| 2006年03月23日 Nature中英文摘要 | | 点击： 作者： 来源： 时间： 2006-11-11 本站论坛 |
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Volume 440 Number 7083 pp383-580
封面故事：摩尔定律2020年后将不再适用
计算能力的提高在过去15年里使科学家的工作方式发生了迅速变化。指出电脑功能每18个月将提高一倍的摩尔定律，对于计算能力及其所能处理的软件的预测也许只在2020年以前有效。本期Nature的“News Features and Commentaries”栏目，辟专辑讨论了科学家们应对挑战的方式，以及我们从现在到2020年间所面临的挑战。
H5N1禽流感病毒为什么不易在人群中传播
我们应当庆幸的是，尚未有H5N1禽流感病毒在人与人之间传播的报告。现在，研究人员发现了一个可能的分子障碍，可能是该障碍阻止了这种情况的发生。问题的关键在于了来自禽类和人类的病毒所偏爱的不同受体在人类气管中的分布。禽流感病毒喜欢与下呼吸道中常见的结合分子结合，而这些结合分子在上呼吸道中较少。因此，禽流感病毒不易通过液滴感染或咳嗽来传播。
超新星的形状
超新星多年来受到广泛研究，尤其是自发现它们与伽马射线暴有关以来。但仍有一些关于它们的基本问题尚未得到回答，例如它们的形状是什么？爆炸几何一直是个难题，因为其他星系中的超新星太遥远，在我们的夜空中它们看起来仍然只像一个点。现在，对SN 2004dj（迄今所观测到的最近的正常II-P型超新星）所做的观测表明，正在扩展的喷发物的最里面的区域严重变形，这可能是严重非球形的爆炸机制所产生的结果。这种性质可能是所有类型超新星的核坍缩过程所固有的。
从南极冰芯看气候变化
在南极洲Dome C钻探出的长度超过3公里的冰芯，代表着74万年的纪录，或者说是8个冰川周期的纪录。这将是今后若干年内可以获得的最长的气候纪录，所以从该冰芯收集到的信息将成为南极气候研究的一个基准。对该冰芯中所含代表海洋生产力和铁通量的化学物质所做的一项分析表明，南极周围海冰的消长在千年时间尺度上是与气候的升降一致的，但在较短的时间尺度上二者之间的一致性则较差。在寒冷的时期，从较干的巴塔哥尼亚产生大量尘埃，降落在南大洋，在那里，它们可能对海洋生产力产生影响。但硫化合物在海洋中的生产（可能会影响到云的成核过程）在整个时期都保持得非常稳定。虽然气候模式在44万年前发生了变化，但没有发现内部气候反馈机制中有明显变化。
由光驱动的分子机器
人们研制出若干“分子机器”，来做正常大小的镊子、转子和刹车所做的同样的工作。本期Nature报告了人们朝研制更复杂分子机器方向所迈出的重要一步，即能够操纵第二个分子的由光驱动的“分子踏板”。由光诱导的发生在分子一端的构象变化，会转动分子的中心，在分子的另一端诱导踏板产生像剪刀一样的运动。这种由程序控制的、完全可逆的转动和踏板动作，被转化成一个转动的“客体”分子的扭动，这个“客体”分子通过非共价相互作用被束缚在踏板之间。将这一概念进行延伸，也许就可以实现在更大的、联锁的分子体系中对分子事件进行遥控。
关于“产烷生物”的最古老证据
能产生甲烷的微生物被认为是古生物，但科学家不能肯定它们最早是在什么时候出现在地球上的。现在，新的结果表明，从西澳大利亚Pilbara克拉通采集的距今35亿年的岩石样品中所发现的液体包容物是由微生物产生的。这是证明“产烷生物”存在的最古老的证据，超过以前的地化证据约7亿年。该结果代表着在地质记录中所发现的最早的微生物过程之一，它表明，“产烷生物”在调控远古地球上的气候中可能曾扮演过一个角色。
亚马逊热带雨林的保护问题
随着牛群和大豆种植面积的扩大，亚马逊流域的森林砍伐还在继续。当地的主要森林保护政策涉及到“保护区”，即国家政府指定的、不许人类扰动、让自然植被发展的区域。但仅有这一政策，也许不能保护当地的热带雨林被彻底破坏。利用SimAmazionia 1计算机模型对森林面积减少所做的新的估计显示，到2050年，农业发展将使5大流域和10大生态区的森林覆盖面积减少2/3。所研究的4个哺乳动物物种中其中1个将失去其森林生境的40%。虽然改善的保护区网络将使预计要丢失的森林中近1/3避免丢失，但要保持亚马逊地区的景观和水域，私人土地上的森林保护将是非常重要的。
植物物种是否存在？
一些植物学家认为，植物物种并不真的存在，它们只是人类的想象。橡树、黑莓和蒲公英等植物之间广泛杂交这样的植物“恐怖故事”更使人们相信，所谓存在一个一个的、彼此不相关的物种的观点根本就是胡说八道。动物学家大体上对动物物种的概念还是满意的。现在，通过对超过400个属的植物和动物的表现型和/或生殖特点进行分析，研究人员验证了关于物种的观点。结果表明，对物种进行分类中所存在的困难，其原因更多的可能是由于无性生殖、多倍体（多个染色体集）和分类学家分类过细，而不是由于截然不同的、有性生殖的物种之间的杂交。事实上，植物物种比动物物种更有可能代表在生殖上具有独立性的种系。
稻瘟病真菌病原体的入侵机制
近年来关于植物病害的研究表明，细菌病原体利用专门的分泌系统来将蛋白质直接输送进植物细胞中，并在此抑制植物防卫体系，帮助组织入侵。现在，研究人员在真菌病原体 Magnaporthe grisea（稻瘟病致病原因）中发现了一个类似的机制。该真菌产生一种ATP酶，它是入侵植物组织所必需的，是氨基磷脂转位酶家族中的一员，有可能调控对真菌病原体来说重要的膜特点，对于与感染相关的形态形成和与毒性相关的蛋白的有效输送都是这样。稻瘟病是一种重要植物病害，急需控制策略，所以感染过程中所涉及的蛋白作为可能的杀菌目标会让研究人员感兴趣。
