| 2006年05月11日 Nature中英文摘要 | 点击： 作者： 来源： 时间： 2006-11-11 本站论坛
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Volume 441 Number 7090 pp127-254 11 May 2006
封面故事：“海卫一”是怎么成为“海王星”卫星的？
在太阳系较大的卫星中，“海卫一”是比较独特的，它绕“海王星”运行的方向与该行星自转方向相反。“海卫一”的圆型轨道也与“海王星”的赤道有较大倾角。这些事实表明，“海卫一”在被“海王星”俘获之前曾经绕太阳运行，但以前关于“海卫一”俘获的模型需要不可能发生的事件来支持。Craig Agnor 和 Douglas Hamilton为“海卫一”的俘获提出了一种更自然的解释。在他们的模型中，“海卫一”曾经是一个双星体系的一员，这个双星体系可能更像“冥王星”及其最大卫星“冥卫一”。这个双星体系过于偏离其运行轨道，太靠近“海王星”，并被分开了，其中的一个逃掉了，而“海卫一”却留了下来。（Letter p. 192 News and Views）本期Nature封面描绘了这一事件。绕“海王星”运行的是一些原始卫星，它们可能在那次事件中消失了。（封面图片根据由 Steve Alber、Jerry Gardner、James Hastings-Trew、Constantine Thomas 以及美国国家海洋与大气局（NOAA）的“Science on a Sphere”项目提供的行星与卫星图件绘制。）
Nature杂志每年一期的《春季书评》
今年，位于北半球的英国春天来得比较晚，但Nature杂志每年一期的《春季书评》特刊却能按时与读者见面。今年的《春季书评》开篇之作为一篇纪念文章，纪念Richard Dawkins对科学思想的贡献。该特刊的内容还包括一篇介绍神秘的“Jason”组织（这是一组在过去40年间对美国政府的政策产生显著影响的科学家）的文章、一篇由Eric Kandel撰写的关于记忆研究的备忘录、以及在非洲和亚洲找寻人类祖先的化石工作者所取得的发现及他们自身的弱点。
仰泳虫为什么能呆在水中央？（BUBBLE RAP）
仰泳虫是全世界普遍存在的潜水昆虫，其独特之处是，它们是惟一作为成虫在水中间的环境中生存的昆虫，也是惟一在整个生命周期中都有红血球的昆虫。 现在，对澳大利亚的仰泳虫所做的实验证实，红血球在浮力控制中发挥一定作用，其实这个发现并不像我们所想的那样是巧合。这些昆虫之所以能在水中长时间停留，既不下沉，又不上浮，是因为它们能利用储存在其红血球中的氧气来稳定它们在潜水前在水体表面上所收集的气泡的体积。（Brief Communication p. 171）
消减带与稀有气体的循环（GOING DOWN）
消减带（海洋板块俯冲进地球深层的地方）通常被认为是稀有气体向地球深层循环的过程的有效的缓冲带。但现在，对来自美国新墨西哥州Bravo Dome天然气田的地幔气体的氙同位素组成所做的一项研究表明，重稀有气体在消减带被重新送进地幔中，地球上重稀有气体的主要来源是循环的海水。这一发现将为今后关于地球上的对流过程的模型提供一个重要的限制条件。（Article p. 186; News and Views；）
用系统生物学方法研究免疫响应
系统生物学是利用由基因组学、蛋白组学和其他所有“组学”获得的数据来在一个比传统生物学更高的层次上分析活的生物体的一门学科，它被认为是解剖复杂系统的一个强大工具。但是此前，该方法在识别哺乳动物的基本机制方面并不是特别有效。免疫响应非常适合系统分析；小鼠模型也是非常成熟的模型，循环细胞也可以被纯化和培养。Gilchrist等人将系统生物学方法用于对由TLR4刺激的巨噬细胞进行动态模拟研究，并根据研究结果做出这样一个预测：转录因子ATF3在先天免疫响应中是一个负调控因子。所以，系统生物学工具很可能第一次揭示了免疫响应中一个新颖的调控机制和一个可能的药物作用新目标。
CRAC通道的一个蛋白目标
免疫响应依赖于钙离子通过T细胞中特定CRAC通道的运动，在患有一种形式的“严重综合免疫缺陷”（SCID）综合症的患者身上，这些通道是有缺陷的。Feske等人利用两种没有偏见的、整个基因组范围的研究方法，来识别SCID患者身上致病的基因缺陷：其中的一种方法是对果蝇进行RNAi甄别；另一种方法是在一个人类家族中进行关联分析。SCID患者对于为蛋白Orai1编码的基因中的一个突变来说是纯合子的，当野生型Orai1在来自SCID患者的T细胞中表达时，CRAC通道被恢复。Orai1似乎是CRAC通道的一个主要构成部分或调控因子。该通道的性质已通过电生理方法研究了很多年，但其分子身份尚不知道。现在，有了一个蛋白目标，这个疏漏不久将会被弥补。
导光硅材料曙光初现
硅迄今为止是制造电子元件现有最好的材料，为了让这种导光性能不佳的材料也能传导光，研究人员做了很多努力。如果这个目标能够实现，对光子学和光电子学领域都将是一个很大的促进。现在，来自丹麦的一组科学家发现，通过打破晶体的对称性，可以在硅材料中诱导产生一个明显的电-光效应。这种对称性是通过在一个硅波导的顶端沉积一个应变层来打破的。如果应变的硅是这个所谓的“硅问题”的答案，那么就有可能通过用速度要快得多的光学元件来代替电子元件而消除现代计算机所存在的瓶颈。
南非发现保存完好的陨石
当一块大陨石掉到地球上时，所剩下的残留物并不是很多。人们认为，一般情况下它会被完全熔化或气化，所以对陨石碎片的识别依赖于间接的化学示踪物的使用。但随着在南非Morokweng撞击坑中一个保存得相当完好、顽石大小的陨石的发现，我们关于陨石残留程度的观点将不得不改变。研究人员在巨大的Morokweng陨石坑的撞击熔融物内发现了一块25厘米的陨石和几个较小的碎片。所发现的陨石是有相当大小的最古老的（距今1.45亿年）未改变的陨石，其组成也是异乎寻常的，金属出人意料地被硫化物取代了，很可能发生在产生该陨石的小行星的内部。这说明，Morokweng撞击事件涉及一种类型的小行星，它们与最近到达地球的已知小行星是不同的。
