| 2006年06月01日 Nature中英文摘要 | 点击： 作者： 来源： 时间： 2006-11-12 本站论坛
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Volume 441 Number 7093 pp549-666
封面故事：北极地区的古气候
在2004年的ACEX海洋钻探探险活动之前，几乎没有证据来确定北冰洋的环境历史。现在，研究人员已经获取并分析了一个430米深的海床沉积芯。本期Nature上三篇论文所报告的该项研究的结果，是过去5600万年（这个时间包括了全球从一种温暖的“温室”状态向一种较冷的“冰室”状态的过渡阶段）气候情况的一个记录，让我们直接看到了北冰洋的“新生代”历史。根据这个沉积芯，研究人员识别出几个关键事件：在古新世/始新世最热期（距今5500万年前），海洋表面水温远远高于以前的估计；表面海水的淡化证实了大约4900万年前的一个强化的水文周期；第一批冰筏碎屑物（ice-rafted debris）出现在大约4500万年前，比以前所认为的早3500万年。经过修正的北极最早变冷事件的时间与南极最早变冷事件的时间一致，这个结果支持认为全球气候变化在两极之间是对称的观点。（Article p. 601; Letters pp. 606, 610; News and Views）封面图片：由Martin Jakobsson根据北冰洋数据库中的“国际海洋测量图” 绘制。
控制REM睡眠状态切换的脑干区域被发现
眼睛快速活动的睡眠状态（被称为REM睡眠），是一种大脑高度活跃的做梦状态。我们对REM睡眠与非REM睡眠（也被称为慢波睡眠，因为在这个时候大脑皮层活动较慢）之间的切换机制很不了解。现在，基于详细解剖和损伤实验，研究人员识别出了控制由REM睡眠向非REM睡眠过渡的脑干区域。REM关闭和REM打开区域是相互抑制的。这似乎形成了一种触发开关关系，它有可能解释如在失眠症等睡眠失调症中所看到的在REM睡眠与非REM睡眠之间突然切换的很多现象。
唐氏综合症
唐氏综合症是由一个额外的染色体引起的，然而21号染色体上的一个或多个基因的剂量增加1.5倍，可引起与该症状相关的广泛效应。现在，用基因剔出小鼠所做的一项研究，识别出两个很可能与该症状有关的基因。DSCR1和DYRK1a剂量增加1.5倍，可使涉及NFAT转录因子的信号通道的调控失去稳定性。该发现是在另一项令人吃惊的发现之后取得的，后者是说NFATc1-4 和 calcineurin突变的小鼠会表现出唐氏综合症的几乎全部特点。（Article p. 595; News and Views）在另一篇与该论文没有关系的论文中，一次在整个基因组范围内进行的RNAi扫描，显示出了果蝇身上在演化过程中保留下来的NFAT调控因子。NFAT是一个纯粹为脊椎动物所有的转录因子，但该研究工作通过用果蝇细胞研究用人工方法从一种哺乳动物导入的一种蛋白的功能，做出了新的突破。调控NFAT蛋白亚细胞定位的通道，在不同物种之间被很好保留下来，这种新方法能识别正常情况下在脊椎动物身上表达的一种转录因子的新的调控因子。
土星卫星Enceladus所存在的问题及其解释
最近发现，土星的冰质卫星Enceladus的表面有喷水现象。该发现引起一阵骚动，因为它表明该天体地表下可能有液态水。从地质上讲，Enceladus存在问题。其中的一个问题，即为什么地质活动热点正好在该天体南极上，已经被Francis Nimmo 和 Robert T. Pappalardo解决。他们发现Enceladus的转动轴的方向调整是可能的原因，而低密度材料上涌至地表的一个事件是这种方向调整的原因。对“前”半球和“后”半球上碰撞坑的分布进行对比，将是对这一理论中方向调整部分的一个很好的验证。
生物分子为什么大多只以一种手性形式存在？
手性现象（相当于分子中的左撇子和右撇子现象）自从巴斯德发现酒石酸晶体有两种镜-像不重叠形式以来一直让化学家感到着迷。以一种手性形式为主的分子的合成，通常是通过从一开始就利用一种手性分子（比如说将其用作催化剂）来引导反应过程而实现的。但在有些反应中，一种手性产物的形成似乎会被进一步放大。当前的大多数解释都认为这种放大的分子不对称性是由自催化造成的。本期Nature上报告了对造成这个现象的另一种解释：根据溶液中的氨基酸的平衡固-液相的行为，这种方法是从最初的一个小小的不平衡导致反应产物严重偏向一种手性形式的。这种现象是在水溶液中发生的，使得这一过程可以解释假设中的生命起源前的“外消旋”世界（在那个世界中左手性和右手性分子数量是相同的）何以变成了有生命的世界，在其中生物分子往往只以一种手性形式存在。
“弗洛瑞斯人”是否具有制造工具的能力