有丝分裂中染色体运动的机制
有丝分裂研究中一个长期存在的未解之谜是在细胞分裂后期将染色体运输到核纺锤体杆上的机制问题。染色体似乎是通过粘附在着丝点微管聚合物上到达其目标的，尽管它们在那时会分解。现在，实时荧光显微镜被用来生成影片和电子显微图片，后者可以反映这一过程是怎样进行的。微管聚合物通过一个构象变化来分解，该构象变化推动Dam1环状复合物（芽殖酵母着丝点中的一个重要微管结合元素）沿其晶格运动。这一巧妙的机制可能是由微管解聚作用所产生的力转化为有丝分裂所特有的染色体运动的关键。
Contents
Editorials
Steering the future of computing p383
Computational power is surging thanks to insatiable consumers. Natural scientists should seize opportunities to stimulate computer science, to help everybody cope with huge volumes of data.
doi:10.1038/440383a
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A scramble for Africa p383
Large dams benefit contractors and corrupt governments more than they aid the African people.
doi:10.1038/440383b
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A colourful past p384
The production of dyes in the nineteenth century marked a turning point in the appliance of science.
doi:10.1038/440384a
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Top of pageResearch Highlights
Research highlights p386
doi:10.1038/440386a
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Top of pageNews
London's disastrous drug trial has serious side effects for research p388
Observers call for rules to be tightened.
Meredith Wadman
doi:10.1038/440388a
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Graphic detail: Are adverts revealing nuclear secrets? p389
Indian newspaper clippings request special parts.
Geoff Brumfiel
doi:10.1038/440389a
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Sidelines p390
doi:10.1038/440390a
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Trauma trials leave ethicists uneasy p390
Issue of 'no consent' raises fundamental questions.
Rex Dalton
doi:10.1038/440390b
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Chemists shrug off unseemly spotlight p390
Efforts to selectively break carbon-hydrogen bonds continue apace.
Emma Marris
doi:10.1038/440390c
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Tide of censure for African dams p393
A wave of Chinese-built dams in Africa, particularly the Merowe project in Sudan, could have devastating consequences for local communities. Jim Giles reports.
Jim Giles
doi:10.1038/440393a
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Microwave data refine picture of Universe p395
Deeper analysis of probe data released.
