Volume 443 Number 7111 pp481-604 (5 October 2006) October 05, 2006
封面故事:环保运动中的心理问题和政治问题
本期封面所示为 一群带着头套和面罩的抗议者,其中一些声称是“地球解放阵线”的支持者,他们于2002年2月在美国俄勒冈州的波特兰举行游行。在本期的“新闻特写”栏目中,我们提出这样一个问题:极端环保人士何以拒绝科学而采用暴力的、反科学的方法?在联邦调查局(FBI)一次重要行动之后,我们对这场运动的心理问题和政治问题进行了分析。封面照片:Don Ryan/美联社
Page: 498
October 05, 2006
模拟研究和实验研究之间的相互促进
系统生物学是对形成一个活细胞的很多相互作用的过程进行数学模拟的学科,随着来自基因组测序、基因组学和蛋白组学研究项目的大量数据的出现,该学科愈显重要。现在,系统生物学家获得的信息绕了一圈之后,又回过头来被用于新实验的设计。Di Ventura等人对活体研究和模拟研究之间数据的双向利用进行了分析,他们得出结论认为,我们现在还不能期待完全了解活细胞,但将模拟方法与实验方法结合起来正在使我们接近这个目标。
Page: 527
October 05, 2006
探测太阳系外行星的新方法
迄今所发现的200颗左右的太阳系外行星,是以由引力拉动在其主恒星中所诱导产生的“颤动”或多普勒偏移的形式被探测到的。但近来,以探测由一个行星侧影不断在我们与主恒星之间经过引起的变暗现象为依据的经纬测量方法,在探测新行星方面越来越成功。用哈勃太空望远镜对银河系鼓出部分方向上180000颗恒星进行的一次普查,发现了另外16颗候选行星,轨道周期在0.4天至4.2 天之间。其中5颗具有不到1天的超短轨道周期,它们构成一组新的“超短周期木星”。这些行星只在不到0.9个太阳质量的恒星周围出现,说明它们要么从未在更高质量的恒星周围形成过,要么它们的确形成过、但却被毁灭了。
Page: 534
October 05, 2006
在多倍体细胞中发生突变会产生致命危害的基因
多倍体是细胞中染色体数量多于正常情况的一种现象,在自然界很常见,出现在演化、发育、细胞压力、以及癌症等疾病状态的过程中。然而,我们对伴随多倍体的生理变化却很不了解。现在,对酵母所进行的一次整个基因组范围内的筛选工作,识别出了在多倍体细胞中、而不是在野生型细胞中发生突变时会引起致命性的基因。很多癌细胞会表现出多倍性,说明以这些基因为目标也许是抗癌的一个有效策略。
Page: 541
October 05, 2006
Subtilase细胞毒素产生毒性的机制
Subtilase细胞毒素是 1998年首次从澳大利亚南部产生志贺毒素的大肠杆菌 (STEC)的一个恶性菌种中分离出来的,此后又在STEC的其他几个菌种中被发现。STEC是一种人类病原体,能引起威胁生命的肠胃病。现在,研究人员已经确定了Subtilase细胞毒素产生极端毒性的机制:它能引起重要内质网伴护分子BiP的单点解理。该发现之所以引人注目,是因为,影响内质网压力响应的伴护功能的缺陷现在被发现与细胞衰老、以及包括白内障、帕金森氏综合症和阿尔茨海默氏综合症等机能退化症状密切相关。该毒素能够快速地、专一地破坏BiP功能,因此它为我们提供了一个细胞生物学新工具,使研究人员能够对这些疾病发病机理中的关键事件进行体外模拟。
Page: 548
October 05, 2006
太阳耀斑中高能电子的能量来源
太阳耀斑中长期存在的“数字”问题,是在耀斑发生期间所测到的很多高能电子与在标准磁重接模型中所产生的数量相对较少的这些粒子之间的偏差。为什么所释放的磁能量如此高效地转移给了电子?这个问题对于了解为什么日冕很热非常重要。日冕是产生高能宇宙电子的部位,也被用来度量高能粒子对地球上的卫星和通信网络的威胁。现在,Drake等人发现,电子是通过从随着磁重接进展而形成的收缩的“磁岛”两端反射而获得动能的。该机制与一个在两面收缩的墙之间弹跳的球的能量增加是相似的,后者随着每次弹跳而获得能量。
Page: 553
October 05, 2006
不同性质物体之间的量子远程传送
量子远程传送指的是一个量子态的隐形传送,以前曾在同一类型的物体之间、比如说在光脉冲之间或被束缚的离子(物质粒子)之间发现过。现在,Sherson等人演示了两种不同性质的物体之间的远程传送,即编码在一个光脉冲中的一个量子态被远程传送到了一个包含1012个(即1万亿个)铯原子的一个原子复合体上。 该实验除了对物理学家有根本性的意义外,还可以算作是朝着量子网络的实际应用迈出的一小步。
Page: 557
October 05, 2006
地幔物质是否能返回地表?
