Volume 441 Number 7089 pp1-126 封面故事：大气臭氧含量不再继续降低的原因是什么？1987年的《蒙特利尔议定书》在关于污染问题的国际合作中经常被作为最主要的一项协议来引用。该协议开始分阶段废止氯氟烃和被作为南极臭氧洞形成原因的其他化学物质的生产和使用。近年来，臭氧含量至少没有减少，但尚不清楚是否是由于大气中消耗臭氧的物质含量下降了。极地同温层云（如本期封面所示）能加快臭氧消耗，帮助形成这些云的气温变化能使臭氧浓度发生很大变化。这些因素和其他因素会掩盖由于消耗臭氧的物质的减少所造成的变化。为了寻找臭氧层恢复的证据，Elizabeth Weatherhead 和 Signe Bech Andersen对臭氧测量数据最近的变化趋势进行了分析。他们得出的结论是，不管《蒙特利尔议定书》有什么好处，臭氧含量将不大可能稳定在1980年以前观测到的水平上。（Review Article p. 39）封面照片由Ross Salawitch于2000年1月拍摄于瑞典的Kiruna。
土星上的一天有多长？土星没有一个可以看得见的固体表面，其磁场也与转动轴很靠近，这意味着对土星来说，测量一颗行星转动情况的两个最好方法是不能采用的。所以，土星的转动速度仍然是一个谜。“卡西尼”轨道探测器的观测结果为我们描绘了关于该星球磁场情况的非常详尽的图画，而且还探测到其磁场有一个振荡变化，变化周期被非常精确地确定为10小时47分多一点。这种周期性在为期14个月的一段时间内的稳定性表明，它与该星球内部的转动有关。这种联系的性质尚不清楚，但这也许是我们对土星上一天长度最准确的测量结果。
生成分子接合点的新方法分子电子元件的使用是一种被讨论很多的、替代传统硅装置的方法，这种微型元件的前景对于设备的微型化有明显意义。一种方法是，用一个在两个电极之间进行自组装的单分子层来代替传统半导体。分子隧道接合点曾经在这样的系统中生成，但它们往往难以重复，不稳定，并且仅限于小直径。现在，Akkerman等人开发出一种相对比较简单的制造稳定的、可重复的分子接合点的方法，这些分子接合点大面积来自直链硫醇（Alkanethiols）通过自组装形成的单层。这个过程与标准集成电路技术是兼容的， 有可能为研制实用的分子电子装置提供一种廉价的方法。
模拟显示大气环流强度会降低简单的理论预测表明，全球变暖将在21世纪削弱热带地区的大气环流。现在，对19世纪中叶以来热带太平洋大气环流所做的一次重建结果表明，该大气环流的强度在过去的确曾经降低，这与理论预测和模型模拟结果都是一致的。扰动实验表明，这种效应是人类影响造成的。热带太平洋大气环流对大尺度海洋环流有重要影响，模拟显示，被削弱的表面风可能改变了热带太平洋的热结构和环流。
能将辐鳍鱼和肉鳍鱼联系起来的化石材料辐鳍硬骨鱼（包括从鳕鱼到孔雀鱼在内的范围巨大的生物）和肉鳍硬骨鱼（腔棘鱼、肺鱼和陆地脊椎动物的祖先）显然曾经是近亲，但一个很大的形态鸿沟仍然分隔着这两类动物的化石，在这些化石中的动物所处的年代，它们看起来要比今天相似得多。现在，一种将两类动物很多特征结合在一起的原始肉鳍鱼的一个化石材料在中国云南化石产地被发现，这一新的化石材料为将两类截然不同的鱼类联系起来提供了一个桥头堡。
时机决定一切气候变化可能产生的生态效应经常出现在新闻报道中，这种潜在影响是否能够被预测的问题也是这样。对一种名为斑姬鹟的候鸟所做的新的研究工作，将这一话题又向前推进了一步，因为该研究让我们实际看到了气候变化会怎样引起种群数量的下降。时机是关键。在过去17年里，斑姬鹟数量在毛虫（雏鸟的食物）数量过早达到顶峰的地方严重下降，而在其食物供应较晚达到顶峰的地方它们的种群数量则没有下降。在毛虫对天气过早转暖做出反应的地方，幼鸟来得太晚。像这样的时机错误很可能是气候变化所产生的一个普遍后果，并且还可能是造成很多长距离迁徙的鸟类数量下降的一个主要因素。