Jenny Hogan
doi:10.1038/440395a
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News in brief p396
doi:10.1038/440396a
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Top of pageNews Features
2020 computing: Champing at the bits p398
Despite some remaining hurdles, the mind-bending and frankly weird world of quantum computers is surprisingly close. Philip Ball finds out how these unusual machines will earn their keep.
doi:10.1038/440398a
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2020 computing: Milestones in scientific computing p399
doi:10.1038/440399a
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2020 computing: Everything, everywhere p402
Tiny computers that constantly monitor ecosystems, buildings and even human bodies could turn science on its head. Declan Butler investigates.
doi:10.1038/440402a
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Top of pageBusiness
Drive for drugs leads to baby clinical trials p406
US regulators are moving sharply to ease the early stages of drug development, despite safety concerns. Meredith Wadman reports.
doi:10.1038/440406a
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In brief p407
doi:10.1038/440407a
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Market watch p407
Colin Macilwain
doi:10.1038/440407b
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Top of pageCorrespondence
Scientists must be able to report without censorship p408
Barbara A. Mikulski
doi:10.1038/440408a
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Scientists should be heard, but not expect to set policy p408
William R. Dickinson
doi:10.1038/440408b
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Fraud: anonymous 'stars' would not dazzle reviewers p408
Henning Bauch
doi:10.1038/440408c
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Research skewed by stress on highest-impact journals p408
Mark Maslin
doi:10.1038/440408d
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Top of pageCommentaries
2020 Computing: Exceeding human limits p409
Scientists are turning to automated processes and technologies in a bid to cope with ever higher volumes of data. But automation offers so much more to the future of science than just data handling, says Stephen H. Muggleton.
doi:10.1038/440409a
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2020 Computing: The creativity machine p411
What will emerge from using the Internet as a research tool? The answer, Vernor Vinge argues, will be limited only by our imaginations.
doi:10.1038/440411a
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2020 Computing: Science in an exponential world p413
The amount of scientific data is doubling every year. Alexander Szalay and Jim Gray analyse how scientific methods are evolving from paper notebooks to huge online databases.
doi:10.1038/440413a
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2020 Computing: Can computers help to explain biology? p416
The road leading from computer formalisms to explaining biological function will be difficult, but Roger Brent and Jehoshua Bruck suggest three hopeful paths that could take us closer to this goal.
doi:10.1038/440416a
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2020 Computing: A two-way street to science's future p419
To view the relationship between computing and science as a one-way street is mostly untrue today, argues Ian Foster, and will be even less true by 2020.
doi:10.1038/440419a
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Top of pageBooks and Arts
When computers take over p421
What if the current exponential increase in information-processing power could continue unabated?
Paul Davies reviews The Singularity is Near: When Humans Transcend Biology by Ray Kurzweil
doi:10.1038/440421a
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A taste of a rotten past p422
W. F. Bynum reviews Sacred Cow, Mad Cow: A History of Food Fears by Madeleine Ferrières
doi:10.1038/440422a
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Boning up on dinosaurs p423
Luis M. Chiappe reviews The Microstructure of Dinosaur Bone: Deciphering Biology with Fine-Scale Techniques by Anusuya Chinsamy-Turan
doi:10.1038/440423a
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Summing up physics p423
Malcolm Longair reviews The Equations: Icons of Knowledge by Sander Bais
doi:10.1038/440423b
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Science in culture: Porcelain perception p424
Not everything is as it seems in the ceramics of Pauline Wiertz.
Colin Martin
doi:10.1038/440424a
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Top of pageNews and Views
Molecular biology: RNA lost in translation p425
In any manufacturing process, quality control is crucial, and gene expression is no exception. A new pathway monitors mRNAs — the intermediaries of gene expression — and destroys faulty molecules.
David Tollervey
doi:10.1038/440425a
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Biochemistry: Gas with an ancient history p426
Researchers persist in tackling our ignorance of what life was like way back in Earth's history. Evidence of methane production in ancient microbial ecosystems now emerges from 3.5-billion-year-old rocks.
Don E. Canfield
doi:10.1038/440426a
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Membrane biology: Permutations of permeability p427
The first glimpse into the molecular basis of how sodium ions are transported across cell membranes by ion channels shows that cation-selective channels are variations on potassium channels.
William N. Zagotta
doi:10.1038/440427a
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Chemistry: Perkin, the mauve maker p429
Philip Ball
doi:10.1038/440429a
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Earthquakes: A movement in four parts? p430
From time to time, over millennia, northwestern North America has experienced huge earthquakes. These events may be preceded by tell-tale subsidence, but the evidence is devilishly difficult to decipher.
