| 2005年12月15日 Nature中文摘要 | 点击： 作者： 来源： 时间： 2006-11-11 本站论坛
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|  | Volume 438 Number 7070 pp889-1050
封面故事：北欧的人类活动历史被延伸约20万年
从英国东安格利亚发掘出的一组石器工具距今已有约70万年历史，这使得它们成为北欧人类活动的最早标志，把以前的结果延伸了大约20万年。虽然人类在距今75万年前就在欧洲南部较温暖的地方活动了，但过去从北欧发现的最早的无争议的人造物品却要年轻的多，说明直到距今50万年前，人类是不能到达阿尔卑斯山以北的。但在洛斯托夫特（英格兰城市）附近的Pakefield发现的燧石制品将英国以及整个北欧的人类活动的历史延伸到了一个我们从南欧的情况中更为习惯的古老年代。这些工具来自著名的Cromer Forest-bed Formation， 这个构造出产冰期化石已有一个多世纪了。但这一发现之所以引人注目，是因为所发现的32块加工过的燧石（包括本期封面所示的刮刀）是在一个明显可以测定年代的地层中发现的。
PAX2是雌激素和“它莫西芬”致癌活性的共同调控因子
为什么“它莫西芬”（三苯氧胺）是一种治疗乳腺癌的药物但却会增加子宫内膜癌的发病率？这是一个对科研和实践来说都很重要的问题。对“它莫西芬”和雌激素的共同作用目标所做的分析表明，PAX2转录因子是该现象背后的一个关键因素。在子宫肌瘤中，PAX2被雌激素和“它莫西芬”激发，但在正常子宫内膜中却不会。将PAX2确定为子宫中雌激素和“它莫西芬”的致癌活性的共同调控因素，也许可为用于治疗乳腺癌和子宫肌瘤的更安全的药物的设计提供有用的信息。
关于短“伽马射线暴”来源的新证据
“伽马射线暴”（GRB）要么是“长而软的”，要么是“短而硬的”。现在，科学家已经弄清，长的“伽马射线暴”是由正在形成恒星的星系中的巨大恒星的爆炸引起的。只是在最近几个月，当“伽马射线暴”一发生就将其锁定的Swift卫星才得以能够收集到关于短“伽马射线暴”的数据，根据这些数据，科学家也可能找到引起短“伽马射线暴”的原因。编号为GRB 050724的“伽马射线暴”7月24日被观测到，它具有解决短“伽马射线暴”谜团所需的全部特征。新获得的证据支持正在兴起的关于短“伽马射线暴”的紧凑天体模型，该模型认为，短“伽马射线暴”要么是由一个中子星和另一个中子星之间的合并引起的，要么来自一个中子星和一个黑洞构成的双星体系。
复杂流体由可逆运动向非可逆运动转变的原因
根据流体运动原理，当一个简单的流体或颗粒悬浮体体系被慢慢搅动、然后又不再被搅动时（可以将这种情况想象为一罐蜂蜜中的一个汤匙），该体系的所有部分都应神奇地回到它们的出发点。这是由运动的时间可逆方程造成的，至少对二维流体来说是这样的。但在更复杂的流体中，如在三维的或被猛烈搅动的流体中，这种很脆弱的效应被破坏掉了。现在，对一个慢慢剪切运动的固体颗粒悬浮体系所做的一项研究，显示了这一向非可逆行为转变现象背后所涉及的微观过程。在超过了一个依赖于浓度的张力极限之后，由于颗粒之间的混沌碰撞，就会出现不可逆状态。
“小胶质细胞”传递疼痛信号的机制
神经痛是所有疼痛中最让人难受的疼痛之一，经常是由一个周围神经受到损伤引起的，它取决于对一种被称为“小胶质细胞”的特定细胞类型的激发。这便提出了一个问题：“小胶质细胞”是怎样向脊髓痛觉神经细胞发出信号的？现在，Coull等人发现了被ATP激发的“小胶质细胞”使脊髓神经细胞产生兴奋的生物物理机制。“小胶质细胞”释放来自大脑的神经营养因子，后者改变氯离子在脊髓的第一层中的神经细胞胞质膜两边的分布。这将导致神经传输物质GABA激发（而不是抑制）这些细胞，后者形成传递疼痛信号的一个主要通道的一部分。
味觉热效应的分子机制
味觉最有趣的地方之一是它可以由温度来调控。众所周知，提高温度可以增强我们对甜味和苦味的感觉。另外，约有一半的人只是通过改变舌头的温度就可以产生味觉，这种现象被称为“热味觉”。现在，我们有了对味觉的这些热效应的一个可能的分子解释。激发舌头上的专门细胞中甜味、苦味和鲜味受体，会将TRPM5离子通道打开。现在，这个离子通道被发现是由热激发的。即使没有任何能够尝到味道的东西存在，TRPM5的直接热激发也可能导致味觉受体的激发。
鸟类羽毛多样性的细胞生物学研究
鸟类能从共同的羽毛前体细胞中长出不同形状、不同大小和不同颜色的羽毛。现在，在对鸡的飞行羽毛所做的研究中，研究人员识别出了也许可帮助解释为什么鸟类羽毛会如此多样的一个机制。有三种类型的干细胞存在，它们会迁移到“羽囊”中的特定位置：可能正是这种物理重排决定着完全丰满后的羽毛的不同形状和不同走向。干细胞的这种分布是与在毛囊中所看到的情况相矛盾的，但在其他方面羽毛干细胞与毛囊干细胞是相似的，这与认为羽毛和毛发是在距今大约2亿年前独立形成于类似结构的观点是一致的。
在深水产卵的乌贼自己也孵卵
海洋生物仍然有让我们惊奇的地方。以学名为Gonatus onyx的乌贼为例。这种乌贼在太平洋和大西洋中都很丰富，但其生命史却仍然是谜，因为它们产卵是在很深的地方进行的，在那个深度进行观测很困难。过去人们认为，同其他乌贼一样，这种名叫“Gonatids”的乌贼是将卵产在海床上，并将其留在那里自行孵化。现在，搭载在潜水机器人Tiburon上的照相机拍摄到了这种乌贼将卵抱在怀里的情形。这些孵卵的乌贼可能在深层和浅层的海洋生态系统之间建立了一个联系：它们相对来说是静止不动的，这使得它们容易成为从浅层水中潜到深水中觅食的鲸和象鼻海豹的攻击目标。