动物性装饰所传达的信息及其演化机制在为期24年的时间内对数以千计的环鸟（花领鹟）的行为所做的一项研究，为演化生物学中两个长期未能解决的问题提供了一些可靠的数据，这两个问题分别是：为什么动物花那么多精力选择配偶？夸张的性装饰所传达的信息是什么？研究结果表明，雄鸟的雄性装饰（前额斑点大小）具有高度遗传性，雌鸟可能用它来预测其后代的吸引力有多大。然而雌鸟的配偶选择的遗传性却非常低，这也许是因为在野外环境中，有太多的生态互动因素可以发挥协同效应，影响配偶选择，而不管在遗传上已经确定下来的倾向性是什么。这表明，为配偶选择服务的性装饰的基因编码是独立于为性装饰本身服务的基因编码而演化的，而不是随同后者一起演化的，后一种“搭便车”式的演化方式也曾有人提出是一种演化机制。
非编码基因的起源来自脊椎动物基因组序列的证据表明，在演化上保留下来的非编码区域明显超过编码区域，这些基因多数涉及基因调控。这些基因的起源我们基本上不知道，但印度腔棘鱼“活化石”鱼的基因组中部分序列的测序成功，可帮助追寻它们的演化历史。现在，这些保留下来的基因组元素中的一组被发现起源于一个由反转录子组成的新的、“短分散元素”（SINE）家族，这个家族4.1亿年前活跃于肉鳍鱼中，今天仍活跃于腔棘鱼中。它们有些在哺乳动物中已经获得了功能，其中的一种是能够增强一个名为ISL1的神经发育基因的表达的增强子，另一种在mRNA处理基因PCBP2中是一个外显子。
线虫C. elegans的价值再次得到肯定在对能够诱导线虫C. elegans产生缺陷（这些缺陷被用作研究动物生物学的潜在工具）的新的小分子所进行的一项广泛筛选工作中，研究人员发现了一种新的1,4-二氢吡啶（DHP），被称为Nemadipine-A，它具有独特的性质。DHP类物质拮抗L-型钙通道，其中的一些被用作药物，来治疗高血压、绞痛、偏头痛和心脏衰竭。有人曾表达了对C. elegans作为药物发现和分析模型的价值的怀疑，但这些结果表明，该生物在这样的工作中可以扮演一个重要角色。
关于植物中油菜素甾醇类信号通道的新观点新的证据表明，我们可能需要对目前关于植物中油菜素甾醇类信号通道的观点进行一次修正。油菜素甾醇类同生长素、赤霉素和其他植物激素一起，在植物生长和发育中扮演一个重要角色。过去，曾有人提出油菜素甾醇类信号通道参与转录因子BES1的调控，其调控机制类似于后生动物中的Wnt信号通道的调控机制。但一项新的分析表明，与Wnt信号作用机制类似的机制是无效的。植物中的BES1不是会受亚细胞定位所发生的变化的影响，而是总是在细胞核中。BES1磷酸化抑制其多聚过程，阻止其结合到油菜素甾醇类响应性启动子的目标位置上。
关于RNAi应用的新发现本期Nature上发表的两篇论文突现了RNAi (RNA干涉)在临床医学中越来越大的影响。Ngo等人开发出一种新颖的筛选方法（被称为“唯一致命弱点法”），来识别那些如果沉寂后会使癌细胞停止分裂的基因。该方法的新颖之处在于，它能成功进行否定筛选，即在筛选过程中消耗掉的RNAi分子必须分离出来。这样可以显示出未必包含突变或其他改变的潜在的治疗目标。将这种筛选用于B-细胞淋巴瘤细胞中的2500个基因，识别出了对于某一特定的B-细胞淋巴瘤亚型的癌细胞存活和生长至关重要的3个基因。尤其是，CARD11蛋白看起来是一个首要目标。（Letter p. 106; News and Views；）Zimmermann等人报告了将RNAi通道用作一类新的药物治疗方法上所取得的一项重要进展。他们发现，系统性施用小干涉RNA（siRNA），可沉寂一种非人类灵长类动物的一种致病基因：这种作用以前曾在小鼠身上发现过。具体来说，针对为猕猴的阿朴脂蛋白B（ApoB）编码的基因施用siRNA，可成功降低ApoB蛋白、血清胆固醇和低密度脂蛋白的水平。该发现对于如冠心病等与胆固醇含量高相关的疾病有重要意义。从更广泛的意义上来说，它也说明了我们有可能研究出针对传统上“无药可治”目标的潜在疗法。（Letter p. 111）
ContentsEditorials
Painful transition at the NIH p1
Elias Zerhouni has a mixed track record as director of the world's largest research agency — but the thrust of his reform effort should be supported.