Joanne Bourgeois
doi:10.1038/440430a
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Solid-state physics: Light at the end of the channel p431
If photonic circuits are ever to compete with their electronic counterparts, strong confinement of light waves coupled with low propagation losses is needed. A new class of waveguides offers both.
Francisco J. Garcia-Vidal
doi:10.1038/440431a
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Mathematical physics: Going to ground p433
How can one find the minimum total energy of an infinite number of particles? A proof showing that, for certain interactions, periodic 'ground states' exist provides a new perspective on this, one of the oldest questions in physics.
Christos N. Likos
doi:10.1038/440433a
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Cell division: Running rings around the spindle p434
Deepa Nath
doi:10.1038/440434a
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Top of pageBrief Communications
Avian flu: Influenza virus receptors in the human airway p435
Avian and human flu viruses seem to target different regions of a patient's respiratory tract.
Kyoko Shinya, Masahito Ebina, Shinya Yamada, Masao Ono, Noriyuki Kasai and Yoshihiro Kawaoka
doi:10.1038/440435a
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (637K) | Supplementary information
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Ecology: Human role in Russian wild fires p436
Danilo Mollicone, Hugh D. Eva and Frédéric Achard
doi:10.1038/440436a
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Retraction p437
doi:10.1038/440437a
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Insight: Ion channels -
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Insight: Ion channels
Ion channels p439
Lesley Anson
doi:10.1038/440439a
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From molecule to malady p440
Frances M. Ashcroft
doi:10.1038/nature04707
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Recent advances in Cys-loop receptor structure and function p448
Steven M. Sine and Andrew G. Engel
doi:10.1038/nature04708
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Glutamate receptors at atomic resolution p456
Mark L. Mayer
doi:10.1038/nature04709
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hERG potassium channels and cardiac arrhythmia p463
Michael C. Sanguinetti and Martin Tristani-Firouzi
doi:10.1038/nature04710
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KATP channels as molecular sensors of cellular metabolism p470
Colin G. Nichols
doi:10.1038/nature04711
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The ABC protein turned chloride channel whose failure causes cystic fibrosis p477
David C. Gadsby, Paola Vergani and László Csanády
doi:10.1038/nature04712
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ClC chloride channels viewed through a transporter lens p484
Christopher Miller
doi:10.1038/nature04713
Abstract | Full Text | PDF (418K)
Articles
Southern Ocean sea-ice extent, productivity and iron flux over the past eight glacial cycles p491
E. W. Wolff, H. Fischer, F. Fundel, U. Ruth, B. Twarloh, G. C. Littot, R. Mulvaney, R. Röthlisberger, M. de Angelis, C. F. Boutron, M. Hansson, U. Jonsell, M. A. Hutterli, F. Lambert, P. Kaufmann, B. Stauffer, T. F. Stocker, J. P. Steffensen, M. Bigler, M. L. Siggaard-Andersen, R. Udisti, S. Becagli, E. Castellano, M. Severi, D. Wagenbach, C. Barbante, P. Gabrielli and V. Gaspari
doi:10.1038/nature04614
Abstract | Full Text | PDF (375K) | Supplementary information
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Human chromosome 11 DNA sequence and analysis including novel gene identification p497
Todd D. Taylor, Hideki Noguchi, Yasushi Totoki, Atsushi Toyoda, Yoko Kuroki, Ken Dewar, Christine Lloyd, Takehiko Itoh, Tadayuki Takeda, Dae-Won Kim, Xinwei She, Karen F. Barlow, Toby Bloom, Elspeth Bruford, Jean L. Chang, Christina A. Cuomo, Evan Eichler, Michael G. FitzGerald, David B. Jaffe, Kurt LaButti, Robert Nicol, Hong-Seog Park, Christopher Seaman, Carrie Sougnez, Xiaoping Yang, Andrew R. Zimmer, Michael C. Zody, Bruce W. Birren, Chad Nusbaum, Asao Fujiyama, Masahira Hattori, Jane Rogers, Eric S. Lander and Yoshiyuki Sakaki
doi:10.1038/nature04632
Abstract | Full Text | PDF (182K) | Supplementary information
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Top of pageLetters
Significant primordial star formation at redshifts z 3–4 p501
Raul Jimenez and Zoltan Haiman
doi:10.1038/nature04580
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (170K) | Supplementary information
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A non-spherical core in the explosion of supernova SN 2004dj p505