“弗洛瑞斯人”（身材矮小的原始人，俗称“哈比人”）的大脑非常之小，以至于人们对他们使用石器的能力都产生了怀疑。实际上，有人认为，在印尼弗洛瑞斯岛西部的Liang Bua洞穴中发现的与“弗洛瑞斯人”有关的石器是现代人制造的。现在，对来自弗洛瑞斯岛中部的Mata Menge的距今84万年的石器所做的一项新的研究表明，早在直立人存在之前，工具制造者就向该地区迁移了。这些工具与在Liang Bua发现的时间要晚得多的石器相似，说明石器的制造在时间上具有连续性，而且“弗洛瑞斯人”是有可能具有制造工具的能力的。
生物多样性越大的确能增加生态系统稳定性
对生物多样性越大、生态系统越稳定的认识已经有大约50年了，而在这50年时间里关于这个观点一直存在激烈争论。以前，一直缺乏严格的长期野外实验来验证这个理论，但在明尼苏达大学的Cedar Creek实验生态保护区进行的一项为期10年的草地生物多样性实验将填补这项空白。现在，该实验的结果出来了，它们表明，较多的植物物种数量既能增加稳定性，又能增加生产力。
“频率依赖型选择”机制获得实验结果支持
演化生物学上最棘手的问题之一是，如何解释自然种群何以能具有遗传多样性。在人们所提出的所有机制中，理论认为频率依赖型选择机制最有说服力，但只有间接证据证明它在自然种群中的重要性。现在，对孔雀鱼（guppies）的自然种群所做的一项实验操纵研究表明，稀有基因型（雄性个体的奇异颜色）在孔雀鱼的自然种群中有明显生存优势。这也许是迄今为止证明频率依赖型选择可以是维持自然种群遗传多样性的一个有效机制的最好的实验证据。
阻断HIV感染的一种可能性
当艾滋病病毒HIV-1感染一个巨噬细胞、从而降低该细胞在免疫响应中的有效性时，它将病毒性cDNA融合进了染色质中。这说明，该细胞的核膜对于感染过程可能是至关重要的。这个推断已经被关于HIV难以感染缺少emerin（内核膜的一个成分）的巨噬细胞的发现所证实。抑制emerin与病毒性cDNA之间相互作用的小分子因此也许能帮助阻断HIV感染。
用计算方法重新设计酶
改变一种DNA解理酶的特异性，在很多医学或生物技术应用中可能会派上用场，但从计算蛋白设计的角度来讲，它却是一个很大的挑战。Ashwell等人用一种计算方法来重新设计“I-MsoI自引导核酸内切酶”，使其显示被改变的目标点的特异性，同时保持野生型的结合亲和力。重新设计的这种酶与其野生型相比，结合和解理新的DNA识别点的效果要好大约1万倍，而目标识别能力却与原始的核酸内切酶不相上下。这些结果说明，计算蛋白设计方法可用来为基因疗法和其他应用生成新颖的、高特异性的核酸内切酶。
Contents
Editorials
The gathering storm p549
Hurricane Katrina, which struck New Orleans last year, has thrust the link between climate change and extreme weather events onto the US political agenda.
doi:10.1038/441549a
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Finding fraud in China p549
As Chinese research expands, who is looking out for faked results?
doi:10.1038/441549b
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Last rights p550
Researchers have a duty to use the most humane means available of killing laboratory animals.
doi:10.1038/441550a
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Research Highlights
Research highlights p552
doi:10.1038/441552a
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News
Pandemic 'dry run' is cause for concern p554
Indonesian bird-flu cluster rings alarm bells.
Declan Butler
doi:10.1038/441554a
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Murders halt rainforest research p555
Goldminers kill guards in French Guiana nature reserve.