doi:10.1038/441001a
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Small first step p2
France's technology plans hold modest promise.
doi:10.1038/441002a
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Amateur night p2
Ending an inhumane punishment.
doi:10.1038/441002b
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Research Highlights
Research highlights p4
doi:10.1038/441004a
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Correction p5
doi:10.1038/441005a
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News
US posts sensitive climate report for public comment p6
Scientists concerned by online publication of IPCC draft.
Jim Giles
doi:10.1038/441006a
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Sidelines p7
doi:10.1038/441007a
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Will medics' qualms kill the death penalty? p8
US judges are starting to acknowledge that lethal injection could be an excruciating way to die. Emma Marris investigates whether the medical community's refusal to assist could help end the practice.
doi:10.1038/441008a
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Tempers flare at hurricane meeting p11
Researchers debate effects of climate change.
Alexandra Witze
doi:10.1038/441011a
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Chemists get out begging bowl to avert closure p12
Plan to close university department attracts international criticism.
Mark Peplow
doi:10.1038/441012a
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News in brief p14
doi:10.1038/441014a
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News Features
Biomedical research: Facing the opposition p17
Elias Zerhouni has one of the biggest jobs in biomedical research — running the massive US National Institutes of Health. But is he leading the agency up the right path? Erika Check examines his tenure.
doi:10.1038/440017a
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It's a postdoc's life p20
Does the respected US National Institutes of Health meet the needs of young postdoc researchers? Jacqueline Ruttimann investigates.
doi:10.1038/441020a
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Business
The quiet rise of the clinical contractor p22
More and more drug trials are being farmed out to contractors, but who's benefiting from the change? Meredith Wadman investigates.
doi:10.1038/441022a
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In brief p23
doi:10.1038/441023a
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Market watch p23
Colin Macilwain
doi:10.1038/441023b
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Correspondence
Computing: report leaps geographical barriers but stumbles over gender p25
Martha E. Pollack, Susanne E. Hambrusch, Carla Schlatter Ellis, Barbara J. Grosz, Jessica Hodgins, Ruzena Bajcsy, Carla E. Brodley, Luigia Carlucci Aiello, Maria Paola Bonacina, Lori A. Clarke, Julia Hirschberg, Manuela M. Veloso, Nancy Amato, Liz Sonenberg, Elaine Weyuker, Lori Pollock, Mary Jane Irwin, Lin Padgham, Barbara G. Ryder, Tiziana Catarci, Kathleen F. McCoy, Maria Klawe, Sandra Carberry, Laura Dillon, Kathleen McKeown and Mary Lou Soffa
doi:10.1038/441025a
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Computer 'recycling' builds garbage dumps overseas p25
G. Agoramoorthy
doi:10.1038/441025b
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A logical alternative for biological computing p25
Derek Partridge
doi:10.1038/441025c
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Colossus was the first electronic digital computer p25
Jürgen Schmidhuber
doi:10.1038/441025d
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Books and Arts
A Palaeozoic whodunnit p27
What caused a mass extinction event 250 million years ago?