更新世-全新世过渡时期动物灭绝与人类无关
在距今13,000 年至10,000年前从更新世向全新世的过渡时期，很多大型哺乳动物迅速灭绝。这一事件与人类有多大关系，始终是一个激烈争论的问题。Dale Guthrie通过以前所未有的细致程度对那个时期阿拉斯加和加拿大育空地区的动物群落进行分析的方法研究了这一问题，其中包括对各种不同动物的骨头进行600次以上的放射性碳年代测定。虽然猛犸和马灭绝了，但麋鹿、野牛和驼鹿等动物却存活并繁衍了下来，说明动物群落变化是生态和植被变化的一个函数，而不是人类诱导的“过度捕杀”。
帮助他人的代价
社会性的演化（即一些个体放弃自己的繁殖机会来帮助其他个体的现象）是主要演化过渡形式之一。通过帮助它们有遗传关系的亲戚，帮助者能够间接传播它们自己的基因，而遗传相关性的变化却未能解释动物社会的一个普遍特征，即不同个体之间在帮助努力方面的巨大差异。Field等人通过用实验手段操纵野生的热带盘旋黄蜂的蜂群，发现一些个体工作不太努力，这不是因为它们与其所帮助的个体遗传关系不是很近，而是因为它们通过工作会失去更多未来的繁殖机会。提供帮助的代价是关键。
大脑中与价值判断有关的区域
在关于动物行为的研究中，一种“经济选择”（economic choice）涉及一个动物个体在基于对利益的一种主观估计的很多选项之间所做出的选择。人们早就知道，大脑不同部分中的神经元对如数量、颜色和味道等不同属性做出反应。现在，研究人员发现，大脑中一个被称为“前额脑区底部皮层”（OFC）的区域与经济选择中价值的判断有关。这个结论是在对选择是饮水还是饮用各种不同类型的果汁的短尾猴所做的试验中得出的。OFC区域的神经元以一种能够反映短尾猴对饮用物价值判断的方式来改变它们的发射频率。在人类中，OFC区域的病灶已知能够导致饮食失调、强迫性嗜赌和其他涉及“选择缺陷”的症状，也与滥用药物有联系，后者可能是“选择缺陷”的另一个方面。
克服Ad5病毒临床应用障碍的一种方法
腺病毒-5（Ad5）能使人呼吸道发生轻微感染，但其主要作用是用作艾滋病病毒和疟疾等关键疾病的一种潜在的疫苗载体。然而，该病毒的潜在临床作用却因这样一个事实而无法发挥：发达国家中大约一半人口和非洲90%的人口以前曾接触过Ad5病毒，并且产生了免疫力。一个来自哈佛大学医学院和荷兰生物技术公司Crucell的研究小组设计出了一个绕开这一问题的方法，即用一种相关病毒的某些部分来取代一个Ad5病毒衣壳蛋白的相同部分，这种相关蛋白就是要比Ad5病毒罕见得多的Ad48腺病毒。这种方法在用小鼠和猴子所做的试验中是有效的。如果该试验能在人类身上重复，那么经过修饰的Ad5病毒将是用作疫苗载体的一个很有优势的候选物质，也是用来进行基因疗法的一个很有优势的候选物质。
Contents
Editorials
Coming in from the cold p127
Science in the Arctic cries out for better coordination — perhaps modelled on what happens in Antarctica.
doi:10.1038/441127a
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Special provision p127
Some research centres are more equal than others.
doi:10.1038/441127b
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Let the data flow p128
US legislation could fill a gap in drought research.
doi:10.1038/441128a
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Research Highlights
Research highlights p130
doi:10.1038/441130a
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News
Arab state pours oil profits into science p132
Qatar pumps fossil-fuel revenues towards research initiative.
Jim Giles
doi:10.1038/441132a
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Arctic stations need human touch p133
Meteorologists say automated data collection is failing.
Quirin Schiermeier
doi:10.1038/441133a
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Sidelines p134
doi:10.1038/441134a
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Outspoken: Mike Griffin on the NASA budget p134
Space agency chief answers his critics.
