| 2005年11月24日 Nature中文摘要 | | 点击： 作者： 来源： 时间： 2006-11-11 本站论坛 |
|  | Volume 438 Number 7067 pp395-530
封面故事：“合成生物学”的发展
“合成生物学”是一个迅速发展的学科，本期Nature介绍该学科的发展情况。生物学家利用合成生物学方法来检验关于自然系统的模型，David Sprinzak 和 Michael B. Elowitz对此进行了讨论（Review Article p. 443）。Drew Endy讨论了工程师们所采用的方法，即把合成生物学看成是遗传工程和生物技术等技术手段的一种延伸（Review Article p. 449）。合成生物学能做的事情很多，但也存在风险。在一篇评论文章中，George Church要求合成生物学界从核物理学家和遗传学家过去所犯的表述错误中吸取教训，并立即行动起来，开发研究能够消除公众顾虑的保护措施（p. 423）。本期封面刊登的是从“Adventures in Synthetic Biology”中截取的一个画面，这个内容可在Nature网站上看到，网址为。
蚂蚁的交流方式
觅食的蚂蚁在演化过程中形成了非常复杂的交流方式，它们能够利用有吸引力的道路信息素来将同伴引向食物或水源。人们对蚂蚁的交流体系进行了广泛的研究，它们甚至还有与人类的交通、电脑和通信网络相关的算法。现在，研究人员发现，在“法老蚂蚁”的交流体系中似乎还有一种类似人类所使用的交通标志，比如说，它们可以用“停”这个交通标志来强化人们所熟悉的“行”这个交通标志。具体来说，它们会用一种令人厌恶的信息素来标记没有价值的路径，从而将信号集中在岔路口等需要做出决断的地方。
移植组织排斥性之谜
移植的组织受到排斥是一个令人困惑的现象。它可以被解释为免疫系统功能所必然产生的一个后果，也可以解释为在演化过程中所留下的一个遗迹或我们所不了解的一个真正有用的功能。第一种已知的非脊椎动物组织相容性位点的发现表明，在上面所提出的对该现象的这些解释中，至少有两个解释是比较真实的。相互接触的聚居型海鞘（Botryllus schlosseri）的群落要么相互排斥，要么经历一个自然的移植反应而产生一种银鲛，这取决于被称为FuHC的多态基因是哪个版本。现在，研究人员发现，该基因的产物是免疫球蛋白家族的一个成员，与为在脊椎动物中寻找外来分子、供免疫细胞识别的蛋白编码的“主要组织适应性复合体”相似。
单个酶分子中“埃尺度”运动的实验测量
在一篇以过去10年间单分子生物物理学领域所取得的进展为基础的论文中，Abbondanzieri等人报告了能够分解单个酶分子沿DNA运动的碱基对步骤的首批实验结果。实验中所用的酶是RNA聚合酶，是在从一个DNA模板上转录RNA的过程中用一种“全光力钳”捕捉的。能够在单个酶分子中对“埃尺度”上的运动进行探测，开辟了生物分子研究的新领域，其中也许还包括关于单分子DNA测序的研究。
增长盘磁场的直接测定
增长盘是天体物理学中重要的建筑单元，存在于一系列不同的环境中，如在恒星形成区域的原始恒星周围和在星系中央的超大质量黑洞周围。磁场被认为是这些增长盘的一个重要成分，但还没有关于这些磁场的直接观测结果来将现有的盘模型约束在靠近关键的中央区域的地方。现在，安装在夏威夷Mauna Kea山上的一架3.6米望远镜上的一个被称为ESPaDOnS的新的摄谱仪/分光偏振仪填补了这个空白。研究人员用该仪器对FU Orionis核心区域的一个磁场进行了探测，该天体是“猎户座”猎人“肩膀”附近的一颗变星。
