Volume 438 Number 7068 pp531-710 封面故事：与白内障有关的AQP0蛋白的结构
Lipid–protein interactions in double-layered two-dimensional AQP0 crystals Aquaporin-0 (AQP0)是哺乳动物晶状体中的纤维细胞膜中最丰富的蛋白，既起导水通道的作用，又起细胞接合部粘附分子的作用。现在，研究人员通过电子显微镜以高分辨率确定了AQP0的结构（刊登在本期封面上），该结构还包括在细胞膜中围绕在其四周的类脂，分辨率高到能够分辨单个水分子的程度。这个结构让我们第一次能够仔细观察一个膜蛋白是怎样嵌入在一个类脂双层中的。当在晶状体纤维细胞之间形成接合部时，相关的类脂（已经通过与AQP0的相互作用被部分固定）调控晶格的触点。人们知道，AQP0突变会引起白内障。这些突变可能会干扰AQP0与类脂的相互作用，阻止AQP0嵌入类脂双层中。
火星表面的矿物质
搭载在“火星特快”飞船上、绕火星运动的OMEGA光谱仪，正在对该星球表面进行扫描，以寻找特殊矿物质的线索。现在，该仪器有了一个比较重要的发现，它探测到了一组粘土矿物质，被称为“片状硅酸盐类”（phyllosilicates），是在火山玄武岩长时间与水接触时形成的。这些矿物质主要与火星早期所沉积形成的露出地面的岩石有关。火星表面上还有第二组广泛分布的硫酸盐，其存在表明，火星后来还有一个偶尔湿润的时期，这个时期的特点是酸度更大。
30S细菌核糖体亚单元形成过程追踪研究
30S细菌核糖体亚单元含有20个蛋白质和一个16S核糖体RNA。此前，要弄清所有这些成分是如何组合在一起的是不可能的。但是现在，一种新的脉冲追踪蛋白标记技术使得研究人员有可能追踪正在成熟的30S亚单元。所获得的数据不支持一个被广泛接受的观点，即存在一个普遍性的、决定速度的构型变化。实际上，该复合物有一系列中间结构，在这些中间结构中，每一个蛋白的结合都能帮助稳定最后的构型。这项研究成果是一个引人注目的技术成就，有可能用于很多其他大型、多组分大分子复合物的组装。
由多粒子构成的量子纠缠态
薛定锷所假设的“猫”在同一时间既是活的又是死的，这是由于存在一个量子力学佯谬论，该佯谬论认为，一个体系在同一时间可处于两个或更多状态，即处于一个由纠缠态构成的“超级位置”。要通过实验生成这种状态非常困难，尤其是对由很多粒子构成的体系来说，因为与环境的相互作用会在一个被称为“去相干”的过程中破坏超级位置。到目前为止，研究人员只获得由少量原子或光子构成的纠缠态。现在，两个研究小组生成了迄今最大的纠缠态原子体系，从而将量子态工程的极限又向前推进了一步。来自美国科罗拉多州顽石城的“国家标准与技术研究所”的一个研究小组，利用被一个电磁场束缚在一个离子阱中的原子，生成了由金属铍的多达6个的原子构成的纠缠态（俗称猫状态）。第二个来自奥地利因斯布鲁克大学的研究小组，通过生成一个相关的纠缠态（即一个W-态）取得了一个类似的结果，他们所生成的纠缠态含有多达8个粒子。由于这些纠缠态是“按需”生成的，可以按比例放大到数量更多的粒子，所以研究人员希望，该技术能为建造大型量子计算机铺平道路。
大量掺杂硼的金刚石中与超导性有关的电子结构
研究人员最近发现，大量掺杂硼的金刚石是一种超导体，转变温度为7.4 K。这一发现使我们看到了制造具有金刚石独特性能的超导装置的前景。对大量掺杂硼的金刚石中导致超导性的电子结构所做的一项研究，支持认为这种材料中的超导性是由声子调控的观点，并为我们提供了关于在实用超导装置中要利用这种效应必须保持的临界电子结构的信息。
大西洋转向环流在减速