Tony Reichhardt
doi:10.1038/441134b
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Are rich nations up for drug reform? p135
The WHO is urged to act on neglected diseases.
Erika Check
doi:10.1038/441135a
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Avian flu and the New World p137
The H5N1 avian influenza virus has not yet reached North and South America. What will happen when it does? Declan Butler and Jacqueline Ruttimann investigate.
doi:10.1038/441137a
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State's flu response raises concern p139
Official alerts play down possible H5 strain found in New Jersey.
Jacqueline Ruttimann
doi:10.1038/441139a
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News in brief p140
doi:10.1038/441140a
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Corrections p141
doi:10.1038/441141a
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News Features
Epigenetics: Unfinished symphony p143
To correctly 'play' the DNA score in our genome, cells must read another notation that overlays it — the epigenetic code. A global effort to decode it is now in the making, reports Jane Qiu.
doi:10.1038/441143a
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Arctic ecology: On thin ice p146
The Arctic is the bellwether of climate change, which shows up there first and fastest. Quirin Schiermeier visits ecologists struggling to keep up.
doi:10.1038/441146a
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Business
Challengers in the field p149
Colin Macilwain
doi:10.1038/441149a
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In brief p149
doi:10.1038/441149b
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Correspondence
Medical council funds both clinical and basic research p150
Colin Blakemore
doi:10.1038/441150a
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Exaggerating one's success is rife in Chinese academia p150
Zheng Huang
doi:10.1038/441150b
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Allergy test might have avoided drug-trial disaster p150
John H. Weis
doi:10.1038/441150c
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Keeping an eye on privacy issues with geospatial data p150
Andrew Curtis, Jacqueline W. Mills and Michael Leitner
doi:10.1038/441150d
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Spring Books
Evolution of the selfish gene p151
The thirtieth anniversary of Richard Dawkins' landmark work provides an opportunity to take stock.