板块构造过程不断将物质从地球表面返回其内部。地球物理学家的一个主要目标是,看地球内的对流是否允许组成如此不同的物质返回到地球表面。对上层地幔中锂元素的变化所做的一项新的研究,为化学组成截然不同的一些海底岩浆中这种“循环的”物质的存在提供了可靠证据,而这种海底岩浆能够反映地球内部的对流。 然而,它们所记录的“循环的”物质并不像以前所预测的那样是来自一个以前的构造板块,所以板块本身的命运仍然不清楚。
Page: 565
October 05, 2006
抗辐射球菌抗辐射的机制
抗辐射球菌(Deinococcus radiodurans)是上个世纪50年代从罐头肉中分离出来的,这些罐头肉尽管用高剂量辐射杀了菌,却仍然变质了。即便辐射引起的DNA损坏会使其基因组彻底破碎,该细菌也能从辐照中恢复过来。它是怎样实现这种“壮举”的呢?科学家了解到,该细菌携带其几个版本的基因组,并且具有快速、有效的DNA修复机制。现在,一项新的研究表明,首先,有互补序列区域的DNA片断会彼此找到对方,由一种DNA聚合酶引发一个合成过程,在DNA片断上形成长的单链;然后,互补单链尾部配对,再生成长链DNA分子,后者被处理成原始的环状基因组。
Page: 569
October 05, 2006
1918年流感疫情的基因根源
1918年的流感病毒的一个重建模型的获得意味着,现在有可能研究主体对感染的反应了,并且可以将这种信息用于寻找公共卫生措施、以及用在新型抗病毒药物的开发上。 对小鼠所做的一项研究表明,含有来自该病毒流行种的所有8个基因的病毒所引发的感染和细胞死亡反应要比含有这些基因子集的病毒大得多。这种极端的主体反应,也许是与1918年的流感疫情相联系的严重免疫病理问题的根源。
Page: 578
October 05, 2006
细胞周期及调控机制的演化
在细胞周期中,数以百计的基因被定期转录。该过程中所涉及的蛋白复合物对所有真核细胞基本上都是相同的,但对来自人类、酵母和植物的大型微阵列数据集所做的比较表明,在细胞周期中的正确时刻组装同一分子机器有很多不同方法。转录和后转录控制是一前一后形成的,从演化上来说变化的速度之快是惊人的,只有约1亿年左右。这意味着,即使在脊椎动物内,调控系统也可以有相当大的差别。
Page: 594
ContentsEditorials
To build bridges, or to burn them p481
Environmentalists who have grown impatient with science and technology need not be dismissed as beyond the reach of reason.
doi:10.1038/443481a
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Power and particles p482
String theories dominate for good reason.
doi:10.1038/443482a
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One small step p482
Nature Nanotechnology will spearhead rapid progress in understanding the nanoscale.
doi:10.1038/443482b
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Top of pageResearch Highlights
Research highlights p484
doi:10.1038/443484a
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Top of pageNews
Climate in court p486
A forthcoming case in the Supreme Court could push the United States towards regulating against global warming, says Emma Marris.
Emma Marris
doi:10.1038/443486a
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Sidelines p488
doi:10.1038/443488b
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Youthful duo snags a swift Nobel for RNA control of genes p488
Award comes just eight years after publication.
Alison Abbott
doi:10.1038/443488a
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Cosmic ripples net physics prize p489
Vision of early Universe makes its mark.