在非洲和巴哈马群岛之间的大西洋中跨越北纬25度线的环流，已成为估计“大西洋子午线转向环流”（将温暖的上层海水通过“墨西哥湾流”运送到北半球纬度更高的地方、并将寒冷的深层海水返回赤道以南的全球海洋输送体系的一个重要成分）的基准。它的热输送过程是使海洋和欧洲大陆保持适宜气候的一大因素。2004年，研究人员取了一个跨越北纬25度线的新断面。与1957、1981、1992 和1998年的测量结果所做的比较显示，这个环流在1957年和2004年间减慢了近1/3。这意味着，有更多的“墨西哥湾流”海水目前在海洋中部深度处向南环流，寒冷的、更深处的“大西洋深层海水”向南的输送量减少了50%。一些气候模型表明，由人为因素造成的大气中CO2的增加将导致大西洋转向环流的减慢，所以这一最新发现将使得关于气候变化的争论更加激烈。
与焦虑症相关的两个基因
在心慌、恐惧和一般性焦虑等症状中，人会失去对害怕和焦虑响应的控制，而这种控制在正常发挥功能时是一个重要的生存直觉。若干条证据表明，焦虑有遗传因素，所以，为了了解更多关于焦虑响应调控的分子基础，Hovatta等人采用了将对小鼠的行为测试与基因表达的分析相结合的方法。他们发现了两个与焦虑有关的基因，即乙二醛酶-1和谷胱甘肽还原酶。这一发现在焦虑与氧化压力代谢之间建立起了一个联系，识别出了可用于焦虑症治疗干预的潜在生化通道和分子候选目标。
哮喘长期发作风险的预测
慢性哮喘是一种呼吸道炎症，发作间隔无法预测，因为哮喘发作是由呼吸道严重堵塞引起的。如果能够预测哮喘发作的长期风险，将能为评估治疗方法的效果和优化治疗方案提供非常需要的定量基础。这也是一项在80名哮喘患者中对呼吸道堵塞状态的波动情况进行为期18个月的分析的研究工作的目标。分析结果表明，哮喘是一个动态过程，可以形成长期规律。特别是，定期使用一种长效支气管扩张剂（salmeterol），可降低呼吸道堵塞的风险，但一种被广泛使用的短效支气管扩张剂（albuterol）会增加呼吸道堵塞的长期风险。
酵母普遍磷酸化网络的第一代图谱
蛋白磷酸化涉及很多基本细胞过程的调控，所以它是蛋白组学所分析的一个主要目标。现在，研究人员利用蛋白组芯片技术获得了关于酵母普遍磷酸化网络的第一代图谱。他们发现了1300多种蛋白的相互作用，识别出了绝大多数酵母激酶的基质。这些酵母蛋白和通道中很多在其他真核细胞中被保留了下来，所以这一新的资源将可用来研究很多其他生物的蛋白磷酸化的机制。所有这些数据都可以一种可搜索的形式免费获取。
拮抗miRNA的药物及miRNA的功能
微RNA（miRNAs）、即被认为通过对基因表达的影响参与很多生物过程的非编码RNA的发现，正在改变我们对基因被调控的方式的认识。我们对它们在哺乳动物活体中的功能知之甚少，但新开发的一组能使小鼠的miRNA沉寂的化合物，可为研究它们的功能提供一个强大的工具，也可为使患者的miRNA沉寂提供一个潜在的治疗策略。被称为“antagomirs”的这些新试剂是通过化学方法合成的寡核苷酸，具有与天然miRNA形成互补的序列。对小鼠静脉注射拮抗miR-16、-122、-192 和 -194的“antagomirs”，会使肝脏、肺脏、肾脏、心脏、小肠、脂肪、皮肤、骨髓、肌肉、卵巢和肾上腺等中的相应的miRNA明显减少。（Letter p. 685）在蠕虫和苍蝇中，miRNA在胚胎中具有重要的发育作用。在脊椎动物中，各种不同的发育基因被发现是miRNA调控的直接目标，但此前还没有miRNA在已知的发育过程中起特定作用的例子。现在，这样一个例子已经被找到：miR196在小鼠胚胎中起一个防故障装置的作用，用来确保主要由Hoxb8 和 Shh转录因子调控的基因的准确表达。这一结果支持认为很多脊椎动物的miRNA的功能可能是二级基因调控的观点。
Editorials
Let data speak to data p531
Web tools now allow data sharing and informal debate to take place alongside published papers. But to take full advantage, scientists must embrace a culture of sharing and rethink their vision of databases.