Declan Butler
doi:10.1038/441555a
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Sidelines p556
doi:10.1038/441556a
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Q&A: Drilling for truth in New Orleans: a geologist's story p556
A levee expert on the Hurricane Katrina disaster.
doi:10.1038/441556b
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Old tools shed light on hobbit origins p559
Tiny toolmaker or microcephalic? The 'hobbit' debate continues.
Michael Hopkin
doi:10.1038/441559a
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How dangerous is chemistry? p560
The death of a French professor in a laboratory explosion in March was a shocking reminder that research can be a risky business. Mark Peplow and Emma Marris investigate whether chemistry deserves its reckless reputation.
doi:10.1038/441560a
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News in brief p562
doi:10.1038/441562a
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Corrections p563
doi:10.1038/441563a
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News Features
Meteorology: Bad weather ahead p564
Scientists and policymakers are battling over whether global warming is making hurricanes more destructive. Alexandra Witze ventures into the heart of the storm.
doi:10.1038/441564a
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Biodiversity: Cashing in on the rich coast p567
Costa Rica's flagship conservation institute needs help. Can a new deal with industry save it? Rex Dalton investigates.
doi:10.1038/441567a
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Bioethics: An easy way out? p570
Scientists say they gas mice and rats with carbon dioxide because it is humane. It's also simple, cheap and keeps their hands clean. Emma Marris analyses the final seconds of the lab rodents' life.
doi:10.1038/441570a
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Business
Upending the zeitgeist p572
Germany's best-known stem-cell researcher is leading a charge to build up more commercial acumen on the nation's university campuses. Ned Stafford reports.
doi:10.1038/441572a
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In Brief p573
doi:10.1038/441573a
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Market Watch p573
doi:10.1038/441573b
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Correspondence
Giving up the big questions when answers are in sight p574
Matt Mountain
doi:10.1038/441574a
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Too many people are being displaced for Merowe dam p574
Maurice Guéron
doi:10.1038/441574b
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Can the Internet save us from epidemics? p574
David M. Eagleman
doi:10.1038/441574c
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Plant databases linked for botanists and gardeners p574
Boyce Tankersley
doi:10.1038/441574d
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People of the past should not be called primitive p574
Megan Marie McCullen
doi:10.1038/441574e
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Books and Arts
Sex and violence in rock art p575
Are cave paintings really little more than the testosterone-fuelled scribblings of young men?
Paul G. Bahn reviews The Nature of Paleolithic Art by R. Dale Guthrie
doi:10.1038/441575a
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The forgotten mathematician p576
A. W. F. Edwards reviews Arthur Cayley: Mathematician Laureate of the Victorian Age by Tony Crilly
doi:10.1038/441576a
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Red in the head p577
Josh Weisberg reviews Seeing Red: A Study in Consciousness by Nicholas Humphrey
doi:10.1038/441577a
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Energy with meaning p577
Ehsan Masood reviews Dictionary of Energy edited by Cutler J. Cleveland and Christopher Morris
doi:10.1038/441577b
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Science in culture: Artists on a mission p578
An exhibition in London reflects on the dangers of climate change.
Colin Martin
doi:10.1038/441578a
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News and Views
Climate Change: The Arctic tells its story p579
The Arctic is one of the sensitive pressure points for Earth's climate. A new sediment core reveals much more about the region's role in a long-term transition from 'greenhouse' to 'icehouse' conditions.
Heather M. Stoll
doi:10.1038/441579a
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50 & 100 years ago p580
doi:10.1038/441580a
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Virology: HIV goes nuclear p581
HIV-1 replicates itself by integrating into its host cell's DNA. Studies in cell culture reveal that nuclear-membrane proteins aid engagement of the viral DNA with that of its host before integration.
Min Li and Robert Craigie
doi:10.1038/441581a
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Down's syndrome: Critical genes in a critical region p582
The NFAT transcription factors activate the expression of many genes involved in the immune response and the development of a variety of tissues. They have now been implicated in Down's syndrome.
Charles J. Epstein
doi:10.1038/441582a
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Climate change: All in the game p583
It is in the public interest to keep Earth's climate on an even keel — the public, in this case, being all the world's population. Are you prepared to stake your own reputation on helping to improve matters?
