| 2006年04月06日 Nature中英文摘要 | | 点击： 作者： 来源： 时间： 2006-11-11 本站论坛 |
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Volume 440 Number 7085 pp715-844
封面故事：一种处在由鱼类向四足动物过渡阶段的动物化石
鱼类和四足动物（有四肢的脊椎动物）之间的过渡发生在3.70亿年前，这种过渡需要几乎整个身体都发生变化。 在过去20年里，轰动性的化石发现以及对旧化石的重新解释，从根本上改变了我们对这个问题的认识，但这种过渡本身，即从鱼类向四足动物过渡的精确界线仍然比较模糊。 已有化石往往不完整，或保存状况不好。 所有这一切随着一个引人注目的新化石材料的发现都发生了改变。这个新化石材料来自加拿大北极地区晚泥盆纪地层，它全面保存了一个近乎完整的过渡形式。这是一种有鳍的鱼，但其鳍能够像胳膊和手一样弯曲和伸展。它有四足动物一样的肋骨，有可以活动的脖子和腕关节。它似乎生活在一种处于边缘状态的浅水环境中。这一发现将在演化生物学领域产生广泛影响。（Articles pp. 757, 764;News and Views）封面图片：Kalliopi Monoyios
第一个超新星回落环
超新星爆炸中的“回落”现象指的是，爆炸喷发出去的一些物质未能逃逸，而是又落回来了。科学家曾用该观点来解释黑洞的形成、磁星的分布以及脉冲星周围跟地球质量差不多的行星的起源。此前，一直没有直接观测证据证明这个过程的确发生了。一个孤立的X-射线脉冲星周围的一个冷尘埃环（是在美国国家航空航天局“斯皮策太空望远镜”获得的数据中探测到的），可能是迄今被观测到的第一个超新星回落环。将其与普通恒星周围的原始行星环相比较，在一颗中子星周围的这样一个巨大的尘埃环，有可能是行星形成的一个场所。
太阳系中氧-16同位素之谜
理论上，太阳的外层应保存太阳系由之形成的气体的原始组成。进入太阳外层进行测量是不可能的，所以科学家正在尝试间接的信息收集方法。最新尝试是对由“阿波罗11号”飞船带回来的一个月球土壤样品所做的关于氧同位素的一些新的测量。 不同方面的证据表明，所测试的土壤颗粒（来自编号为10084的月球样品）受太阳风的影响特别大。过去，研究人员发现，与地球、火星和大陨石相比，月球土壤颗粒中氧-16同位素的含量比较低。这与较早时候根据对远古金属颗粒的研究结果所获得的一项发现是相矛盾的，并向我们提出了一个棘手的问题：按照当前的模型，没有明确的方式来解释为什么太阳系中氧-16同位素含量比太阳中的高。
光子融合效应的演示
量子力学中将光描述为光子，根据该描述所做的预测在经典体系中没有对应物。一个引人注目的例子是融合：当两个相同的光子同时到达一个部分反射的镜子的两面时，它们总是一起离开该镜子的。Beugnon等人通过在由两个独立束缚的单个原子发射出的两个单个光子之间生成量子干涉演示了这一效应。这一结果是在生成能发射不可分辨的光子的同步的、独立的光源这个研究方向上所迈出的重要一步，而这样的光源可为量子数据处理提供一个非常有用的资源。
硅晶体管也将能打印出来
硅半导体装置的制造涉及复杂的照相平板印刷过程和昂贵的机器，所以很多研究人员正在寻求可用如旋转喷涂或打印等简单过程来处理的替代性半导体材料。有机半导体是最有希望的候选材料，但它们的性能和可靠性仍然较差。Shimoda等人采用了一种不同的方法，即打印一个硅晶体管本身，而不是打印一种替代品。他们通过旋转喷涂一种新型液态前体材料，成功制成了多晶硅晶体管。这种基于溶液的方法还可用于晶体管的“喷墨”打印
一种 Anammox细菌的基因组序列
10年前，一个偶然的发现，让科学家识别出了能够在厌氧条件下氧化氨（该反应过程被称为Anammox）的海洋“矿物化能自营养”细菌。不久研究人员就意识到，该Anammox反应有重要生态意义，因为它将接近50%的固定的氮从地球的海洋中清除了出去。现在，在一项被称为“环境基因组学”的了不起的研究工作中，研究人员已经确定了Anammox细菌Kuenenia stuttgartiensis的基因组的序列。Anammox细菌生长非常缓慢，在纯培养中无法获得。为了进行基因组分析，研究人员让一种废水淤泥接种体在一个生物反应器中生长了一年，培养了10至15代。他们对整个微生物群落的DNA进行了测序，并从结果中推断出了这种Anammox细菌的基因组。既然基因组序列已经知道，就有可能了解这些重要细菌的代谢和演化。
鼹形鼠也分三六九等
完全社会性的昆虫，如蚂蚁和白蚁，具有截然不同的社会“等级”，专门完成不同的任务。完全社会性在哺乳动物中极为罕见，并且在极少数的确有该现象的物种中，一直没有明确证据表明帮助者属于一种不同的社会等级。现在，在一项测定一种完全社会性的鼹形鼠的“工作者”的能量消耗的实验中，研究人员识别出了两个截然不同的社会等级。“经常性的工作者”一年到头工作， 帮助维持群落，帮助“王后”繁衍后代。“非经常性的工作者”积累身体脂肪，很少工作，等待合适的机会来亲自繁殖后代。雨后，肥胖、懒惰的鼹形鼠变得极为活跃，消耗的能量多于“经常性的工作者”。
