Volume 439 Number 7077 pp633-762
封面故事：更新世猛犸象的完整线粒体基因组序列
尽管关于古代DNA的研究取得了很大进展，但从晚更新世生物可提取的连续序列数量仍然有限。研究人员已经重建了猛犸象和少数其他物种的约1000个碱基对片断，但对于物种间关系的研究来说，这么多碱基对却经常并不算很多。现在，一种聪明地利用序列重叠和多重放大的基于PCR的方法，使得研究人员有可能从少量骨骼材料生成长DNA序列。该方法从仅仅200毫克骨骼开始，生成了一种保存在永久冻土中的更新世猛犸象的完整线粒体基因组序列，总共有超过16,000个碱基对。该序列解决了关于猛犸象发展史的一个长期争论，表明猛犸象与亚洲象的亲缘关系要比与非洲象更近。
青藏高原的历史
喜马拉雅山脉是大陆碰撞时所涉及的巨大的力的见证，而相邻的青藏高原的演化史则提供了关于这一事件的一个长期记录。利用基于氧同位素的碳酸盐测定方法对青藏高原中心的古海拔所做的一项分析，使该高原中央地区已知的存在时间延长了一倍以上，达到3500万年。西藏的地表海拔在这段时间内都超过4公里。新的数据与将高原隆起解释为地壳变厚（而不是地幔变厚）及对流减薄作用的结果的模型是一致的。
提高慢性病毒感染中免疫能力的途径
慢性病毒性疾病的常见现象是，免疫系统会变得适应感染。正常情况下，CD8 T细胞对它们所遇到的病毒会留下一个“记忆”，这样它们就能对新的感染迅速做出反应。在慢性感染中，记忆细胞失去这种能力，但我们对这种“疲惫”状态的性质却不是很了解。现在，Barber等人在对一个小鼠模型所做的研究中找到了一个可能的原因。抑制性免疫受体基因PD-1在疲惫的CD8 T细胞中比在正常CD8 T细胞中要活跃得多，施用阻断PD-1活动的抗体，可恢复病毒特异性T细胞的功能，还可降低病毒水平。T细胞疲惫的一个特定机制的发现，为治疗慢性病毒感染的免疫学方案提供了一个途径。
银河系中心的甚高能伽马射线辐射
我们银河系中心发生的事件是了解宇宙中高能过程的关键，因为银河系中心含有天文学家知道的几乎每种类型的奇异天体的样本。现在，研究人员利用最近在西南非洲纳米比亚修建的名为“高能立体系统”（英文简称为HESS）的装置，测量了来自银河系中心区域的甚高能伽马射线辐射。HESS在高于卫星上的探测器所能达到的能量范围内工作，将伽马射线天文学带进了一个新领域。观测结果表明，这些星云在能量非常高的伽马射线中发光。它们的发光是由宇宙射线不断轰击星云造成的，这些宇宙射线很可能是质子和原子核，是在靠近中央黑洞的地方、或在超新星爆炸后正在扩散的冲击波中产生的。
在原子水平上对电化学腐蚀过程的观测
电化学腐蚀是工程师需要解决的问题，它消耗掉全世界GDP的3％以上。不过这种分解过程也可以是有用的，比如说可用来生成多孔金属。不管它是有用还是有害，人们都希望，对由腐蚀诱发的结构变化背后的过程的更深了解，能有助于对腐蚀过程更好地控制。现在，Renner等人利用高亮度同步加速器光源，首次在原子水平上对一种合金的腐蚀过程的第一个阶段进行了观测。除了发现一些结构线索外，它们的研究工作还显示，腐蚀过程中形成了一个薄层，这个薄层的形成，是使得材料表面变得不活泼的一个以前相当神秘的机制背后的原因。
山地生态系统中积雪减少的有利一面
科学家将过去几十年里气候的变暖与美国西部及欧洲高山和亚高山生态系统中积雪的减少联系在了一起。但这一现象也可能有有利的一面，即该现象提供了一个将气候与森林碳循环联系起来的反馈机制。Monson等人报告说，积雪的变薄可减少山地森林生态系统中土壤的二氧化碳损失。这可以由一个特定的土壤微生物群落呼吸作用的减少来解释，这个微生物群落生活在积雪下面，对因起保温作用的雪层的变薄引起的土壤变冷特别敏感。
准葛尔盆地发现有装饰性头冠的恐龙化石
霸王恐龙是一类成功的大型食肉动物，体格以暴龙最大。整个侏罗纪这类恐龙的化石记录很少，但在中国西北准葛尔盆地晚侏罗世（距今约1.55亿年前）一个丰富的化石沉积层的发现正在填补这一空白。在这里获得的最重要的发现之一介绍在本期Nature上，它就是一个小型肉食性恐龙，大约3米长，长着装饰性很强的头冠，与在其他恐龙身上见到的任何东西都不一样。这个头冠可能是一个夸张的性装饰，跟爱尔兰麋鹿的角或雄性孔雀的长尾巴作用是一样的。
两例新的同域物种形成现象
演化生物学中最激烈的争论之一是同域物种形成，即在没有地理边界的情况下新物种的形成。人们所争论的问题是，这种现象是否在发生：理论上它“应当”发生，但却难以证明。本期Nature报告了该现象的两个新例子，一个是在鱼类中，另一个是在植物中，它们是令人信服的证据，证明了正如达尔文所提出的那样，同域物种形成很可能是普遍存在的。鱼类例子是，在尼加拉瓜的一个火山坑湖泊中，由A. citrinellus形成了Amphilophus zaliosus。在植物中，富贵椰子（Howea belmoreana）和拱叶棕（H. forsteriana）是在豪威勋爵岛上分异的，这是一个火山岛，在澳大利亚以东480公里的塔斯曼海中。