Thomas Pfeiffer and Martin A. Nowak
doi:10.1038/441583a
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Physical chemistry: Gas in a straitjacket p584
Given a holding material with sufficiently small and uniform pores, gaseous oxygen can be made to form regular one-dimensional chains. That gives unprecedented insight into the properties of confined gases.
Susumu Kitagawa
doi:10.1038/441584a
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Planetary science: Polar roller p585
Paul Hanlon
doi:10.1038/441585a
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Brief Communications
Space geodesy: Subsidence and flooding in New Orleans p587
A subsidence map of the city offers insight into the failure of the levees during Hurricane Katrina.
Timothy H. Dixon, Falk Amelung, Alessandro Ferretti, Fabrizio Novali, Fabio Rocca, Roy Dokka, Giovanni Sella, Sang-Wan Kim, Shimon Wdowinski and Dean Whitman
doi:10.1038/441587a
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SUPERFLUID HELIUM: Visualization of quantized vortices p588
Gregory P. Bewley, Daniel P. Lathrop and Katepalli R. Sreenivasan
doi:10.1038/441588a
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Brief Communications Arising
Palaeoceanography: Methane release in the Early Jurassic period pE5
Paul B. Wignall, John M. McArthur, Crispin T. S. Little and Anthony Hallam
doi:10.1038/nature04905
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Palaeoceanography: Methane release in the Early Jurassic period (Reply) pE5
D. B. Kemp, A. L. Coe, A. S. Cohen and L. Schwark
doi:10.1038/nature04906
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Articles
A putative flip–flop switch for control of REM sleep p589
Jun Lu, David Sherman, Marshall Devor and Clifford B. Saper
doi:10.1038/nature04767
Abstract | Full Text | PDF (749K) | Supplementary information
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NFAT dysregulation by increased dosage of DSCR1 and DYRK1A on chromosome 21 p595
Joseph R. Arron, Monte M. Winslow, Alberto Polleri, Ching-Pin Chang, Hai Wu, Xin Gao, Joel R. Neilson, Lei Chen, Jeremy J. Heit, Seung K. Kim, Nobuyuki Yamasaki, Tsuyoshi Miyakawa, Uta Francke, Isabella A. Graef and Gerald R. Crabtree
doi:10.1038/nature04678
Abstract | Full Text | PDF (1,047K) | Supplementary information
See also: Editor's summary | News and Views by Epstein
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The Cenozoic palaeoenvironment of the Arctic Ocean p601
Kathryn Moran, Jan Backman, Henk Brinkhuis, Steven C. Clemens, Thomas Cronin, Gerald R. Dickens, Frédérique Eynaud, Jérôme Gattacceca, Martin Jakobsson, Richard W. Jordan, Michael Kaminski, John King, Nalan Koc, Alexey Krylov, Nahysa Martinez, Jens Matthiessen, David McInroy, Theodore C. Moore, Jonaotaro Onodera, Matthew O'Regan, Heiko Pälike, Brice Rea, Domenico Rio, Tatsuhiko Sakamoto, David C. Smith, Ruediger Stein, Kristen St John, Itsuki Suto, Noritoshi Suzuki, Kozo Takahashi, Mahito Watanabe, Masanobu Yamamoto, John Farrell, Martin Frank, Peter Kubik, Wilfried Jokat and Yngve Kristoffersen
doi:10.1038/nature04800
Abstract | Full Text | PDF (566K)
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Letters
Episodic fresh surface waters in the Eocene Arctic Ocean p606
Henk Brinkhuis, Stefan Schouten, Margaret E. Collinson, Appy Sluijs, Jaap S. Sinninghe Damsté, Gerald R. Dickens, Matthew Huber, Thomas M. Cronin, Jonaotaro Onodera, Kozo Takahashi, Jonathan P. Bujak, Ruediger Stein, Johan van der Burgh, James S. Eldrett, Ian C. Harding, André F. Lotter, Francesca Sangiorgi, Han van Konijnenburg-van Cittert, Jan W. de Leeuw, Jens Matthiessen, Jan Backman, Kathryn Moran and the Expedition 302 Scientists
doi:10.1038/nature04692
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (343K) | Supplementary information
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Subtropical Arctic Ocean temperatures during the Palaeocene/Eocene thermal maximum p610
Appy Sluijs, Stefan Schouten, Mark Pagani, Martijn Woltering, Henk Brinkhuis, Jaap S. Sinninghe Damsté, Gerald R. Dickens, Matthew Huber, Gert-Jan Reichart, Ruediger Stein, Jens Matthiessen, Lucas J. Lourens, Nikolai Pedentchouk, Jan Backman, Kathryn Moran and the Expedition 302 Scientists
doi:10.1038/nature04668
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (273K) | Supplementary information
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Diapir-induced reorientation of Saturn's moon Enceladus p614