一个与左-右对称性有关的基因缺陷
从苍蝇到人类，身体的左右两边都是不同的。身体的对称性在胚胎发育早期到底是怎样被破坏的是一个谜。但是现在，两个独立工作的研究小组报告了苍蝇的一个基因缺陷，该缺陷也许可帮助揭开这个机制。两个小组都研究了一个内脏反向成环的突变体，发现该突变在一个非传统的肌浆球蛋白中。这个肌浆球蛋白引导右手方向的成环，抑制默认的左手方向的成环。现在，这一发现将基于肌动蛋白的分子马达和肌动蛋白细胞骨架与脊椎动物的左-右手模式的形成联系了起来。
Syntaxin 3是Omega-3 和 Omega-6脂肪酸的作用目标
Omega-3 和 Omega-6脂肪酸经常被推荐作为饮食补充营养成分，尤其是在怀孕期间和在儿童时期，因为它们被认为能支持大脑发育。现在，在对正在生长的神经细胞所做的筛选分析中，小型膜蛋白 Syntaxin 3被发现是这些重要营养成分的作用目标。Omega-3 和 Omega-6脂肪酸激发Syntaxin 3，使神经延伸部分能够生长，这是大脑发育中的一个重要过程。这一发现让我们看到了用Syntaxin 3来识别能够加速受伤后神经修复的功效更强的化合物的希望。
镁离子的一个可能的运输机制
除镁以外，大多数主要生物离子的运输机制已被详细确定。CorA型的运输子在多数原生生物和线粒体中是Mg2+的主要吸收系统。现在，研究人员已经确定了细菌CorA在闭合状态的晶体结构。该运输子是一个漏斗形的同源五聚物。在胞质域中一个保留下来的Mg2+结合点的存在，可能是将小孔的门控作用与离子在细胞内的集中联系起来的一个机制。
Contents
Editorials
Towards better biosecurity p715
Slowly but surely, a key advisory committee is helping the scientific community act more responsibly when conducting and publishing biological research that could carry security risks.
doi:10.1038/440715a
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Shooting the messenger p716
The abolition of a science advisory board to the US government sends the wrong signal.
doi:10.1038/440716a
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Rightful owners p716
Research into anthropological artefacts must acknowledge claims of prior ownership.
doi:10.1038/440716b
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Top of pageResearch Highlights
Research highlights p718
doi:10.1038/440718a
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Top of pageNews
Further accusations rock Japanese RNA laboratory p720
Suspicion of fraud hangs over pioneering RNA work.
Ichiko Fuyuno
doi:10.1038/440720a
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Doubts over evolution block funding by Canadian agency p720
Study of 'intelligent design' refused funds.
Hannah Hoag
doi:10.1038/440720b
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Korean science powerhouse sends Nobel laureate packing p721
Clash of cultures means early return for physics prizewinner.