doi:10.1038/438531a
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Life at the edge p531
Successes in structural studies of membrane proteins deserve to be celebrated.
doi:10.1038/438531b
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Stem-cell probe needed p532
South Korea would benefit from investigating what went wrong in its leading stem-cell lab.
doi:10.1038/438532a
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Top of pageResearch Highlights
Research highlights p534
doi:10.1038/438534a
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Top of pageNews
Clone star admits lies over eggs p536
Calls for fuller investigation as national hero confesses.
David Cyranoski and Erika Check
doi:10.1038/438536a
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Antarctic ice puts climate predictions to the test p536
Frozen record of the past reveals models' shortcomings.
Michael Hopkin
doi:10.1038/438536b
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Titan: tapping the flood of data p538
The first analyses of the Huygens mission to Titan are published this week. Mark Peplow charts the satellite's transition from fogbound moon to familiar landscape, and finds out why scientists long to return.
doi:10.1038/438538a
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Rocky future predicted for labs that rely on postdocs p541
Dependence on foreign expertise threatens US research.
Geoff Brumfiel
doi:10.1038/438541a
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Sidelines p541
doi:10.1038/438541b
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Europe's cash crisis puts space plans under threat p542
ESA budget review puts mission to Mercury in jeopardy
Jenny Hogan
doi:10.1038/438542a
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Hayabusa ready to head home with asteroid sample p542
Concern over engine damage mars celebrations.
Ichiko Fuyuno
doi:10.1038/438542b
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News in brief p544
doi:10.1038/438544a
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Top of pageNews Features
Science in the web age: The expanding electronic universe p547
doi:10.1038/438547a
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Science in the web age: Joint efforts p548
At its best, academia is a marketplace of ideas. But many scientists are reluctant to embrace the latest web tools that would allow them to communicate their ideas in new ways, says Declan Butler.
doi:10.1038/438548a
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Science in the web age: The real death of print p550
Despite clashes with publishers over copyright, Google's plan to make millions of books available online is turning the tide for efforts to digitize the world's literature. Andreas von Bubnoff tracks the demise of the printed page.
doi:10.1038/438550a
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Science in the web age: Start your engines p554
Google has launched another challenge to commercial search services — this time aimed at scientists. But is the new engine running as smoothly as its fans hope? Jim Giles investigates.
doi:10.1038/438554a
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Top of pageBusiness
Swiss star finds it tough at the top p557
Serono is calling in outside advice. Colin Macilwain investigates the future of Europe's leading biotech firm.
doi:10.1038/438557a
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Top of pageCorrespondence
Automated grading of research performance clearly fails to measure up p559
N. Haeffner-Cavaillon, C. Graillot-Gak and C. Bréchot
doi:10.1038/438559a
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Animal-rights zealots put wildlife welfare at risk p559
Peter B. Banks
doi:10.1038/438559b
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Evaluation bias hits women who aren't twice as good p559
Marlene Zuk and Gunilla Rosenqvist
doi:10.1038/438559c
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Top of pageBooks and Arts
Different class p561
The 'big three' universities in the United States are upholding a long tradition of élitism.
John Aubrey Douglass reviews The Chosen: The Hidden History of Admissions and Exclusion at Harvard, Yale, and Princeton
doi:10.1038/438561a
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Cultural reflections p562
Howard P. Segal reviews Hubris and Hybrids: A Cultural History of Technology and Science
doi:10.1038/438562a
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An inside view of the Universe p563
Shawn Cruzen reviews Theaters of Time and Space: American Planetaria, 1930–1970
doi:10.1038/438563a
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Science in culture: Dying for a drink p564
Evolution goes backwards in the latest Guinness advertisement.