寄生黄蜂的身体构造形成方式
果蝇是科学家喜欢采用的研究昆虫胚胎中身体构造形成过程的动物模型。它的身体构造在很早就由Bicoid蛋白的一个梯度确定。该蛋白是一种“成形素”，仅存在于双翅目昆虫体内。Lynch等人研究了寄生黄蜂Nasonia vitripennis胚胎中的身体构造形成过程，这种黄蜂与果蝇在身体各部分形成方式上有一些共同之处，但不含Bicoid基因。在黄蜂胚胎中，身体构造是通过Orthodenticle的一个梯度确定的，后者是一种古老的基因，人们知道它在甲壳虫的早期胚胎中形成一个梯度。这是关于发育演化变化的一个引人注目的例子，由于若干种用作实验生物的其他昆虫没有Bicoid，所以研究人员将有兴趣知道这种黄蜂的身体形成方式是否具有普遍性。
一种记录来自精子的离子流的简单方法
离子通道在哺乳动物精子的关键生理功能中起重要作用，但尽管过去20年里研究人员为记录直接来自精子的离子流做了努力，却始终没有获得成功。现在，一种简单的、可重复的记录精子细胞离子流的膜片钳方法已经研究成功，该方法显示，小鼠精子细胞中主要的由碱激发的Ca2+选择性通道是鞭毛中的一种由碱激发的通道。精子特异性蛋白CatSper1（以前被认为是一种候选的Ca2+进入通道，在雄性生育中起一个特定的作用）是这一钙通道的一个关键构成部分。
用抗病毒药物防范天花病毒袭击
几个国家正在储存天花疫苗，这是针对牛痘病毒有可能被用作生物恐怖武器的一个防范措施。但尽管该疫苗对预防天花感染极为有效，可我们对该疫苗在人体或灵长类动物感染后接种的效果如何却知之甚少。用暴露于猴天花病毒的猴子所做的一项研究表明，用cidofovir这样的抗病毒药物进行早期治疗，在减少死亡率方面要比接种疫苗更有效。由于猴天花即猴子所患的天花，所以这些数据表明，应把抗病毒药物的使用也作为防范用天花病毒进行恐怖袭击的一种方法或手段。
Editorials
Physics fights back p633
The physical sciences are strongly favoured in President Bush's 2007 budget request — but researchers can't count their chickens yet.
doi:10.1038/439633a
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Network of concern p633
Only biologists can effectively police the misuse of biological agents.
doi:10.1038/439633b
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Japan's research conduct p634
A framework is required for investigations into scientific misconduct in Japan.
doi:10.1038/439634a
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Top of pageResearch Highlights
Research highlights p636
doi:10.1038/439636a
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Top of pageNews
A story under embargo will appear here soon p638
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Drop in HIV infection rate used to justify focus on morality p638
Abstinence campaigners claim success over AIDS.
Erika Check
doi:10.1038/439638b
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Possible planets left with no name p639
Astronomers remain divided over definition.