David Cyranoski
doi:10.1038/440721a
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Guinea experts cry foul on tribal exhibits p722
A new exhibition of Melanesian artefacts raises questions about how the pieces ended up in a Californian art museum. Rex Dalton investigates.
doi:10.1038/440722a
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Energy secretary ditches science advisers p725
Independent panel dismissed after nearly 30 years.
Geoff Brumfiel
doi:10.1038/440725a
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Wellcome Trust fuelled bid to save British science treasure p725
Private donors finance return of Hooke's manuscript.
Michael Hopkin
doi:10.1038/440725b
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From the front lines p726
As the H5N1 flu virus continues to sweep across the globe, researchers in some of the countries affected describe in their own words the political and scientific challenges that they face.
doi:10.1038/440726a
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Sidelines p727
doi:10.1038/440727a
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News in brief p728
doi:10.1038/440728a
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Top of pageNews Features
Cell biology: The story of i p730
Multicellular creatures can be battlegrounds for competing populations of cells. Claire Ainsworth learns how this way of looking at an individual is feeding into immunology and cancer biology.
doi:10.1038/440730a
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Climate science: A sinking feeling p734
The floods are getting worse in Tuvalu. As scientists argue over climate change and struggle to measure rising seas, Samir S. Patel meets the locals of this tiny island nation.
doi:10.1038/440734a
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Top of pageBusiness
Biologist aims to ease the pain for entrepreneurs p738
Biotech start-ups face a struggle to survive. Virginia Gewin reports on an initiative that brings cash and experience together to improve their chances.
doi:10.1038/440738a
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In brief p739
doi:10.1038/440739a
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Market watch p739
doi:10.1038/440739b
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Top of pageCorrespondence
Avoiding hazards of best-guess climate scenarios p740
Arnulf Grubler, Brian O'Neill and Detlef van Vuuren
doi:10.1038/440740a
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Physician–scientists are needed now more than ever p740
Ajit Varki, Edward Holmes, Tadataka Yamada, Peter Agre and Sydney Brenner
doi:10.1038/440740b
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India's concern about both security and sea research p740
Satish Singh
doi:10.1038/440740c
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Tools needed to navigate landscape of the genome p740
Mark Gerstein
doi:10.1038/440740d
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Top of pageCommentary
Feline friend or potential foe? p741
What role do cats play in the epidemiology of H5N1 avian flu virus? We don't yet have all the answers, but it's time to consider new precautions, argue Thijs Kuiken, Albert Osterhaus, Peter Roeder and their colleagues.
doi:10.1038/440741a
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Top of pageBooks and Arts
The making of geology p743
In the late eighteenth century, ideas about the age of rocks and fossils gave rise to a new science.
Stephen Moorbath reviews Bursting the Limits of Time: The Reconstruction of Geohistory in the Age of Revolution by Martin J. S. Rudwick
doi:10.1038/440743a
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Men of astronomy p744
J. D. Fernie reviews Revolutionaries of the Cosmos: The Astro-Physicists by Ian Glass
doi:10.1038/440744a
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The puzzle of cooperation p744
Andrew M. Colman reviews Moral Sentiments and Material Interests: The Foundations of Cooperation in Economic Life edited by Herbert Gintis, Samuel Bowles, Robert Boyd & Ernst Fehr
doi:10.1038/440744b
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Back to the drawing board? p745
David Lindley reviews Knowing: The Nature of Physical Law by Michael Munowitz
doi:10.1038/440745a
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Science in culture: High impact p746
From protons to galaxies, Cosmic Collisions shows us what happens when things go bump.
Michael Hopkin
doi:10.1038/440746a
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Top of pageNews and Views
Palaeontology: A firm step from water to land p747
A project designed to discover fossils that illuminate the transition between fishes and land vertebrates has delivered the goods. At a stroke, our picture of that transition is greatly improved.
Per Erik Ahlberg and Jennifer A. Clack
doi:10.1038/440747a
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Evolution: It pays to laze p748
Lucy Odling-Smee
doi:10.1038/440748a
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Semiconductors: Spray-on silicon p749
Reports of the death of silicon electronics may well have been exaggerated. A technique that allows the deposition of silicon films from solution could harbinger the era of the inkjet-printed circuit.
Lisa Rosenberg
doi:10.1038/440749a
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Immunology: The pick of the nibbled bits p750
How does the immune system avoid potentially damaging responses against the body's own molecules? The answer lies partly in the ability of dendritic cells to sample their surroundings selectively.