Dan Sperber reviews Richard Dawkins: How a Scientist Changed the Way We Think edited by Alan Grafen and Mark Ridley
doi:10.1038/441151a
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Renaissance magic and mysticism p152
Rina Knoeff reviews The Devil's Doctor: Paracelsus and the World of Renaissance Magic and Science by Philip Ball
doi:10.1038/441152a
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The soldier's tale p153
Matt Ridley reviews Won for All: How the Drosophila Genome was Sequenced by Michael Ashburner
doi:10.1038/441153a
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Human frailties p155
Ian Tattersall reviews The First Human: The Race to Discover Our Earliest Ancestors by Ann Gibbons
doi:10.1038/441155a
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Science's secret service p156
Daniel S. Greenberg reviews The Jasons: The Secret History of Science's Postwar Elite by Ann Finkbeiner
doi:10.1038/441156a
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A journey to remember p157
Yadin Dudai reviews In Search of Memory: The Emergence of a New Science of Mind by Eric R. Kandel
doi:10.1038/441157a
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The ant trail p159
Laurent Keller reviews Nature Revealed: Selected Writings, 1949–2006 by Edward O. Wilson
doi:10.1038/441159a
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A cross-cultural relationship p160
Rebecca Goldstein reviews The Literary Animal: Evolution and the Nature of Narrative edited by Jonathan Gottschall and David Sloan Wilson
doi:10.1038/441160a
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News and Views
Vaccines: Engineering immune evasion p161
One obstacle to realizing the promise of viral vectors for vaccine delivery is pre-existing immunity to such vectors. An adroit application of structure-based design points to a way around that problem.
John R. Mascola
doi:10.1038/441161a
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Solar system: Interplanetary kidnap p162
Triton, Neptune's largest moon, was probably part of a two-body object similar to the Pluto–Charon system. This tandem might have been ripped apart when it strayed too close to the planet that Triton is now orbiting.
Alessandro Morbidelli
doi:10.1038/441162a
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Cell biology: Cracking the calcium entry code p163
A sharp increase in the concentration of calcium ions in a cell is a key biological signal. Now a vital component of a major route by which calcium ions flow into cells has been identified.
Anant B. Parekh
doi:10.1038/441163a
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Chemistry: A catalytic knight's move p165
The reactivity of inert hydrocarbons can be transformed by a catalytic double act. With the ability to manipulate the lengths of the resulting carbon chains, this development opens up fresh vistas.
Robert H. Crabtree
doi:10.1038/441165a
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Immunology: What does it mean to be just 17? p166
For a long time it was thought that there are only two types of T helper cell. But it is becoming clear that there may be other lineages that influence inflammatory responses in certain circumstances.
Cristina M. Tato and John J. O'Shea
doi:10.1038/441166a
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50 & 100 years ago p167
doi:10.1038/440167a
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Thermodynamics: When a phase is born p168
Phase changes in matter generally occur by building up from small nuclei of the new phase. Scattering experiments and computer simulations reveal the characteristic size of the smallest of these nuclei.
Pablo G. Debenedetti
doi:10.1038/441168a
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Analytical chemistry: Cause for a llama p169
Richard Webb
doi:10.1038/441169a
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Geochemistry: The noble art of recycling p169
Xenon trapped beneath Earth's crust provides clues to how our planet evolved, but quantifying atmospheric contamination has been impossible. The latest analysis surmounts a barrier to our understanding.
Takuya Matsumoto
doi:10.1038/441169b
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Brief Communications
Diving insects boost their buoyancy bubbles p171
Underwater backswimmers use their haemoglobin to help them stay stationary while waiting for prey.