Katharine Sanderson and Jenny Hogan
doi:10.1038/443489a
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Theorists snap over string pieces p491
Books spark war of words in physics.
Geoff Brumfiel
doi:10.1038/443491a
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Q&A: Fabio Mussi p492
Italian research minister speaks his mind.
doi:10.1038/443492a
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Cloners break away from the herd p492
Differentiated cells may hold more promise than adult stem cells.
Helen Pearson
doi:10.1038/443492b
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Wikipedia rival calls in the experts p493
Encyclopaedia aims to recognize status of academic editors.
Jim Giles
doi:10.1038/443493a
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News in brief p494
doi:10.1038/443494a
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Top of pageBusiness
Copycats gear up to dog biotech brands p496
Pressure is mounting on US regulators to create an approval track for generic versions of biotechnology drugs. Meredith Wadman reports.
Meredith Wadman
doi:10.1038/443496a
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In brief p497
doi:10.1038/443497a
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Market watch p497
Quirin Schiermeier
doi:10.1038/443497b
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Top of pageNews Features
Environmental activism: In the name of nature p498
What drives environmental activists to fire-bomb laboratories? Emma Marris investigates a radical fringe of the US green movement.
doi:10.1038/443498a
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Driven to market p502
We're selfish and rational — that's what classical economics says. But play parlour games with brain scanners and you'll find we're pulled in different directions when it comes to money. Jonah Lehrer reports.
doi:10.1038/443502a
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A novel reality p505
Can an advertising executive write an accurate thriller about science? Britta Danger talks to a German author who thinks he has pulled it off.
doi:10.1038/443505a
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Top of pageCorrespondence
Speaking different languages on biodiversity p506
R. M. Ewers and A. S. L. Rodrigues
doi:10.1038/443506a
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Bench-to-bedside solution to funding problems p506
Samuel F. Bakhoum
doi:10.1038/443506b
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Learning from painful experience of disaster p506
Steven B. Oppenheimer
doi:10.1038/443506c
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Hoyle's observations were right on the ball p506
Simon K Rushton and Rob Gray
doi:10.1038/443506d
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Top of pageBooks and Arts
Unburdened by proof p507
String theorists are setting a worrying trend by downplaying the need for experimental evidence.
George Ellis reviews The Trouble With Physics: The Rise of String Theory, the Fall of a Science, and What Comes Next by Lee Smolin
doi:10.1038/443507a
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Developing diversity p508
Michael Karin reviews The Regulatory Genome: Gene Regulatory Networks in Development and Evolution by Eric H. Davidson
doi:10.1038/443508a
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Putting DNA on the map p509
Denis Thieffry reviews Reconceiving the Gene: Seymour Benzer's Adventures in Phage Genetics by Frederic Lawrence Holmes
doi:10.1038/443509a
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Science in Culture p510
A series of exhibitions across Europe show how Leonardo da Vinci linked art and science.
Stefano Grillo
doi:10.1038/443510a
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Top of pageNews and Views
Microbiology: Death of a chaperone p511
To help their growth and spread, bacteria rely on virulence factors, many of which are toxic. One such factor is highly potent, as it attacks a key protein that 'chaperones' other proteins through their synthesis.
Cesare Montecucco and Maurizio Molinari
doi:10.1038/443511a
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Atomic physics: Quantum leap from light to atoms p512
Quantum-information networks use matter for long-term storage and light for long-distance transmission. Teleporting a quantum state from light onto matter has now been achieved.
Mikhail Lukin and Matthew Eisaman
doi:10.1038/443512a
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Cell cycle: Complex evolution p513
Cell division is fundamental to life, and so might be expected to have changed little during evolution. Data from four species show that the genes involved can vary, but the regulation of complexes is a common theme.
Gavin Sherlock
doi:10.1038/443513a
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50 & 100 years ago p513
doi:10.1038/443513b
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Earth Science: Lost lithium found p516
Lithium isotopes provide a fingerprint of recycled material in Earth's upper mantle. But this fingerprint is different from what had been expected. So do we need to reassess our ideas about how the upper mantle evolves?