Joel Swanson
doi:10.1038/440750a
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Solar system: When the dust unsettles p751
Two attempts to measure the isotopic composition of oxygen in the Sun from particles trapped in lunar soils give very different results. A rethink of why the Solar System is as it is might be required.
Gary R. Huss
doi:10.1038/440751a
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Archaeology: Failure and how to avoid it p752
Nothing lasts for ever, not least human civilizations. There are many reasons why societies stand or fall, and these lessons from the past require investigation at various places and on various timescales.
Kathleen D. Morrison
doi:10.1038/440752a
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Fluid dynamics: The rough with the smooth p754
Those who go with the flow assert that rough surfaces cause turbulence in fluids passing over them. The claim that, under certain conditions, the opposite is possible disturbs that cherished belief.
Kwing-So Choi
doi:10.1038/440754a
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Top of pageBrief Communications
Palaeontology: Early Neolithic tradition of dentistry p755
Flint tips were surprisingly effective for drilling tooth enamel in a prehistoric population.
A. Coppa, L. Bondioli, A. Cucina, D. W. Frayer, C. Jarrige, J. -F. Jarrige, G. Quivron, M. Rossi, M. Vidale and R. Macchiarelli
doi:10.1038/440755a
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Parasitology: Parasite survives predation on its host p756
Fleur Ponton, Camille Lebarbenchon, Thierry Lefèvre, David G. Biron, David Duneau, David P. Hughes and Frédéric Thomas
doi:10.1038/440756a
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Top of pageBrief Communications Arising
Animal behaviour: Chimpanzee choice and prosociality pE6
Richard J. Beninger and Vernon L. Quinsey
doi:10.1038/nature04758
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Animal behaviour: Chimpanzee choice and prosociality (Reply) pE6
Joan B. Silk, Sarah F. Brosnan, Jennifer Vonk, Joseph Henrich, Daniel J. Povinelli, Amanda S. Richardson, Susan P. Lambeth, Jenny Mascaro and Steven J. Shapiro
doi:10.1038/nature04759
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Top of pageArticles
A Devonian tetrapod-like fish and the evolution of the tetrapod body plan p757
Edward B. Daeschler, Neil H. Shubin and Farish A. Jenkins, Jr
doi:10.1038/nature04639
Abstract | Full Text | PDF (523K) | Supplementary information
See also: Editor's summary | News and Views by Ahlberg & Clack
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The pectoral fin of Tiktaalik roseae and the origin of the tetrapod limb p764
Neil H. Shubin, Edward B. Daeschler and Farish A. Jenkins, Jr
doi:10.1038/nature04637
Abstract | Full Text | PDF (899K) | Supplementary information
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Top of pageLetters
A debris disk around an isolated young neutron star p772
Zhongxiang Wang, Deepto Chakrabarty and David L. Kaplan
doi:10.1038/nature04669
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Isotopic enhancements of 17O and 18O from solar wind particles in the lunar regolith p776
Trevor R. Ireland, Peter Holden, Marc D. Norman and Jodi Clarke
doi:10.1038/nature04611
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See also: Editor's summary | News and Views by Huss
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Quantum interference between two single photons emitted by independently trapped atoms p779
J. Beugnon, M. P. A. Jones, J. Dingjan, B. Darquié, G. Messin, A. Browaeys and P. Grangier
doi:10.1038/nature04628
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Solution-processed silicon films and transistors p783
Tatsuya Shimoda, Yasuo Matsuki, Masahiro Furusawa, Takashi Aoki, Ichio Yudasaka, Hideki Tanaka, Haruo Iwasawa, Daohai Wang, Masami Miyasaka and Yasumasa Takeuchi
doi:10.1038/nature04613
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Increased Arctic cloud longwave emissivity associated with pollution from mid-latitudes p787
Timothy J. Garrett and Chuanfeng Zhao
doi:10.1038/nature04636
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Deciphering the evolution and metabolism of an anammox bacterium from a community genome p790