Michael Benton reviews Extinction: How Life on Earth Nearly Ended 250 Million Years Ago by Douglas H. Erwin
doi:10.1038/441027a
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The source of the problem p28
Ganesh Pangare reviews When Rivers Run Dry: Water — The Defining Crisis of the Twenty-First Century by Fred Pearce
doi:10.1038/441028a
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A martian mystery p28
John F. Kerridge reviews The Rock from Mars: A Detective Story on Two Planets by Kathy Sawyer
doi:10.1038/441028b
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A search for meaning p29
Daniel Nettle reviews The Happiness Hypothesis: Finding Modern Truth in Ancient Wisdom by Jonathan Haidt
doi:10.1038/441029a
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Science in culture: A sense of civic beauty p30
A Renaissance painting from Urbino reveals the ideal city.
Martin Kemp
doi:10.1038/441030a
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News and Views
Particle Physics: The first axion? p31
For almost 30 years, the hunt has been on for a ghostly particle proposed to plug a gap in the standard model of particle physics. The detection of a tiny optical effect might be the first positive sighting.
Steve Lamoreaux
doi:10.1038/441031a
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Cell biology: Divining cancer cell weaknesses p32
Tumour cells tend to carry many gene mutations, but at a potential cost to their overall fitness. Studying the interactions between genes on a large scale could be a way of identifying the chinks in the tumour cell armour.
William G. Kaelin
doi:10.1038/441032a
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Planetary Science: A new spin on Saturn p34
Measuring the rotation of a gaseous planet is no easy task. For Saturn, do observations of its magnetic field — which indicate that it is spinning more slowly than thought — mark a revolution in our understanding?
David J. Stevenson
doi:10.1038/441034a
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Molecular biology: Chromosome guardians on duty p35
Curiously, in cell division the proper separation of chromosomes into daughter cells needs set periods when they are stuck together. So how do they come apart at the right time and place? Their 'guardian spirits' intercede.
Paul Megee
doi:10.1038/441035a
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Materials science: Polymers show they're metal p37
Although certain polymers have long been known to conduct electricity, they seemed to differ from metals in other electronic and optical properties. A new form of polymer turns that relation on its head.
Richard Friend
doi:10.1038/441037a
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Brief Communications
Animal communication: Complex call production in the túngara frog p38
An intricate vocal anatomy underlies the subtleties of this animal's melodic mating calls.
M. Gridi-Papp, A. S. Rand and M. J. Ryan
doi:10.1038/441038a
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Brief Communications Arising
Theoretical biology: Comparing models of species abundance pE1
Jérôme Chave, David Alonso and Rampal S. Etienne
doi:10.1038/nature04826
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Theoretical biology: Comparing models of species abundance (Reply) pE1
Igor Volkov, Jayanth R. Banavar, Fangliang He, Stephen P. Hubbell and Amos Maritan
doi:10.1038/nature04827
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Review
The search for signs of recovery of the ozone layer p39
Elizabeth C. Weatherhead and Signe Bech Andersen
doi:10.1038/nature04746
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Articles
Shugoshin collaborates with protein phosphatase 2A to protect cohesin p46
Tomoya S. Kitajima, Takeshi Sakuno, Kei-ichiro Ishiguro, Shun-ichiro Iemura, Tohru Natsume, Shigehiro A. Kawashima and Yoshinori Watanabe