Martin Kemp
doi:10.1038/438564a
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Top of pageNews and Views
Oceanography: The Atlantic heat conveyor slows p565
Computer simulations predict that global warming will weaken the ocean circulation that transports heat from the tropics to higher latitudes in the North Atlantic. Such an effect has now been detected.
Detlef Quadfasel
doi:10.1038/438565a
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Biophysics: Assembly line inspection p566
Many of the biochemical events that occur in a cell are performed by huge complexes of proteins and nucleic acids. A cunning approach promises to show how the components convene to make a functioning 'machine'.
Sarah A. Woodson
doi:10.1038/438566a
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50 & 100 years ago p567
doi:10.1038/438567a
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Cell biology: A greasy grip p569
How do the lipids and proteins of the cell membrane interact to create a functioning barrier for the cell? A high-resolution structure of a membrane protein reveals intimate contacts with its lipid neighbours.
Anthony G. Lee
doi:10.1038/438569a
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Planetary science: Clays in the history of Mars p570
The stream of revelations from Mars continues. The latest news — the discovery of clays in ancient terrains — helps to fill in the picture of the past existence of liquid water on the planet's surface.
Horton Newsom
doi:10.1038/438570a
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Cell biology: Protein choreography p571
Just under the cell surface, proteins engage in an intricate ballet to drive a transport process called endocytosis. Much is known about the individual dancers, but now the choreography is revealed.
Mara C. Duncan and Gregory S. Payne
doi:10.1038/438571a
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Correction p573
doi:10.1038/438573a
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Top of pageBrief Communications
Fruit bats as reservoirs of Ebola virus p575
Bat species eaten by people in central Africa show evidence of symptomless Ebola infection.
Eric M. Leroy, Brice Kumulungui, Xavier Pourrut, Pierre Rouquet, Alexandre Hassanin, Philippe Yaba, André Délicat, Janusz T. Paweska, Jean-Paul Gonzalez and Robert Swanepoel
doi:10.1038/438575a
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Palaeoecology: A gigantic fossil arthropod trackway p576
Martin A. Whyte
doi:10.1038/438576a
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Top of pageBrief Communications Arising
Geochronology: Age of Mexican ash with alleged 'footprints' pE7
Paul R. Renne, Joshua M. Feinberg, Michael R. Waters, Joaquin Arroyo-Cabrales, Patricia Ochoa-Castillo, Mario Perez-Campa and Kim B. Knight
doi:10.1038/nature04425
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Top of pageInsight: Membrane biology -
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Insight: Membrane biology
Membrane biology p577
Deepa Nath
doi:10.1038/438577a
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Membranes are more mosaic than fluid p578
Donald M. Engelman
doi:10.1038/nature04394
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Solving the membrane protein folding problem p581
James U. Bowie
doi:10.1038/nature04395
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Membrane curvature and mechanisms of dynamic cell membrane remodelling p590
Harvey T. McMahon and Jennifer L. Gallop
doi:10.1038/nature04396
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Organelle identity and the signposts for membrane traffic p597
Rudy Behnia and Sean Munro
doi:10.1038/nature04397
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Plasma membrane phosphoinositide organization by protein electrostatics p605
Stuart McLaughlin and Diana Murray
doi:10.1038/nature04398
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Role of cholesterol and lipid organization in disease p612
Frederick R. Maxfield and Ira Tabas
doi:10.1038/nature04399
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Top of pageArticles