Marc Strous, Eric Pelletier, Sophie Mangenot, Thomas Rattei, Angelika Lehner, Michael W. Taylor, Matthias Horn, Holger Daims, Delphine Bartol-Mavel, Patrick Wincker, Valérie Barbe, Nuria Fonknechten, David Vallenet, Béatrice Segurens, Chantal Schenowitz-Truong, Claudine Médigue, Astrid Collingro, Berend Snel, Bas E. Dutilh, Huub J. M. Op den Camp, Chris van der Drift, Irina Cirpus, Katinka T. van de Pas-Schoonen, Harry R. Harhangi, Laura van Niftrik, Markus Schmid, Jan Keltjens, Jack van de Vossenberg, Boran Kartal, Harald Meier, Dmitrij Frishman, Martijn A. Huynen, Hans-Werner Mewes, Jean Weissenbach, Mike S. M. Jetten, Michael Wagner and Denis Le Paslier
doi:10.1038/nature04647
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Energetics reveals physiologically distinct castes in a eusocial mammal p795
M. Scantlebury, J. R. Speakman, M. K. Oosthuizen, T. J. Roper and N. C. Bennett
doi:10.1038/nature04578
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (151K) | Supplementary information
See also: Editor's summary | News and Views by Odling-Smee
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An unconventional myosin in Drosophila reverses the default handedness in visceral organs p798
Shunya Hozumi, Reo Maeda, Kiichiro Taniguchi, Maiko Kanai, Syuichi Shirakabe, Takeshi Sasamura, Pauline Spéder, Stéphane Noselli, Toshiro Aigaki, Ryutaro Murakami and Kenji Matsuno
doi:10.1038/nature04625
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Type ID unconventional myosin controls left–right asymmetry in Drosophila p803
Pauline Spéder, Géza Ádám and Stéphane Noselli
doi:10.1038/nature04623
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Toll-dependent selection of microbial antigens for presentation by dendritic cells p808
J. Magarian Blander and Ruslan Medzhitov
doi:10.1038/nature04596
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (694K) | Supplementary information
See also: News and Views by Swanson
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Omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids stimulate cell membrane expansion by acting on syntaxin 3 p813
Frédéric Darios and Bazbek Davletov
doi:10.1038/nature04598
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (592K) | Supplementary information
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Nck adaptor proteins link nephrin to the actin cytoskeleton of kidney podocytes p818
Nina Jones, Ivan M. Blasutig, Vera Eremina, Julie M. Ruston, Friedhelm Bladt, Hongping Li, Haiming Huang, Louise Larose, Shawn S.-C. Li, Tomoko Takano, Susan E. Quaggin and Tony Pawson
doi:10.1038/nature04662
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Semi-conservative DNA replication through telomeres requires Taz1 p824
Kyle M. Miller, Ofer Rog and Julia Promisel Cooper
doi:10.1038/nature04638
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Proton-coupled electron transfer drives the proton pump of cytochrome c oxidase p829
Ilya Belevich, Michael I. Verkhovsky and Mårten Wikström
doi:10.1038/nature04619
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Crystal structure of the CorA Mg2+ transporter p833
Vladimir V. Lunin, Elena Dobrovetsky, Galina Khutoreskaya, Rongguang Zhang, Andrzej Joachimiak, Declan A. Doyle, Alexey Bochkarev, Michael E. Maguire, Aled M. Edwards and Christopher M. Koth
doi:10.1038/nature04642
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Top of pageNaturejobs
Prospect
The long road to equality p839
Lab visits show UK women physicists need better environment.
Paul Smaglik
doi:10.1038/nj7085-839a
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Special Report
Breaking into business p840
Forget what your mother told you. Scientists looking for jobs in the business world need to learn to talk to strangers, says Monya Baker.
Monya Baker
doi:10.1038/nj7085-840a
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Career Views
Fotis Kafatos, chairman, scientific council of the European Research Council p842
EMBL leader takes on the ERC.
Janet Wright
doi:10.1038/nj7085-842a
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A meeting of biomedical minds p842
Conference helps young scientist get plugged into international collaborations.
Tshaka Cunningham
doi:10.1038/nj7085-842b
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PhD survival guide p842
Graduate student seeks survival guides.
Andreas Andersson
doi:10.1038/nj7085-842c
Full Text | PDF (109K)
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Top of pageFutures
My morning glory p844
What a way to start the day.
David Marusek
doi:10.1038/440844a
Full Text | PDF (239K)
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