Francis Nimmo and Robert T. Pappalardo
doi:10.1038/nature04821
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (207K) | Supplementary information
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Dimensional reduction at a quantum critical point p617
S. E. Sebastian, N. Harrison, C. D. Batista, L. Balicas, M. Jaime, P. A. Sharma, N. Kawashima and I. R. Fisher
doi:10.1038/nature04732
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Thermodynamic control of asymmetric amplification in amino acid catalysis p621
Martin Klussmann, Hiroshi Iwamura, Suju P. Mathew, David H. Wells, Jr, Urvish Pandya, Alan Armstrong and Donna G. Blackmond
doi:10.1038/nature04780
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (233K) | Supplementary information
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Early stone technology on Flores and its implications for Homo floresiensis p624
Adam Brumm, Fachroel Aziz, Gert D. van den Bergh, Michael J. Morwood, Mark W. Moore, Iwan Kurniawan, Douglas R. Hobbs and Richard Fullagar
doi:10.1038/nature04618
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (502K) | Supplementary information
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Biodiversity and ecosystem stability in a decade-long grassland experiment p629
David Tilman, Peter B. Reich and Johannes M. H. Knops
doi:10.1038/nature04742
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (221K)
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Frequency-dependent survival in natural guppy populations p633
Robert Olendorf, F. Helen Rodd, David Punzalan, Anne E. Houde, Carla Hurt, David N. Reznick and Kimberly A. Hughes
doi:10.1038/nature04646
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (202K) | Supplementary information
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Assembly of the inner rod determines needle length in the type III secretion injectisome p637
Thomas C. Marlovits, Tomoko Kubori, María Lara-Tejero, Dennis Thomas, Vinzenz M. Unger and Jorge E. Galán
doi:10.1038/nature04822
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The inner-nuclear-envelope protein emerin regulates HIV-1 infectivity p641
Jean-Marc Jacque and Mario Stevenson
doi:10.1038/nature04682
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (615K) | Supplementary information
See also: Editor's summary | News and Views by Li & Craigie
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A genome-wide Drosophila RNAi screen identifies DYRK-family kinases as regulators of NFAT p646
Yousang Gwack, Sonia Sharma, Julie Nardone, Bogdan Tanasa, Alina Iuga, Sonal Srikanth, Heidi Okamura, Diana Bolton, Stefan Feske, Patrick G. Hogan and Anjana Rao
doi:10.1038/nature04631
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (547K) | Supplementary information
See also: Editor's summary | News and Views by Epstein
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Hrr25-dependent phosphorylation state regulates organization of the pre-40S subunit p651
Thorsten Schäfer, Bohumil Maco, Elisabeth Petfalski, David Tollervey, Bettina Böttcher, Ueli Aebi and Ed Hurt
doi:10.1038/nature04840
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Computational redesign of endonuclease DNA binding and cleavage specificity p656
Justin Ashworth, James J. Havranek, Carlos M. Duarte, Django Sussman, Raymond J. Monnat, Jr, Barry L. Stoddard and David Baker
doi:10.1038/nature04818
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (316K) | Supplementary information
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Naturejobs
Prospect
Prospect p661
Movie depictions of scientists mirror real perceptions.
Paul Smaglik
doi:10.1038/nj7093-661a
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Special Report
Astronomy: Star gazing moves south p662
After years of quasi-colonial treatment from their European partners, local astronomers in Chile and South Africa are coming into their own. Dirk Steuerwald tracks the changing climate for the star-gazers of the south.
Dirk Steuerwald
doi:10.1038/nj7093-662a
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Highlights
Highlight: The National Institutes of Health
doi:10.1038/nj0118
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Futures
Nadia's nectar p666
The fountain of youth.
Ian Watson
doi:10.1038/441666a
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