Phyllosilicates on Mars and implications for early martian climate p623
F. Poulet, J.-P. Bibring, J. F. Mustard, A. Gendrin, N. Mangold, Y. Langevin, R. E. Arvidson, B. Gondet and C. Gomez and The Omega Team
doi:10.1038/nature04274
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An assembly landscape for the 30S ribosomal subunit p628
Megan W. T. Talkington, Gary Siuzdak and James R. Williamson
doi:10.1038/nature04261
Abstract | Full Text | PDF (446K) | Supplementary information
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Lipid–protein interactions in double-layered two-dimensional AQP0 crystals p633
Tamir Gonen, Yifan Cheng, Piotr Sliz, Yoko Hiroaki, Yoshinori Fujiyoshi, Stephen C. Harrison and Thomas Walz
doi:10.1038/nature04321
Abstract | Full Text | PDF (560K) | Supplementary information
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Top of pageLetters
Creation of a six-atom 'Schrödinger cat' state p639
D. Leibfried, E. Knill, S. Seidelin, J. Britton, R. B. Blakestad, J. Chiaverini, D. B. Hume, W. M. Itano, J. D. Jost, C. Langer, R. Ozeri, R. Reichle and D. J. Wineland
doi:10.1038/nature04251
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Scalable multiparticle entanglement of trapped ions p643
H. Häffner, W. Hänsel, C. F. Roos, J. Benhelm, D. Chek-al-kar, M. Chwalla, T. Körber, U. D. Rapol, M. Riebe, P. O. Schmidt, C. Becher, O. Gühne, W. Dür and R. Blatt
doi:10.1038/nature04279
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Origin of the metallic properties of heavily boron-doped superconducting diamond p647
T. Yokoya, T. Nakamura, T. Matsushita, T. Muro, Y. Takano, M. Nagao, T. Takenouchi, H. Kawarada and T. Oguchi
doi:10.1038/nature04278
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Chemically tailorable colloidal particles from infinite coordination polymers p651
Moonhyun Oh and Chad A. Mirkin
doi:10.1038/nature04191
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Slowing of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation at 25° N p655
Harry L. Bryden, Hannah R. Longworth and Stuart A. Cunningham
doi:10.1038/nature04385
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Density dependence explains tree species abundance and diversity in tropical forests p658
Igor Volkov, Jayanth R. Banavar, Fangliang He, Stephen P. Hubbell and Amos Maritan
doi:10.1038/nature04030
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Glyoxalase 1 and glutathione reductase 1 regulate anxiety in mice p662
Iiris Hovatta, Richard S. Tennant, Robert Helton, Robert A. Marr, Oded Singer, Jeffrey M. Redwine, Julie A. Ellison, Eric E. Schadt, Inder M. Verma, David J. Lockhart and Carrolee Barlow
doi:10.1038/nature04250
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Risk of severe asthma episodes predicted from fluctuation analysis of airway function p667
Urs Frey, Tanja Brodbeck, Arnab Majumdar, D. Robin Taylor, G. Ian Town, Michael Silverman and Béla Suki
doi:10.1038/nature04176
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The microRNA miR-196 acts upstream of Hoxb8 and Shh in limb development p671
Eran Hornstein, Jennifer H. Mansfield, Soraya Yekta, Jimmy Kuang-Hsien Hu, Brian D. Harfe, Michael T. McManus, Scott Baskerville, David P. Bartel and Clifford J. Tabin
doi:10.1038/nature04138
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Endophilin and CtBP/BARS are not acyl transferases in endocytosis or Golgi fission p675
Jennifer L. Gallop, P. Jonathan G. Butler and Harvey T. McMahon
doi:10.1038/nature04136
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Global analysis of protein phosphorylation in yeast p679
Jason Ptacek, Geeta Devgan, Gregory Michaud, Heng Zhu, Xiaowei Zhu, Joseph Fasolo, Hong Guo, Ghil Jona, Ashton Breitkreutz, Richelle Sopko, Rhonda R. McCartney, Martin C. Schmidt, Najma Rachidi, Soo-Jung Lee, Angie S. Mah, Lihao Meng, Michael J. R. Stark, David F. Stern, Claudio De Virgilio, Mike Tyers, Brenda Andrews, Mark Gerstein, Barry Schweitzer, Paul F. Predki and Michael Snyder
doi:10.1038/nature04187
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Silencing of microRNAs in vivo with 'antagomirs' p685
