, not kinship, often determines who acts altruistically in an insect colony. But underlying affinities for kin emerge when coercion is removed: kin selection is what turns suppressed individuals into altruists.
David C. Queller
doi:10.1038/444042a
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Geophysics: Same old magnetism p43
Latitudes at which ancient salt deposits occur show that Earth's magnetic field has always aligned along its rotation axis. One possible implication is that ancient global glaciations were not caused by a realignment of this axis.
Edward Irving
doi:10.1038/444043a
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50 & 100 Years Ago p44
doi:10.1038/444044a
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Cancer biology: Second step to retinal tumours p45
The mutations that cause retinoblastoma are well known, but how they enable the cancer to evade controls on cell division was unclear. Secondary mutations affecting a growth-regulatory pathway have now been identified.
Valerie A. Wallace
doi:10.1038/444045a
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Physical chemistry: Porous solids get organized p46
A powerful combination of analytical techniques is used to shed light on the complex crystallizations of porous solids. Molecular recognition creates the seeds of order from which complex lattices grow.
Rutger A. van Santen
doi:10.1038/444046a
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Neurobiology: Crossed circuits p47
Can the brain be induced to reroute neural information? Such an achievement is crucial if the function of damaged brain areas is to be taken on elsewhere. A study in monkeys explores this prospect.
Andrew B. Schwartz
doi:10.1038/444047a
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Materials science: Qubits in the pink p49
Crystal imperfections known as nitrogen–vacancy defects give some diamonds a characteristic pink colour. Appropriately manipulated, these defects might have rosy prospects as the 'qubits' of a quantum computer.
Pieter Kok and Brendon W. Lovett
doi:10.1038/444049a
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Top of pageBrief Communications
Enforced altruism in insect societies p50
Tom Wenseleers and Francis L. W. Ratnieks
doi:10.1038/444050a
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Top of pageBrief Communications Arising
Geochemistry: Does U–Pb date Earth's core formation? pE1
Qing-zhu Yin and Stein B. Jacobsen
doi:10.1038/nature05358
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Geochemistry: How well can Pb isotopes date core formation? pE1
Balz S. Kamber and Jan D. Kramers
doi:10.1038/nature05359
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Geochemistry: Does U–Pb date Earth's core formation?; How well can Pb isotopes date core formation? (Reply) pE2
B. J. Wood and A. N. Halliday
doi:10.1038/nature05360
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Top of pageArticles
Proterozoic low orbital obliquity and axial-dipolar geomagnetic field from evaporite palaeolatitudes p51
David A. D. Evans
doi:10.1038/nature05203
Abstract | Full Text | PDF (1,046K) | Supplementary information
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Long-term motor cortex plasticity induced by an electronic neural implant p56
Andrew Jackson, Jaideep Mavoori and Eberhard E. Fetz
doi:10.1038/nature05226
Abstract | Full Text | PDF (358K) | Supplementary information
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Inactivation of the p53 pathway in retinoblastoma p61
Nikia A. Laurie, Stacy L. Donovan, Chie-Schin Shih, Jiakun Zhang, Nicholas Mills, Christine Fuller, Amina Teunisse, Suzanne Lam, Yolande Ramos, Adithi Mohan, Dianna Johnson, Matthew Wilson, Carlos Rodriguez-Galindo, Micaela Quarto, Sarah Francoz, Susan M. Mendrysa, R. Kiplin Guy, Jean-Christophe Marine, Aart G. Jochemsen and Michael A. Dyer
doi:10.1038/nature05194
Abstract | Full Text | PDF (1,317K) | Supplementary information
See also: Editor's summary | News and Views by Wallace
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Top of pageLetters
Self-cooling of a micromirror by radiation pressure p67
S. Gigan, H. R. Böhm, M. Paternostro, F. Blaser, G. Langer, J. B. Hertzberg, K. C. Schwab, D. Bäuerle, M. Aspelmeyer and A. Zeilinger
doi:10.1038/nature05273
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (448K) | Supplementary information
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Radiation-pressure cooling and optomechanical instability of a micromirror p71
O. Arcizet, P.-F. Cohadon, T. Briant, M. Pinard and A. Heidmann
doi:10.1038/nature05244
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (457K) | Supplementary information
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Sub-kelvin optical cooling of a micromechanical resonator p75
Dustin Kleckner and Dirk Bouwmeester
doi:10.1038/nature05231
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (395K)
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Complex zeolite structure solved by combining powder diffraction and electron microscopy p79
Fabian Gramm, Christian Baerlocher, Lynne B. McCusker, Stewart J. Warrender, Paul A. Wright, Bada Han, Suk Bong Hong, Zheng Liu, Tetsu Ohsuna and Osamu Terasaki
doi:10.1038/nature05200
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10Be evidence for the Matuyama–Brunhes geomagnetic reversal in the EPICA Dome C ice core p82
G. M. Raisbeck, F. Yiou, O. Cattani and J. Jouzel
doi:10.1038/nature05266
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Deuterostome phylogeny reveals monophyletic chordates and the new phylum Xenoturbellida p85
Sarah J. Bourlat, Thorhildur Juliusdottir, Christopher J. Lowe, Robert Freeman, Jochanan Aronowicz, Mark Kirschner, Eric S. Lander, Michael Thorndyke, Hiroaki Nakano, Andrea B. Kohn, Andreas Heyland, Leonid L. Moroz, Richard R. Copley and Maximilian J. Telford