Philip G. D. Matthews and Roger S. Seymour
doi:10.1038/441171a
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Brief Communications Arising
Corrigendum: Sporting contests: Seeing red? Putting sportswear into context pE3
doi:10.1038/nature04848
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Articles
Systems biology approaches identify ATF3 as a negative regulator of Toll-like receptor 4 p173
Mark Gilchrist, Vesteinn Thorsson, Bin Li, Alistair G. Rust, Martin Korb, Kathleen Kennedy, Tsonwin Hai, Hamid Bolouri and Alan Aderem
doi:10.1038/nature04768
Abstract | Full Text | PDF (611K) | Supplementary information
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A mutation in Orai1 causes immune deficiency by abrogating CRAC channel function p179
Stefan Feske, Yousang Gwack, Murali Prakriya, Sonal Srikanth, Sven-Holger Puppel, Bogdan Tanasa, Patrick G. Hogan, Richard S. Lewis, Mark Daly and Anjana Rao
doi:10.1038/nature04702
Abstract | Full Text | PDF (694K) | Supplementary information
See also: Editor's summary | News and Views by Parekh
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Seawater subduction controls the heavy noble gas composition of the mantle p186
Greg Holland and Chris J. Ballentine
doi:10.1038/nature04761
Abstract | Full Text | PDF (266K) | Supplementary information
See also: Editor's summary | News and Views by Matsumoto
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Letters
Neptune's capture of its moon Triton in a binary–planet gravitational encounter p192
Craig B. Agnor and Douglas P. Hamilton
doi:10.1038/nature04792
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (418K)
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Local switching of two-dimensional superconductivity using the ferroelectric field effect p195
K. S. Takahashi, M. Gabay, D. Jaccard, K. Shibuya, T. Ohnishi, M. Lippmaa and J.-M. Triscone
doi:10.1038/nature04731
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Strained silicon as a new electro-optic material p199
Rune S. Jacobsen, Karin N. Andersen, Peter I. Borel, Jacob Fage-Pedersen, Lars H. Frandsen, Ole Hansen, Martin Kristensen, Andrei V. Lavrinenko, Gaid Moulin, Haiyan Ou, Christophe Peucheret, Beáta Zsigri and Anders Bjarklev
doi:10.1038/nature04706
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Discovery of a 25-cm asteroid clast in the giant Morokweng impact crater, South Africa p203
W. D. Maier, M. A. G. Andreoli, I. McDonald, M. D. Higgins, A. J. Boyce, A. Shukolyukov, G. W. Lugmair, L. D. Ashwal, P. Gräser, E. M. Ripley and R. J. Hart
doi:10.1038/nature04751
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New carbon dates link climatic change with human colonization and Pleistocene extinctions p207
R. Dale Guthrie
doi:10.1038/nature04604
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Sympatric speciation in palms on an oceanic island p210
Vincent Savolainen, Marie-Charlotte Anstett, Christian Lexer, Ian Hutton, James J. Clarkson, Maria V. Norup, Martyn P. Powell, David Springate, Nicolas Salamin and William J. Baker
doi:10.1038/nature04566
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Future fitness and helping in social queues p214
Jeremy Field, Adam Cronin and Catherine Bridge
doi:10.1038/nature04560
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Specification of the neural crest occurs during gastrulation and requires Pax7 p218
Martín L. Basch, Marianne Bronner-Fraser and Martín I. García-Castro
doi:10.1038/nature04684
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Neurons in the orbitofrontal cortex encode economic value p223
Camillo Padoa-Schioppa and John A. Assad
doi:10.1038/nature04676
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A trehalose metabolic enzyme controls inflorescence architecture in maize p227
Namiko Satoh-Nagasawa, Nobuhiro Nagasawa, Simon Malcomber, Hajime Sakai and David Jackson
doi:10.1038/nature04725
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Transforming growth factor- induces development of the TH17 lineage p231