Elisabeth Widom
doi:10.1038/443516a
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Nanotechnology: Downsizing SQUIDs p517
Jessica Thomas
doi:10.1038/443517a
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Microbiology: Resurrecting a broken genome p517
A remarkable bacterium can survive extraordinary doses of ionizing radiation that shatter its genome into thousands of pieces. How does it accurately reassemble these DNA fragments into an intact genome?
Susan T. Lovett
doi:10.1038/443517b
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Correction p519
doi:10.1038/443519a
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Top of pageNews and Views Feature
Genetics: Junk DNA as an evolutionary force p521
Transposable elements were long dismissed as useless, but they are emerging as major players in evolution. Their interactions with the genome and the environment affect how genes are translated into physical traits.
Christian Biémont and Cristina Vieira
doi:10.1038/443521a
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Top of pageBrief Communications
Biomechanics: Robotic whiskers used to sense features p525
Joseph H. Solomon and Mitra J. Hartmann
doi:10.1038/443525a
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Top of pageBrief Communications Arising
Gluconeogenesis: Re-evaluating the FOXO1–PGC-1 connection pE10
Marcia M. Schilling, James K. Oeser, Jared N. Boustead, Brian P. Flemming and Richard M. O'Brien
doi:10.1038/nature05288
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Top of pageReview
From in vivo to in silico biology and back p527
Barbara Di Ventura, Caroline Lemerle, Konstantinos Michalodimitrakis and Luis Serrano
doi:10.1038/nature05127
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Top of pageArticles
Transiting extrasolar planetary candidates in the Galactic bulge p534
Kailash C. Sahu, Stefano Casertano, Howard E. Bond, Jeff Valenti, T. Ed Smith, Dante Minniti, Manuela Zoccali, Mario Livio, Nino Panagia, Nikolai Piskunov, Thomas M. Brown, Timothy Brown, Alvio Renzini, R. Michael Rich, Will Clarkson and Stephen Lubow
doi:10.1038/nature05158
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Genome-wide genetic analysis of polyploidy in yeast p541
Zuzana Storchová, Amanda Breneman, Jessica Cande, Joshua Dunn, Kendra Burbank, Eileen O'Toole and David Pellman
doi:10.1038/nature05178
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AB5 subtilase cytotoxin inactivates the endoplasmic reticulum chaperone BiP p548
Adrienne W. Paton, Travis Beddoe, Cheleste M. Thorpe, James C. Whisstock, Matthew C. J. Wilce, Jamie Rossjohn, Ursula M. Talbot and James C. Paton
doi:10.1038/nature05124
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Top of pageLetters
Electron acceleration from contracting magnetic islands during reconnection p553
J. F. Drake, M. Swisdak, H. Che and M. A. Shay
doi:10.1038/nature05116
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Quantum teleportation between light and matter p557
Jacob F. Sherson, Hanna Krauter, Rasmus K. Olsson, Brian Julsgaard, Klemens Hammerer, Ignacio Cirac and Eugene S. Polzik
doi:10.1038/nature05136
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Rapid subtropical North Atlantic salinity oscillations across Dansgaard–Oeschger cycles p561
Matthew W. Schmidt, Maryline J. Vautravers and Howard J. Spero
doi:10.1038/nature05121
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Lithium isotope evidence for subduction-enriched mantle in the source of mid-ocean-ridge basalts p565
Tim Elliott, Alex Thomas, Alistair Jeffcoate and Yaoling Niu
doi:10.1038/nature05144
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Reassembly of shattered chromosomes in Deinococcus radiodurans p569
Ksenija Zahradka, Dea Slade, Adriana Bailone, Suzanne Sommer, Dietrich Averbeck, Mirjana Petranovic, Ariel B. Lindner and Miroslav Radman
doi:10.1038/nature05160
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Functional epistasis on a common MHC haplotype associated with multiple sclerosis p574
Jon W. Gregersen, Kamil R. Kranc, Xiayi Ke, Pia Svendsen, Lars S. Madsen, Allan Randrup Thomsen, Lon R. Cardon, John I. Bell and Lars Fugger
doi:10.1038/nature05133