Jan Krützfeldt, Nikolaus Rajewsky, Ravi Braich, Kallanthottathil G. Rajeev, Thomas Tuschl, Muthiah Manoharan and Markus Stoffel
doi:10.1038/nature04303
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The APC/C and CBP/p300 cooperate to regulate transcription and cell-cycle progression p690
Andrew S. Turnell, Grant S. Stewart, Roger J. A. Grand, Susan M. Rookes, Ashley Martin, Hiroyuki Yamano, Stephen J. Elledge and Phillip H. Gallimore
doi:10.1038/nature04151
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (594K) | Supplementary information
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Erratum: Astronomical pacing of methane release in the Early Jurassic period p696
David B. Kemp, Angela L. Coe, Anthony S. Cohen and Lorenz Schwark
doi:10.1038/nature04361
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Corrigendum: A network-based analysis of systemic inflammation in humans p696
Steve E. Calvano, Wenzhong Xiao, Daniel R. Richards, Ramon M. Felciano, Henry V. Baker, Raymond J. Cho, Richard O. Chen, Bernard H. Brownstein, J. Perren Cobb, S. Kevin Tschoeke, Carol Miller-Graziano, Lyle L. Moldawer, Michael N. Mindrinos, Ronald W. Davis, Ronald G. Tompkins and Stephen F. Lowry and The Inflammation and Host Response to Injury Large Scale Collaborative Research Program
doi:10.1038/nature04362
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Corrigendum: DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 18 p696
Chad Nusbaum, Michael C. Zody, Mark L. Borowsky, Michael Kamal, Chinnappa D. Kodira, Todd D. Taylor, Charles A. Whittaker, Jean L. Chang, Christina A. Cuomo, Ken Dewar, Michael G. FitzGerald, Xiaoping Yang, Amr Abouelleil, Nicole R. Allen, Scott Anderson, Toby Bloom, Boris Bugalter, Jonathan Butler, April Cook, David DeCaprio, Reinhard Engels, Manuel Garber, Andreas Gnirke, Nabil Hafez, Jennifer L. Hall, Catherine Hosage Norman, Takehiko Itoh, David B. Jaffe, Yoko Kuroki, Jessica Lehoczky, Annie Lui, Pendexter Macdonald, Evan Mauceli, Tarjei S. Mikkelsen, Jerome W. Naylor, Robert Nicol, Cindy Nguyen, Hideki Noguchi, Sinéad B. O'Leary, Keith O'Neill, Bruno Piqani, Cherylyn L. Smith, Jessica A. Talamas, Kerri Topham, Yasushi Totoki, Atsushi Toyoda, Hester M. Wain, Sarah K. Young, Qiandong Zeng, Andrew R. Zimmer, Asao Fujiyama, Masahira Hattori, Bruce W. Birren, Yoshiyuki Sakaki and Eric S. Lander
doi:10.1038/nature04363
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Top of pageTechnology Features
Cell biology: Ion channels and stem cells p699
Ion channels, stem cells and cell signalling are the focus of intense interest in both cell biology and drug discovery. Pete Moore takes a look at what's on offer for the researcher.
Pete Moore
doi:10.1038/438699a
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Cell biology: Maximizing return p699
doi:10.1038/438699b
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Cell biology: Stem-cell options p700
doi:10.1038/438700a
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Cell biology: Banking on stem cells p701
doi:10.1038/438701a
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Cell biology: Signals of disease p702
doi:10.1038/438702a
Full Text | PDF (154K)
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Cell biology: Table of suppliers p703
doi:10.1038/438703a
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Top of pageNaturejobs
Prospect
Physics in crisis? p705
The falling number of physicists in England and Wales needs to be addressed.
Paul Smaglik
doi:10.1038/nj7068-705a
Full Text | PDF (138K)
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Careers and Recruitment
Thinking outside the cell p706
New tools and technologies are allowing cell biologists to take a more holistic view. To make the most of this, they are teaming up with scientists from other fields. Corie Lok reports.
Corie Lok
doi:10.1038/nj7068-706a
Full Text | PDF (391K)
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Top of pageFutures
The Albian message p710
A blast from the past.
Oliver Morton
doi:10.1038/438710a
Full Text | PDF (244K)