Paul R. Mangan, Laurie E. Harrington, Darrell B. O'Quinn, Whitney S. Helms, Daniel C. Bullard, Charles O. Elson, Robin D. Hatton, Sharon M. Wahl, Trenton R. Schoeb and Casey T. Weaver
doi:10.1038/nature04754
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (418K) | Supplementary information
See also: News and Views by Tato & O'Shea
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Reciprocal developmental pathways for the generation of pathogenic effector TH17 and regulatory T cells p235
Estelle Bettelli, Yijun Carrier, Wenda Gao, Thomas Korn, Terry B. Strom, Mohamed Oukka, Howard L. Weiner and Vijay K. Kuchroo
doi:10.1038/nature04753
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (483K) | Supplementary information
See also: News and Views by Tato & O'Shea
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Hexon-chimaeric adenovirus serotype 5 vectors circumvent pre-existing anti-vector immunity p239
Diane M. Roberts, Anjali Nanda, Menzo J. E. Havenga, Peter Abbink, Diana M. Lynch, Bonnie A. Ewald, Jinyan Liu, Anna R. Thorner, Patricia E. Swanson, Darci A. Gorgone, Michelle A. Lifton, Angelique A. C. Lemckert, Lennart Holterman, Bing Chen, Athmanundh Dilraj, Angela Carville, Keith G. Mansfield, Jaap Goudsmit and Dan H. Barouch
doi:10.1038/nature04721
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (451K)
See also: Editor's summary | News and Views by Mascola
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A mechanical explanation of RNA pseudoknot function in programmed ribosomal frameshifting p244
Olivier Namy, Stephen J. Moran, David I. Stuart, Robert J. C. Gilbert and Ian Brierley
doi:10.1038/nature04735
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (317K) | Supplementary information
See also: Editor's summary
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Corrigendum: Lipid–protein interactions in double-layered two-dimensional AQP0 crystals p248
Tamir Gonen, Yifan Cheng, Piotr Sliz, Yoko Hiroaki, Yoshinori Fujiyoshi, Stephen C. Harrison and Thomas Walz
doi:10.1038/nature04775
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Corrigendum: Conservation of Y-linked genes during human evolution revealed by comparative sequencing in chimpanzee p248
Jennifer F. Hughes, Helen Skaletsky, Tatyana Pyntikova, Patrick J. Minx, Tina Graves, Steve Rozen, Richard K. Wilson and David C. Page
doi:10.1038/nature04776
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Corrigendum: An acidic protein aligns magnetosomes along a filamentous structure in magnetotactic bacteria p248
André Scheffel, Manuela Gruska, Damien Faivre, Alexandros Linaroudis, Peter L. Graumann, Jürgen M. Plitzko and Dirk Schüler
doi:10.1038/nature04777
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Naturejobs
Prospect
Good in parts p249
Postdoc organization grades institutions
Paul Smaglik
doi:10.1038/nj7090-249a
Full Text | PDF (134K)
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Special Report
Talk about toxic p250
They arrive from other disciplines; they spread into distant fields. Toxicology is a voyage of discovery for scientists with diverse skills, including those of communication. Ricki Lewis gets them to open up about it.
Ricki Lewis
doi:10.1038/nj7090-250a
Full Text | PDF (445K)
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Career Views
Stephen Forrest, vice-president for research and William Gould Dow professor in electrical engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor p252
Engineer bounces between academia and industry
Virginia Gewin
doi:10.1038/nj7090-252a
Full Text | PDF (115K)
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What makes a good PhD student? p252
Some tips for PhD students.
Georgia Chenevix-Trench
doi:10.1038/nj7090-252b
Full Text | PDF (115K)
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Valuable diversions p252
Hobby horses for courses.
Katja Bargum
doi:10.1038/nj7090-252c
Full Text | PDF (115K)
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Futures
The aching of Dion Harper p254
A case of phantom body syndrome.
Arthur Chrenkoff
doi:10.1038/441254a
Full Text | PDF (226K)
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