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Genomic analysis of increased host immune and cell death responses induced by 1918 influenza virus p578
John C. Kash, Terrence M. Tumpey, Sean C. Proll, Victoria Carter, Olivia Perwitasari, Matthew J. Thomas, Christopher F. Basler, Peter Palese, Jeffery K. Taubenberger, Adolfo García-Sastre, David E. Swayne and Michael G. Katze
doi:10.1038/nature05181
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Sodium-dependent uptake of inorganic phosphate by the intracellular malaria parasite p582
Kevin J. Saliba, Rowena E. Martin, Angelika Bröer, Roselani I. Henry, C. Siobhan McCarthy, Megan J. Downie, Richard J. W. Allen, Kylie A. Mullin, Geoffrey I. McFadden, Stefan Bröer and Kiaran Kirk
doi:10.1038/nature05149
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Identification of a mammalian mitochondrial porphyrin transporter p586
Partha C. Krishnamurthy, Guoqing Du, Yu Fukuda, Daxi Sun, Janardhan Sampath, Kelly E. Mercer, Junfeng Wang, Beatriz Sosa-Pineda, K. Gopal Murti and John D. Schuetz
doi:10.1038/nature05125
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Molecular architecture and assembly of the DDB1–CUL4A ubiquitin ligase machinery p590
Stephane Angers, Ti Li, Xianhua Yi, Michael J. MacCoss, Randall T. Moon and Ning Zheng
doi:10.1038/nature05175
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Co-evolution of transcriptional and post-translational cell-cycle regulation p594
Lars Juhl Jensen, Thomas Skøt Jensen, Ulrik de Lichtenberg, Søren Brunak and Peer Bork
doi:10.1038/nature05186
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Top of pageErratum
Coral reef diversity refutes the neutral theory of biodiversity p598
Maria Dornelas, Sean R. Connolly and Terence P. Hughes
doi:10.1038/nature05187
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Top of pageCorrigenda
Microstimulation of inferotemporal cortex influences face categorization p598
Seyed-Reza Afraz, Roozbeh Kiani and Hossein Esteky
doi:10.1038/nature05153
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Sexual reproduction selects for robustness and negative epistasis in artificial gene networks p598
Ricardo B. R. Azevedo, Rolf Lohaus, Suraj Srinivasan, Kristen K. Dang and Christina L. Burch
doi:10.1038/nature05189
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Arctic hydrology during global warming at the Palaeocene/Eocene thermal maximum p598
Mark Pagani, Nikolai Pedentchouk, Matthew Huber, Appy Sluijs, Stefan Schouten, Henk Brinkhuis, Jaap S. Sinninghe Damsté, Gerald R. Dickens, & the Expedition 302 Scientists (, Jan Backman, Steve Clemens, Thomas Cronin, Frédérique Eynaud, Jérôme Gattacceca, Martin Jakobsson, Ric Jordan, Michael Kaminski, John King, Nalân Koc, Nahysa C. Martinez, Jens Matthiessen, David McInroy, Theodore C. Moore, Jr, Kathryn Moran, Matthew O'Regan, Jonaotaro Onodera, Heiko Pälike, Brice Rea, Domenico Rio, Tatsuhiko Sakamoto, David C. Smith, Ruediger Stein, Kristen E. K. St John, Itsuki Suto, Noritoshi Suzuki, Kozo Takahashi, Mahito Watanabe and Masanobu Yamamoto)
doi:10.1038/nature05211
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Top of pageNaturejobs
Prospect
Prospects p599
Paul Smaglik
doi:10.1038/nj7111-599a
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Special Report
A jumping off point p600
The recent flood of genome sequences has given evolutionary genetics a boost. Ricki Lewis takes a sharp look at a varied field.
Ricki Lewis
doi:10.1038/nj7111-600a
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Career Views
Sam Aronson, director, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York p602
Sam Aronson takes the helm at Brookhaven.
Virginia Gewin
doi:10.1038/nj7111-602a
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Stand up and be quoted p602
Society of young UK scientists fosters better interaction with media.
Richard Van Noorden
doi:10.1038/nj7111-602b
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D-day p602
After years of preparation, dissertation day looms large.
Andreas Andersson
doi:10.1038/nj7111-602c
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Top of pageFutures
Operation Tesla p604
Try to blend in.
Jeff Hecht
doi:10.1038/443604a
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