Mark Peplow
doi:10.1038/439639a
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Sidelines p640
doi:10.1038/439640a
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One place, one parent, two species p640
Island hosts double boost for evolutionary theory.
Michael Hopkin
doi:10.1038/439640b
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Political strife set to delay EU funds p640
European Research Council faces problematic beginning.
Quirin Schiermeier
doi:10.1038/439640c
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Space rocks wanted: cash paid p642
University bids to save meteorites for science.
Rex Dalton
doi:10.1038/439642a
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Journal lays bare remarks from peer reviewers p642
Cloak of anonymity shed by new publication.
Emma Marris
doi:10.1038/439642b
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News in brief p643
doi:10.1038/439643a
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Top of pageSpecial Report
Physics wins the US budget race p644
Energy and competitiveness are the buzzwords in George W. Bush's proposal for spending in the next fiscal year. But will the president's push really benefit researchers?
Geoff Brumfiel and Emma Marris
doi:10.1038/439644a
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The scientific balance of power p646
doi:10.1038/439646a
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Top of pageNews Features
Fractals and art: In the hands of a master p648
Fractal analysis has been used to assess the authenticity of paintings purporting to be the work of Jackson Pollock. Alison Abbott reports.
doi:10.1038/439648a
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Cloning: Mining the secrets of the egg p652
doi:10.1038/439652a
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Cloning: Do we even need eggs? p655
doi:10.1038/439655a
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Top of pageBusiness
No end in sight for stem-cell odyssey p658
Advanced Cell Technology plans to tread cautiously on the ground left vacant by the collapse of a South Korean scientist's claims to have cloned a human embryo, as David Cyranoski reports.
doi:10.1038/439658a
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In brief p659
doi:10.1038/439659a
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Market watch p659
doi:10.1038/439659b
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Top of pageCorrespondence
Climate may not be linked with circulation slowdown p660
Eric Steig
doi:10.1038/439660a
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No unfairness in funding of Croatian minister's project p660
Stjepan Risovi
doi:10.1038/439660b
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Dwindling fish numbers already of concern in 1883 p660
David W. Sims and Alan J. Southward
doi:10.1038/439660c
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Problems at plutonium lab need more than a quick fix p660
Martha Priebat
doi:10.1038/439660d
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Top of pageBooks and Arts
A healthy dose of genetics p661
How much has genetics contributed to advances in medicine?
Uta Francke reviews Moments of Truth in Genetic Medicine by Susan Lindee
doi:10.1038/439661a
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In the minds of animals p662
Scott Creel reviews Animal Passions and Beastly Virtues: Reflections on Redecorating Nature by Marc Bekoff
doi:10.1038/439662a
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A ship, gradually lowering sail p663
Douwe Draaisma reviews The Long History of Old Age edited by Pat Thane
doi:10.1038/439663a
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Science in culture: Nuclear-powered image p664
A short film playing with concepts of quantum physics makes it big.
Alison Abbott
doi:10.1038/439664a
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Top of pageNews and Views
Palaeontology: A Jurassic tyrant is crowned p665
A newly discovered species of dinosaur, characterized by a wonderfully elaborate head crest, is the oldest known member of the lineage that culminated in Tyrannosaurus rex more than 90 million years later.
Thomas R. Holtz Jr
doi:10.1038/439665a
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Chemical biology: Aptamers in nanoland p666
Chameleon-like nanoparticles of gold can be used to indicate the presence of various biomolecules. Adding aptamers — DNA strands that bind only to specific molecules — to the mix opens up further possibilities.
Michael Famulok and Günter Mayer
doi:10.1038/439666a
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50 & 100 years ago p667
doi:10.1038/439667a
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Immunology: Exhausted T cells perk up p669
During persistent infections, the immune cells responsible for killing infected cells and maintaining inflammation gradually stop functioning, allowing the pathogen to thrive. But can this process be reversed?
Matthew A. Williams and Michael J. Bevan
doi:10.1038/439669a
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Earth science: The rise and growth of Tibet p670
It is not difficult to be impressed by the grandeur of high mountainous regions, but it is difficult to reconstruct how the elevation of such regions evolved. A study of the Tibetan plateau does just that.
Andreas Mulch and C. Page Chamberlain
doi:10.1038/439670a
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Semiconductor physics: Transport news p671
Conventionally, conduction in silicon is enhanced by doping — adding impurities that change the material's electronic structure. But exploiting surface effects in thin silicon films may offer yet other opportunities.