doi:10.1038/nature04663
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Protein phosphatase 2A protects centromeric sister chromatid cohesion during meiosis I p53
Christian G. Riedel, Vittorio L. Katis, Yuki Katou, Saori Mori, Takehiko Itoh, Wolfgang Helmhart, Marta Gálová, Mark Petronczki, Juraj Gregan, Bulent Cetin, Ingrid Mudrak, Egon Ogris, Karl Mechtler, Laurence Pelletier, Frank Buchholz, Katsuhiko Shirahige and Kim Nasmyth
doi:10.1038/nature04664
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Letters
A regular period for Saturn's magnetic field that may track its internal rotation p62
G. Giampieri, M. K. Dougherty, E. J. Smith and C. T. Russell
doi:10.1038/nature04750
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Metallic transport in polyaniline p65
Kwanghee Lee, Shinuk Cho, Sung Heum Park, A. J. Heeger, Chan-Woo Lee and Suck-Hyun Lee
doi:10.1038/nature04705
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Towards molecular electronics with large-area molecular junctions p69
Hylke B. Akkerman, Paul W. M. Blom, Dago M. de Leeuw and Bert de Boer
doi:10.1038/nature04699
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Weakening of tropical Pacific atmospheric circulation due to anthropogenic forcing p73
Gabriel A. Vecchi, Brian J. Soden, Andrew T. Wittenberg, Isaac M. Held, Ants Leetmaa and Matthew J. Harrison
doi:10.1038/nature04744
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A primitive fish provides key characters bearing on deep osteichthyan phylogeny p77
Min Zhu, Xiaobo Yu, Wei Wang, Wenjin Zhao and Liantao Jia
doi:10.1038/nature04563
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Climate change and population declines in a long-distance migratory bird p81
Christiaan Both, Sandra Bouwhuis, C. M. Lessells and Marcel E. Visser
doi:10.1038/nature04539
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Testing the genetics underlying the co-evolution of mate choice and ornament in the wild p84
Anna Qvarnström, Jon E. Brommer and Lars Gustafsson
doi:10.1038/nature04564
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A distal enhancer and an ultraconserved exon are derived from a novel retroposon p87
Gill Bejerano, Craig B. Lowe, Nadav Ahituv, Bryan King, Adam Siepel, Sofie R. Salama, Edward M. Rubin, W. James Kent and David Haussler
doi:10.1038/nature04696
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A small-molecule screen in C. elegans yields a new calcium channel antagonist p91
Trevor C. Y. Kwok, Nicole Ricker, Regina Fraser, Allen W. Chan, Andrew Burns, Elise F. Stanley, Peter McCourt, Sean R. Cutler and Peter J. Roy
doi:10.1038/nature04657
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Downstream nuclear events in brassinosteroid signalling p96
Grégory Vert and Joanne Chory
doi:10.1038/nature04681
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Differential roles of MDA5 and RIG-I helicases in the recognition of RNA viruses p101
Hiroki Kato, Osamu Takeuchi, Shintaro Sato, Mitsutoshi Yoneyama, Masahiro Yamamoto, Kosuke Matsui, Satoshi Uematsu, Andreas Jung, Taro Kawai, Ken J. Ishii, Osamu Yamaguchi, Kinya Otsu, Tohru Tsujimura, Chang-Sung Koh, Caetano Reis e Sousa, Yoshiharu Matsuura, Takashi Fujita and Shizuo Akira
doi:10.1038/nature04734
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A loss-of-function RNA interference screen for molecular targets in cancer p106
Vu N. Ngo, R. Eric Davis, Laurence Lamy, Xin Yu, Hong Zhao, Georg Lenz, Lloyd T. Lam, Sandeep Dave, Liming Yang, John Powell and Louis M. Staudt
doi:10.1038/nature04687
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RNAi-mediated gene silencing in non-human primates p111