胚胎极性是在发育之初确定的
对青蛙和鱼类所做的几十年的研究工作让科学家做出这样一个假设：由母亲产进卵中的“局部化的决定因子”决定发育中的胚胎的背轴，但这些决定因子的性质仍然是个谜。对斑马鱼所做的新的研究工作，将一种与Nodal有关的转换生长因子-b信号“Squint”确定为一个可能的局部化的背决定因子。“Squint”存在于二细胞和四细胞胚胎中，说明胚胎极性是发育过程中非常早的时候确定的。“Squint”这个成分在哺乳动物体内的存在表明，极性的确定机制是在高等脊椎动物中保留下来的。
Nup98 和 Rae1的新功能
在有丝分裂过程中复制的染色体的忠实分离是维持遗传稳定性的重要条件。现在，通常调控大分子通过核孔进出细胞核的运输过程的两个核运输因子Nup98 和 Rae1，被发现在有丝分裂过程中发挥一种新的功能，即防止染色体发生错误分离。当姐妹染色单体的分离需要进行时，一个被称为Securin的（细胞分裂）后期抑制因子将被后期促进复合物确定为蛋白水解的目标。Nup98 和 Rae1通过防止Securin的过早降解来发挥作用，在没有它们时，细胞变成非整倍的，要么获得、要么失去额外的染色体。
Editorials
Preparing for disaster p889
Earth scientists should find better mechanisms to disseminate facts about the risks of natural disasters, to help local populations make the necessary preparations.
doi:10.1038/438889a
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Europe's right stuff p889
The European Space Agency is making good use of its funds for space exploration.
doi:10.1038/438889b
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Wiki's wild world p890
Researchers should read Wikipedia cautiously and amend it enthusiastically.
doi:10.1038/438890a
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Top of pageResearch Highlights
Research highlights p892
doi:10.1038/438892a
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Correction p893
doi:10.1038/438893a
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Top of pageNews
Big money for cancer genomics p894
NIH announces first phase of ambitious project.
Erika Check
doi:10.1038/438894a
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Developing nations offer hope in climate talks p895
Montreal conference is a qualified success.
Amanda Haag
doi:10.1038/438895a
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Fake pottery buries theory of early start for Christianity p895
Dutch artefacts are not what they seem.
Siëlle Gramser
doi:10.1038/438895b
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Sidelines p896
doi:10.1038/438896a
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Budget boost gets Russia back in the space game p896
Oil revenues help to relaunch Soviet missions.
Tony Reichhardt
doi:10.1038/438896b
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Pokémon blocks gene name p897
Moniker proves too much for games company.