doi:10.1038/nature05241
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (181K) | Supplementary information
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Post-mating sexual selection increases lifetime fitness of polyandrous females in the wild p89
Diana O. Fisher, Michael C. Double, Simon P. Blomberg, Michael D. Jennions and Andrew Cockburn
doi:10.1038/nature05206
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (236K) | Supplementary information
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Global distribution and conservation of rare and threatened vertebrates p93
Richard Grenyer, C. David L. Orme, Sarah F. Jackson, Gavin H. Thomas, Richard G. Davies, T. Jonathan Davies, Kate E. Jones, Valerie A. Olson, Robert S. Ridgely, Pamela C. Rasmussen, Tzung-Su Ding, Peter M. Bennett, Tim M. Blackburn, Kevin J. Gaston, John L. Gittleman and Ian P. F. Owens
doi:10.1038/nature05237
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (471K) | Supplementary information
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Insights from the genome of the biotrophic fungal plant pathogen Ustilago maydis p97
Jörg Kämper, Regine Kahmann, Michael Bölker, Li-Jun Ma, Thomas Brefort, Barry J. Saville, Flora Banuett, James W. Kronstad, Scott E. Gold, Olaf Müller, Michael H. Perlin, Han A. B. Wösten, Ronald de Vries, José Ruiz-Herrera, Cristina G. Reynaga-Peña, Karen Snetselaar, Michael McCann, José Pérez-Martín, Michael Feldbrügge, Christoph W. Basse, Gero Steinberg, Jose I. Ibeas, William Holloman, Plinio Guzman, Mark Farman, Jason E. Stajich, Rafael Sentandreu, Juan M. González-Prieto, John C. Kennell, Lazaro Molina, Jan Schirawski, Artemio Mendoza-Mendoza, Doris Greilinger, Karin Münch, Nicole Rössel, Mario Scherer, Miroslav Vrane, Oliver Ladendorf, Volker Vincon, Uta Fuchs, Björn Sandrock, Shaowu Meng, Eric C. H. Ho, Matt J. Cahill, Kylie J. Boyce, Jana Klose, Steven J. Klosterman, Heine J. Deelstra, Lucila Ortiz-Castellanos, Weixi Li, Patricia Sanchez-Alonso, Peter H. Schreier, Isolde Häuser-Hahn, Martin Vaupel, Edda Koopmann, Gabi Friedrich, Hartmut Voss, Thomas Schlüter, Jonathan Margolis, Darren Platt, Candace Swimmer, Andreas Gnirke, Feng Chen, Valentina Vysotskaia, Gertrud Mannhaupt, Ulrich Güldener, Martin Münsterkötter, Dirk Haase, Matthias Oesterheld, Hans-Werner Mewes, Evan W. Mauceli, David DeCaprio, Claire M. Wade, Jonathan Butler, Sarah Young, David B. Jaffe, Sarah Calvo, Chad Nusbaum, James Galagan and Bruce W. Birren
doi:10.1038/nature05248
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (396K) | Supplementary information
See also: Editor's summary
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Two modes of fusion pore opening revealed by cell-attached recordings at a synapse p102
Liming He, Xin-Sheng Wu, Raja Mohan and Ling-Gang Wu
doi:10.1038/nature05250
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (452K) | Supplementary information
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Movement of 'gating charge' is coupled to ligand binding in a G-protein-coupled receptor p106
Yair Ben-Chaim, Baron Chanda, Nathan Dascal, Francisco Bezanilla, Itzchak Parnas and Hanna Parnas
doi:10.1038/nature05259
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (542K) | Supplementary information
See also: Editor's summary
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XIAP deficiency in humans causes an X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome p110
Stéphanie Rigaud, Marie-Claude Fondanèche, Nathalie Lambert, Benoit Pasquier, Véronique Mateo, Pauline Soulas, Lionel Galicier, Françoise Le Deist, Frédéric Rieux-Laucat, Patrick Revy, Alain Fischer, Geneviève de Saint Basile and Sylvain Latour
doi:10.1038/nature05257
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (463K) | Supplementary information
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Surface expression of MHC class II in dendritic cells is controlled by regulated ubiquitination p115
Jeoung-Sook Shin, Melanie Ebersold, Marc Pypaert, Lelia Delamarre, Adam Hartley and Ira Mellman
doi:10.1038/nature05261
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (641K) | Supplementary information
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Top of pageNaturejobs
Prospect
Prospects p119
Young Japanese scientists must deal with career trends similar to those of their US counterparts.
Paul Smaglik
doi:10.1038/nj7115-119a
Full Text | PDF (172K)
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Career Views
Hans-Olov Adami, Chair, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health p120
Hans-Olov Adami lays plans to emphasize international collaborations in epidemiology at the Harvard School of Public Health.
Virginia Gewin
doi:10.1038/nj7115-120a
Full Text | PDF (101K)
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A bench to call your own p120
The University of California, San Francisco, opens a special brand of incubator.
Monya Baker
doi:10.1038/nj7115-120b
Full Text | PDF (101K)
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The joys of communication p120
Communicating science has its perks.
Katja Bargum
doi:10.1038/nj7115-120c
Full Text | PDF (101K)
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Highlights
Highlight: The Netherlands
doi:10.1038/nj0130
Full Text | PDF (14,429K)
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Special Feature: NIH
doi:10.1038/nj0131
Full Text | PDF (3,069K)
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Top of pageFutures
A concrete example p122
When the cracks begin to show.
The Artistic Forms and Complexity Group:, J. -P. Boon, J. Casti, C. Djerassi, J. Johnson, A. Lovett, T. Norretranders, V. Patera, C. Sommerer, R. Taylor and S. Thurner
doi:10.1038/444122a
Full Text | PDF (130K)
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