Tracy S. Zimmermann, Amy C. H. Lee, Akin Akinc, Birgit Bramlage, David Bumcrot, Matthew N. Fedoruk, Jens Harborth, James A. Heyes, Lloyd B. Jeffs, Matthias John, Adam D. Judge, Kieu Lam, Kevin McClintock, Lubomir V. Nechev, Lorne R. Palmer, Timothy Racie, Ingo Röhl, Stephan Seiffert, Sumi Shanmugam, Vandana Sood, Jürgen Soutschek, Ivanka Toudjarska, Amanda J. Wheat, Ed Yaworski, William Zedalis, Victor Koteliansky, Muthiah Manoharan, Hans-Peter Vornlocher and Ian MacLachlan
doi:10.1038/nature04688
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The depolymerizing kinesin MCAK uses lattice diffusion to rapidly target microtubule ends p115
Jonne Helenius, Gary Brouhard, Yannis Kalaidzidis, Stefan Diez and Jonathon Howard
doi:10.1038/nature04736
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Corrigendum: Genome sequencing in microfabricated high-density picolitre reactors p120
Marcel Margulies, Michael Egholm, William E. Altman, Said Attiya, Joel S. Bader, Lisa A. Bemben, Jan Berka, Michael S. Braverman, Yi-Ju Chen, Zhoutao Chen, Scott B. Dewell, Alex de Winter, James Drake, Lei Du, Joseph M. Fierro, Robin Forte, Xavier V. Gomes, Brian C. Godwin, Wen He, Scott Helgesen, Chun Heen Ho, Stephen K. Hutchison, Gerard P. Irzyk, Szilveszter C. Jando, Maria L. I. Alenquer, Thomas P. Jarvie, Kshama B. Jirage, Jong-Bum Kim, James R. Knight, Janna R. Lanza, John H. Leamon, William L. Lee, Steven M. Lefkowitz, Ming Lei, Jing Li, Kenton L. Lohman, Hong Lu, Vinod B. Makhijani, Keith E. McDade, Michael P. McKenna, Eugene W. Myers, Elizabeth Nickerson, John R. Nobile, Ramona Plant, Bernard P. Puc, Michael Reifler, Michael T. Ronan, George T. Roth, Gary J. Sarkis, Jan Fredrik Simons, John W. Simpson, Maithreyan Srinivasan, Karrie R. Tartaro, Alexander Tomasz, Kari A. Vogt, Greg A. Volkmer, Shally H. Wang, Yong Wang, Michael P. Weiner, David A. Willoughby, Pengguang Yu, Richard F. Begley and Jonathan M. Rothberg
doi:10.1038/nature04726
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Corrigendum: A phosphatase complex that dephosphorylates H2AX regulates DNA damage checkpoint recovery p120
Michael-Christopher Keogh, Jung-Ae Kim, Michael Downey, Jeffrey Fillingham, Dipanjan Chowdhury, Jacob C. Harrison, Megumi Onishi, Nira Datta, Sarah Galicia, Andrew Emili, Judy Lieberman, Xuetong Shen, Stephen Buratowski, James E. Haber, Daniel Durocher, Jack F. Greenblatt and Nevan J. Krogan
doi:10.1038/nature04772
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Corrigendum: A high-mobility electron gas at the LaAlO3/SrTiO3 heterointerface p120
A. Ohtomo and H. Y. Hwang
doi:10.1038/nature04773
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Erratum: Significant primordial star formation at redshifts z 3–4 p120
Raul Jimenez and Zoltan Haiman
doi:10.1038/nature04774
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Naturejobs
Prospect
Thinking big p121
Policy leaders look at career paths of young scientists.
Paul Smaglik
doi:10.1038/nj7089-121a
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Postdocs and Students
Misconduct mayhem p122
Thinking about scientific misconduct before tangling with a real case will help you protect your own career and promote research integrity. Kendall Powell investigates a few case studies.
Kendall Powell
doi:10.1038/nj7089-122a
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Career Views
William Harris, president and chief executive, Science Foundation Arizona p124
The chemist who builds research programmes.
Virginia Gewin
doi:10.1038/nj7089-124a
Full Text | PDF (125K)
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Postdoc prep p124
Diversity committee improves postdoc world for women and ethnic minorities
Jabbar Bennett
doi:10.1038/nj7089-124b
Full Text | PDF (125K)
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On Mozart's wavelength p124
Grad student gets the hang of presentations.
Andreas Andersson
doi:10.1038/nj7089-124c
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Futures
Taking good care of myself p126
Someone to watch over me.
Ian R. MacLeod
doi:10.1038/441126a
Full Text | PDF (157K)