Tom Simonite
doi:10.1038/438897a
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Snapshot: Blot on the landscape p899
Satellite snaps smoke plume over Britain.
doi:10.1038/438899a
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Journal grows suspicious of Vioxx data p899
Editors express concern over paper's conclusions.
Meredith Wadman
doi:10.1038/438899b
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Internet encyclopaedias go head to head p900
Jimmy Wales' Wikipedia comes close to Britannica in terms of the accuracy of its science entries, a Nature investigation finds.
Jim Giles
doi:10.1038/438900a
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News in brief p902
doi:10.1038/438902a
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Correction p902
doi:10.1038/438902b
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Top of pageNews Features
Natural disasters: The chaos to come p903
Natural disasters have wreaked havoc on the planet in the past twelve months, and some say that things will only get worse. Quirin Schiermeier assesses the world's growing vulnerability to catastrophe.
doi:10.1038/438903a
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Natural disasters: The vanishing coast p908
In the wake of Hurricane Katrina, coastal experts are trying to gauge the destruction to Louisiana's marshes. Emma Marris travels to the coast to learn what might be saved — and what might not.
doi:10.1038/438908a
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Natural disasters: Roots of recovery p910
Replanting coastal forests destroyed by last December's tsunami sounds like a good idea — especially if they protect against future storms. But such plans need nurturing if they are to succeed, Erika Check discovers.
doi:10.1038/438910a
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Top of pageBusiness
Olympus finds market rival hard to swallow p913
Imaging giant finally unveils its capsule endoscope.
Ichiko Fuyuno
doi:10.1038/438913a
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In brief p913
doi:10.1038/438913b
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Top of pageCorrespondence
Biodiversity: there's a role to be played by 'museum-keepers' too p914
Swen C. Renner
doi:10.1038/438914a
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Climate research opponent is not a friend to science p914
William P. Reich
doi:10.1038/438914b
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Languages: Europe puts its money where its mouth is p914
Stephen C. Levinson
doi:10.1038/438914c
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Languages: land may speak louder than words p914
Michael Stocker
doi:10.1038/438914d
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Taxing question of when ethics go up in smoke p914
Johannes Gerdes
doi:10.1038/438914e
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Top of pageBooks and Arts
Changing your world view p915
Software that turns maps into landscapes reveals how cultural baggage can disort scientific images.
Philip Ball reviews Landscapes Without Memory by Joan Fontcuberta
doi:10.1038/438915a
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Taking flight p916
Richard Grimmett reviews Birds of South Asia: The Ripley Guide by Pamela C. Rasmussen and John C. Anderton
doi:10.1038/438916a
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Tracing the history of art p916
David G. Stork reviews Optics, Instruments and Painting, 1420–1720: Reflections on the Hockney–Falco Thesis [Early Science and Medicine Vol. 10 no. 2]
doi:10.1038/438916b
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Theatre: Self deception p917
Lucy Odling-Smee reviews On Ego
doi:10.1038/438917a
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Top of pageEssay
Concept
An asymmetric world p919
At the level of particles, things can happen in reverse, because particles obey time-symmetric laws of mechanics. But then why does matter, which is made up of these building blocks, behave irreversibly?
Oliver Penrose
doi:10.1038/438919a
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Top of pageNews and Views
Archaeology: Life on the Costa del Cromer p921
Flint fragments from eastern England constitute the earliest known evidence of human occupation of Britain. The climate was balmy, and the environment was home to a wide range of animals and plants.
Wil Roebroeks
doi:10.1038/438921a
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Fluid dynamics: Drat such custard! p922
The mixing of festive sweetmeats and the stirring of cream into coffee are toothsome examples of the irreversibility of physical processes. In certain systems, however, the concept gets its just desserts.
Troy Shinbrot
doi:10.1038/438922a
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Neuroscience: A painful factor p923
Peripheral nerve injury activates cells in the spinal cord called microglia. But how do such cells cause the ensuing chronic pain? It seems that they release a small protein that disrupts normal inhibition of pain signalling.
Carole Torsney and Amy B. MacDermott
doi:10.1038/438923a
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50 & 100 years ago p924
doi:10.1038/438924a
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Earth science: Volte-face in the Punjab p925
Rivers are the great conveyor belts that carry sediment from mountains to the sea. In the Punjab — the Land of Five Rivers — a wholesale shift occurred in the past that re-routed sediment to different oceans.