John J. Boland
doi:10.1038/439671a
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Evolution: Memories of mammoths p673
Henry Gee
doi:10.1038/439673a
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Top of pageBrief Communications
Volcanoes and climate: Krakatoa's signature persists in the ocean p675
This huge eruption slowed sea-level rise and ocean warming well into the following century.
P. J. Gleckler, T. M. L. Wigley, B. D. Santer, J. M. Gregory, K. AchutaRao and K. E. Taylor
doi:10.1038/439675a
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Top of pageArticles
Palaeo-altimetry of the late Eocene to Miocene Lunpola basin, central Tibet p677
David B. Rowley and Brian S. Currie
doi:10.1038/nature04506
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Restoring function in exhausted CD8 T cells during chronic viral infection p682
Daniel L. Barber, E. John Wherry, David Masopust, Baogong Zhu, James P. Allison, Arlene H. Sharpe, Gordon J. Freeman and Rafi Ahmed
doi:10.1038/nature04444
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Structural mechanism of plant aquaporin gating p688
Susanna Törnroth-Horsefield, Yi Wang, Kristina Hedfalk, Urban Johanson, Maria Karlsson, Emad Tajkhorshid, Richard Neutze and Per Kjellbom
doi:10.1038/nature04316
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Top of pageLetters
Discovery of very-high-energy -rays from the Galactic Centre ridge p695
F. Aharonian, A. G. Akhperjanian, A. R. Bazer-Bachi, M. Beilicke, W. Benbow, D. Berge, K. Bernlöhr, C. Boisson, O. Bolz, V. Borrel, I. Braun, F. Breitling, A. M. Brown, P. M. Chadwick, L.-M. Chounet, R. Cornils, L. Costamante, B. Degrange, H. J. Dickinson, A. Djannati-Ataï, L. O'C. Drury, G. Dubus, D. Emmanoulopoulos, P. Espigat, F. Feinstein, G. Fontaine, Y. Fuchs, S. Funk, Y. A. Gallant, B. Giebels, S. Gillessen, J. F. Glicenstein, P. Goret, C. Hadjichristidis, D. Hauser, M. Hauser, G. Heinzelmann, G. Henri, G. Hermann, J. A. Hinton, W. Hofmann, M. Holleran, D. Horns, A. Jacholkowska, O. C. de Jager, B. Khélifi, S. Klages, Nu. Komin, A. Konopelko, I. J. Latham, R. Le Gallou, A. Lemière, M. Lemoine-Goumard, N. Leroy, T. Lohse, A. Marcowith, J. M. Martin, O. Martineau-Huynh, C. Masterson, T. J. L. McComb, M. de Naurois, S. J. Nolan, A. Noutsos, K. J. Orford, J. L. Osborne, M. Ouchrif, M. Panter, G. Pelletier, S. Pita, G. Pühlhofer, M. Punch, B. C. Raubenheimer, M. Raue, J. Raux, S. M. Rayner, A. Reimer, O. Reimer, J. Ripken, L. Rob, L. Rolland, G. Rowell, V. Sahakian, L. Saugé, S. Schlenker, R. Schlickeiser, C. Schuster, U. Schwanke, M. Siewert, H. Sol, D. Spangler, R. Steenkamp, C. Stegmann, J.-P. Tavernet, R. Terrier, C. G. Théoret, M. Tluczykont, C. van Eldik, G. Vasileiadis, C. Venter, P. Vincent, H. J. Völk and S. J. Wagner
doi:10.1038/nature04467
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Anti-planetward auroral electron beams at Saturn p699
J. Saur, B. H. Mauk, D. G. Mitchell, N. Krupp, K. K. Khurana, S. Livi, S. M. Krimigis, P. T. Newell, D. J. Williams, P. C. Brandt, A. Lagg, E. Roussos and M. K. Dougherty
doi:10.1038/nature04401
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Electronic transport in nanometre-scale silicon-on-insulator membranes p703
Pengpeng Zhang, Emma Tevaarwerk, Byoung-Nam Park, Donald E. Savage, George K. Celler, Irena Knezevic, Paul G. Evans, Mark A. Eriksson and Max G. Lagally
doi:10.1038/nature04501
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Initial corrosion observed on the atomic scale p707
F. U. Renner, A. Stierle, H. Dosch, D. M. Kolb, T.-L. Lee and J. Zegenhagen
doi:10.1038/nature04465
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Winter forest soil respiration controlled by climate and microbial community composition p711
Russell K. Monson, David L. Lipson, Sean P. Burns, Andrew A. Turnipseed, Anthony C. Delany, Mark W. Williams and Steven K. Schmidt
doi:10.1038/nature04555
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A basal tyrannosauroid dinosaur from the Late Jurassic of China p715
Xing Xu, James M. Clark, Catherine A. Forster, Mark A. Norell, Gregory M. Erickson, David A. Eberth, Chengkai Jia and Qi Zhao
doi:10.1038/nature04511