Douglas C. Leonard, Alexei V. Filippenko, Mohan Ganeshalingam, Franklin J. D. Serduke, Weidong Li, Brandon J. Swift, Avishay Gal-Yam, Ryan J. Foley, Derek B. Fox, Sung Park, Jennifer L. Hoffman and Diane S. Wong
doi:10.1038/nature04558
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (207K)
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Channel plasmon subwavelength waveguide components including interferometers and ring resonators p508
Sergey I. Bozhevolnyi, Valentyn S. Volkov, Eloïse Devaux, Jean-Yves Laluet and Thomas W. Ebbesen
doi:10.1038/nature04594
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (575K)
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Mechanical twisting of a guest by a photoresponsive host p512
Takahiro Muraoka, Kazushi Kinbara and Takuzo Aida
doi:10.1038/nature04635
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (366K) | Supplementary information
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Evidence from fluid inclusions for microbial methanogenesis in the early Archaean era p516
Yuichiro Ueno, Keita Yamada, Naohiro Yoshida, Shigenori Maruyama and Yukio Isozaki
doi:10.1038/nature04584
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (293K) | Supplementary information
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Modelling conservation in the Amazon basin p520
Britaldo Silveira Soares-Filho, Daniel Curtis Nepstad, Lisa M. Curran, Gustavo Coutinho Cerqueira, Ricardo Alexandrino Garcia, Claudia Azevedo Ramos, Eliane Voll, Alice McDonald, Paul Lefebvre and Peter Schlesinger
doi:10.1038/nature04389
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The nature of plant species p524
Loren H. Rieseberg, Troy E. Wood and Eric J. Baack
doi:10.1038/nature04402
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The prolyl isomerase Pin1 regulates amyloid precursor protein processing and amyloid- production p528
Lucia Pastorino, Anyang Sun, Pei-Jung Lu, Xiao Zhen Zhou, Martin Balastik, Greg Finn, Gerburg Wulf, Jormay Lim, Shi-Hua Li, Xiaojiang Li, Weiming Xia, Linda K. Nicholson and Kun Ping Lu
doi:10.1038/nature04543
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (1,252K) | Supplementary information
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A P-type ATPase required for rice blast disease and induction of host resistance p535
Martin J. Gilbert, Christopher R. Thornton, Gavin E. Wakley and Nicholas J. Talbot
doi:10.1038/nature04567
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CD69 acts downstream of interferon-/ to inhibit S1P1 and lymphocyte egress from lymphoid organs p540
Lawrence R. Shiow, David B. Rosen, Nadda Brdiková, Ying Xu, Jinping An, Lewis L. Lanier, Jason G. Cyster and Mehrdad Matloubian
doi:10.1038/nature04606
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An excitable gene regulatory circuit induces transient cellular differentiation p545
Gürol M. Süel, Jordi Garcia-Ojalvo, Louisa M. Liberman and Michael B. Elowitz
doi:10.1038/nature04588
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CHIP-mediated stress recovery by sequential ubiquitination of substrates and Hsp70 p551
Shu-Bing Qian, Holly McDonough, Frank Boellmann, Douglas M. Cyr and Cam Patterson
doi:10.1038/nature04600
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RNA-mediated response to heat shock in mammalian cells p556
Ilya Shamovsky, Maxim Ivannikov, Eugene S. Kandel, David Gershon and Evgeny Nudler
doi:10.1038/nature04518
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Endonucleolytic cleavage of eukaryotic mRNAs with stalls in translation elongation p561
Meenakshi K. Doma and Roy Parker
doi:10.1038/nature04530
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (265K) | Supplementary information
See also: News and Views by Tollervey
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The Dam1 kinetochore ring complex moves processively on depolymerizing microtubule ends p565
Stefan Westermann, Hong-Wei Wang, Agustin Avila-Sakar, David G. Drubin, Eva Nogales and Georjana Barnes
doi:10.1038/nature04409
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (268K) | Supplementary information
See also: Editor's summary
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Atomic structure of a Na+- and K+-conducting channel p570
Ning Shi, Sheng Ye, Amer Alam, Liping Chen and Youxing Jiang
doi:10.1038/nature04508
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (428K) | Supplementary information
See also: News and Views by Zagotta
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Top of pageFutures
The candidate p580
Washington 2.0
Jack McDevitt
doi:10.1038/440580a
Full Text | PDF (227K)
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