Philip A. Allen
doi:10.1038/438925a
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Microbiology: Perspectives on plague p926
Helen Dell
doi:10.1038/438926a
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Developmental biology: A message to the back side p926
Vertebrate embryos from fish to mammals seem to use different routes to work out which way is up and which side is front. Yet a novel system involved in defining the dorsal side of fish might be conserved in mammals.
Wolfgang Driever
doi:10.1038/438926b
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Obituary: Richard Southwood (1931–2005) p928
Entomologist, ecologist and science policy adviser.
Charles Godfray and Michael Hassell
doi:10.1038/438928a
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Top of pageBrief Communications
Post-spawning egg care by a squid p929
Spying on a brooding deep-sea squid reveals that it cradles and aerates its eggs while they mature.
Brad A. Seibel, Bruce H. Robison and Steven H. D. Haddock
doi:10.1038/438929a
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Colloid science: Non-spherical bubbles p930
Anand Bala Subramaniam, Manouk Abkarian, L. Mahadevan and Howard A. Stone
doi:10.1038/438930a
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Erratum: Nanoscale hydrodynamics: Enhanced flow in carbon nanotubes p930
Mainak Majumder, Nitin Chopra, Rodney Andrews and Bruce Hinds
doi:10.1038/438930b
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Top of pageBrief Communications Arising
Seismology: Tectonic strain in plate interiors? pE9
E. Calais, G. Mattioli, C. DeMets, J. -M. Nocquet, S. Stein, A. Newman and P. Rydelek
doi:10.1038/nature04428
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Seismology: Tectonic strain in plate interiors? (Reply) pE10
R. Smalley, Jr, M. A. Ellis, J. Paul and R. B. Van Arsdale
doi:10.1038/nature04429
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Top of pageInsight: Angiogenesis - Produced with support from:
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Insight: Angiogenesis
Angiogenesis p931
Natalie DeWitt
doi:10.1038/438931a
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Angiogenesis in life, disease and medicine p932
Peter Carmeliet
doi:10.1038/nature04478
Abstract | Full Text | PDF (862K) | Supplementary information
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Endothelial cells and VEGF in vascular development p937
Leigh Coultas, Kallayanee Chawengsaksophak and Janet Rossant
doi:10.1038/nature04479
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Lymphangiogenesis in development and human disease p946
Kari Alitalo, Tuomas Tammela and Tatiana V. Petrova
doi:10.1038/nature04480
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From angiogenesis to neuropathology p954
David A. Greenberg and Kunlin Jin
doi:10.1038/nature04481
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Retinal angiogenesis in development and disease p960
Ray F. Gariano and Thomas W. Gardner
doi:10.1038/nature04482
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Angiogenesis as a therapeutic target p967
Napoleone Ferrara and Robert S. Kerbel
doi:10.1038/nature04483
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Top of pageArticles
Probing ion-channel pores one proton at a time p975
Gisela D. Cymes, Ying Ni and Claudio Grosman
doi:10.1038/nature04293
Abstract | Full Text | PDF (449K) | Supplementary information
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Hypomethylation-linked activation of PAX2 mediates tamoxifen-stimulated endometrial carcinogenesis p981
Huijian Wu, Yupeng Chen, Jing Liang, Bin Shi, Ge Wu, Ying Zhang, Dan Wang, Ruifang Li, Xia Yi, Hua Zhang, Luyang Sun and Yongfeng Shang
doi:10.1038/nature04225
Abstract | Full Text | PDF (651K) | Supplementary information
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Top of pageLetters
The afterglow and elliptical host galaxy of the short -ray burst GRB 050724 p988
E. Berger, P. A. Price, S. B. Cenko, A. Gal-Yam, A. M. Soderberg, M. Kasliwal, D. C. Leonard, P. B. Cameron, D. A. Frail, S. R. Kulkarni, D. C. Murphy, W. Krzeminski, T. Piran, B. L. Lee, K. C. Roth, D.-S. Moon, D. B. Fox, F. A. Harrison, S. E. Persson, B. P. Schmidt, B. E. Penprase, J. Rich, B. A. Peterson and L. L. Cowie
doi:10.1038/nature04238
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An origin in the local Universe for some short -ray bursts p991
N. R. Tanvir, R. Chapman, A. J. Levan and R. S. Priddey
doi:10.1038/nature04310
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An origin for short -ray bursts unassociated with current star formation p994