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Sympatric speciation in Nicaraguan crater lake cichlid fish p719
Marta Barluenga, Kai N. Stölting, Walter Salzburger, Moritz Muschick and Axel Meyer
doi:10.1038/nature04325
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Multiplex amplification of the mammoth mitochondrial genome and the evolution of Elephantidae p724
Johannes Krause, Paul H. Dear, Joshua L. Pollack, Montgomery Slatkin, Helen Spriggs, Ian Barnes, Adrian M. Lister, Ingo Ebersberger, Svante Pääbo and Michael Hofreiter
doi:10.1038/nature04432
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Localized maternal orthodenticle patterns anterior and posterior in the long germ wasp Nasonia p728
Jeremy A. Lynch, Ava E. Brent, David S. Leaf, Mary Anne Pultz and Claude Desplan
doi:10.1038/nature04445
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Gamma-band synchronization in visual cortex predicts speed of change detection p733
Thilo Womelsdorf, Pascal Fries, Partha P. Mitra and Robert Desimone
doi:10.1038/nature04258
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Whole-cell patch-clamp measurements of spermatozoa reveal an alkaline-activated Ca2+ channel p737
Yuriy Kirichok, Betsy Navarro and David E. Clapham
doi:10.1038/nature04417
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Structural basis for Duffy recognition by the malaria parasite Duffy-binding-like domain p741
Saurabh Kumar Singh, Rachna Hora, Hassan Belrhali, Chetan E. Chitnis and Amit Sharma
doi:10.1038/nature04443
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Antiviral treatment is more effective than smallpox vaccination upon lethal monkeypox virus infection p745
Koert J. Stittelaar, Johan Neyts, Lieve Naesens, Geert van Amerongen, Rob F. van Lavieren, Antonin Holý, Erik De Clercq, Hubert G. M. Niesters, Edwin Fries, Chantal Maas, Paul G. H. Mulder, Ben A. M. van der Zeijst and Albert D. M. E. Osterhaus
doi:10.1038/nature04295
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Molecular characterization of Ph1 as a major chromosome pairing locus in polyploid wheat p749
Simon Griffiths, Rebecca Sharp, Tracie N. Foote, Isabelle Bertin, Michael Wanous, Steve Reader, Isabelle Colas and Graham Moore
doi:10.1038/nature04434
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (307K) | Supplementary information
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ClpS is an essential component of the N-end rule pathway in Escherichia coli p753
A. Erbse, R. Schmidt, T. Bornemann, J. Schneider-Mergener, A. Mogk, R. Zahn, D. A. Dougan and B. Bukau
doi:10.1038/nature04412
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (459K) | Supplementary information
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Top of pageNaturejobs
Prospect
Variations on a theme p757
Presenting Naturejobs' graduate journalists — class of 2006.
Paul Smaglik
doi:10.1038/nj7077-757a
Full Text | PDF (149K)
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Postdocs and Students
When personalities clash p758
Conflict in the laboratory can depress attitudes, dampen prospects or even derail young science careers. Kendall Powell finds out how to resolve issues and stay on track.
Kendall Powell
doi:10.1038/nj7077-758a
Full Text | PDF (449K)
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Career Views
Hendrik Weerts, director, high-energy physics division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois p760
Particle physicist takes on administrative role to help guide the field.
Virginia Gewin
doi:10.1038/nj7077-760a
Full Text | PDF (134K)
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Dabbling in science journalism p760
Graduate course teaches students and postdocs the importance of public communication.
Lina Nordquist
doi:10.1038/nj7077-760b
Full Text | PDF (134K)
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PhD TV p760
Why graduate students won't make it on TV.
Milan de Vries
doi:10.1038/nj7077-760c
Full Text | PDF (134K)
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Top of pageFutures
Photons do not lie p762
The true value of history.
Euan Nisbet
doi:10.1038/439762a
Full Text | PDF (157K)
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