S. D. Barthelmy, G. Chincarini, D. N. Burrows, N. Gehrels, S. Covino, A. Moretti, P. Romano, P. T. O'Brien, C. L. Sarazin, C. Kouveliotou, M. Goad, S. Vaughan, G. Tagliaferri, B. Zhang, L. A. Antonelli, S. Campana, J. R. Cummings, P. D'Avanzo, M. B. Davies, P. Giommi, D. Grupe, Y. Kaneko, J. A. Kennea, A. King, S. Kobayashi, A. Melandri, P. Meszaros, J. A. Nousek, S. Patel, T. Sakamoto and R. A. M. J. Wijers
doi:10.1038/nature04392
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Chaos and threshold for irreversibility in sheared suspensions p997
D. J. Pine, J. P. Gollub, J. F. Brady and A. M. Leshansky
doi:10.1038/nature04380
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (232K) | Supplementary information
See also: Editor's summary | News and Views by Shinbrot
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Reorganization of the western Himalayan river system after five million years ago p1001
Peter D. Clift and Jerzy Blusztajn
doi:10.1038/nature04379
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (316K) | Supplementary information
See also: News and Views by Allen
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Efficacy of the post-perovskite phase as an explanation for lowermost-mantle seismic properties p1004
James Wookey, Stephen Stackhouse, J-Michael Kendall, John Brodholt and G. David Price
doi:10.1038/nature04345
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The earliest record of human activity in northern Europe p1008
Simon A. Parfitt, René W. Barendregt, Marzia Breda, Ian Candy, Matthew J. Collins, G. Russell Coope, Paul Durbidge, Mike H. Field, Jonathan R. Lee, Adrian M. Lister, Robert Mutch, Kirsty E. H. Penkman, Richard C. Preece, James Rose, Christopher B. Stringer, Robert Symmons, John E. Whittaker, John J. Wymer and Anthony J. Stuart
doi:10.1038/nature04227
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (516K) | Supplementary information
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A RhoGDP dissociation inhibitor spatially regulates growth in root hair cells p1013
Rachel J. Carol, Seiji Takeda, Paul Linstead, Marcus C. Durrant, Hana Kakesova, Paul Derbyshire, Sinéad Drea, Viktor Zarsky and Liam Dolan
doi:10.1038/nature04198
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BDNF from microglia causes the shift in neuronal anion gradient underlying neuropathic pain p1017
Jeffrey A. M. Coull, Simon Beggs, Dominic Boudreau, Dominick Boivin, Makoto Tsuda, Kazuhide Inoue, Claude Gravel, Michael W. Salter and Yves De Koninck
doi:10.1038/nature04223
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Heat activation of TRPM5 underlies thermal sensitivity of sweet taste p1022
Karel Talavera, Keiko Yasumatsu, Thomas Voets, Guy Droogmans, Noriatsu Shigemura, Yuzo Ninomiya, Robert F. Margolskee and Bernd Nilius
doi:10.1038/nature04248
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (407K) | Supplementary information
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Mapping stem cell activities in the feather follicle p1026
Zhicao Yue, Ting-Xin Jiang, Randall Bruce Widelitz and Cheng-Ming Chuong
doi:10.1038/nature04222
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (323K) | Supplementary information
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The zebrafish dorsal axis is apparent at the four-cell stage p1030
Aniket V. Gore, Shingo Maegawa, Albert Cheong, Patrick C. Gilligan, Eric S. Weinberg and Karuna Sampath
doi:10.1038/nature04184
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (487K) | Supplementary information
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The Rae1–Nup98 complex prevents aneuploidy by inhibiting securin degradation p1036
Karthik B. Jeganathan, Liviu Malureanu and Jan M. van Deursen
doi:10.1038/nature04221
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (432K) | Supplementary information
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Towards complete cofactor arrangement in the 3.0 Å resolution structure of photosystem II p1040
Bernhard Loll, Jan Kern, Wolfram Saenger, Athina Zouni and Jacek Biesiadka
doi:10.1038/nature04224
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (527K) | Supplementary information
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Top of pageNaturejobs
Prospect
Same society, different rules p1045
Max Planck students try collective bargaining.
Paul Smaglik
doi:10.1038/nj7070-1045a
Full Text | PDF (138K)
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Region
Italy's bright spots p1046
Public funding problems have prevented Italy from catching up with other European scientific hubs. But some privately funded local initiatives show glimmers of hope. Quirin Schiermeier and Alison Abbott report.
Alison Abbott
doi:10.1038/nj7070-1046a
Full Text | PDF (652K)
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Top of pageFutures
RAM shift phase 2 p1050
The Fourth Law, and beyond.
Greg Bear
doi:10.1038/4381050a
Full Text | PDF (181K)
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