“假能隙结构”并非超导体独有
一个令人惊讶的发现，将关于凝聚态物理学中两个最重要物质类别的物理学问题统一了起来，但它提出的问题似乎多于它所给出的答案。高温铜氧化物超导体有一种过去被认为是其典型特征的现象，即在与铜和氧原子之间的化学键平行和对角方向上的电子激发有一个差别。过去，人们以为这种“能隙结构”或“假能隙”状态似乎是这些化合物所独有的，所以人们自然以为它与超导性有关。但是现在，研究人员在一种铁磁性双层亚锰酸盐（一种与超导体很不相同的巨大磁抗性材料）中也发现了一个类似的状态。这种谜一样的“假能隙结构”变得更为神秘了，并且将会促使研究人员去重新考虑什么因素与超导性有关。
研究疟疾感染概率的新的数学模型
Ronald Ross因发现蚊子在疟原虫生命周期中的作用而获得1902年的诺贝尔奖，但他后来在关于对疟原虫进行流行病学研究的数学模型方面所做的工作也许更重要。今天仍被引用的Ross疟疾模型假设，人类被蚊子叮咬的机会是相同的，感染的清除不会被再次感染所改变。我们现在知道，有些人比其他人更多地被蚊子叮咬，多次感染会减慢寄生虫的清除。这些资料和其他新的资料已被收录进了一个数学模型中，用来对Ross模型进行更新，以供21世纪使用。将新的模型与来自被疟疾感染的90多个社区的数据结合起来，研究人员发现，被蚊子叮咬概率和/或易感性的差异是决定感染的流行方式的关键因素：20%的人占感染总数的80%以上。这一发现可被用来指导那些最有可能从中受益的人们进行疟疾控制。
两只眼睛之间的竞争
当我们的眼睛在看不能相容的图像时，我们的有意识的视觉在每个单眼视线之间自然波动。由此所产生的“双眼竞争”的性质以及大脑是怎样对其进行解析的，是一个长期争论的话题，涉及注意和选择等人类认知的基本问题。现在，研究人员在人类“侧弯核”（LGN）中、在视觉处理的非常早的阶段发现了“双眼竞争”所特有的一个神经签名。大脑的这个区域含有只对一只眼睛或另一只眼睛的刺激产生反应的细胞，LGN中的信号能够真切反映在“双眼竞争”过程中哪只眼睛的视觉占主导地位。
排除无关信息的能力对记忆力的影响
尽管环境中可能有几十个目标，但在任何一个给定的时间，我们的注意力仅仅限于三、四个目标。由于注意力的这种极端有限性，我们需要能够控制什么东西可以进入我们的注意力范围内，以便只有环境中最相关的信息才可以消耗这种极为有限的思想资源。在一项关于大脑活动的实验研究中，研究人员要求实验对象记住一些目标，忽略其他目标。实验结果表明，不同的人在将无关目标保持在注意力之外的能力上有很大差别。这说明，我们的注意力并不只是由我们能注意到的东西决定的，而且还取决于我们将无关的东西排除在注意力之外的能力。这也意味着，一个人的有效记忆容量并不只是简单地反映存储空间的大小，也就是说，一个人的记忆容量大小跟一个硬盘的记忆容量大小是不同的。一个人的有效记忆容量还能反映这个人将无关信息排除在外、使其不占用大脑重要存储容量的能力。
酶避免基质发生不利水解的新机制
很多种酶需要保护它们的基质不发生不必要的水解。Koshland 40多年前提出，这些酶（他特别指己糖激酶）只有在结合到合适的基质上、产生一种“诱导契合”的构形变化时，才会采用具有催化能力的构形。后来的研究工作表明，在没有葡萄糖时，的确是“诱导契合”阻止己糖激酶水解ATP。现在，对大的核糖体亚单元所做的结构研究表明，这里还有一种类似的契合机制在起作用。这为一个长期未能回答的问题提供了答案，这个问题就是：核糖体P-位点上的新生肽在蛋白合成的终止步骤之前是怎样避免被肽酰基-tRNA水解的。所以，在蛋白质诞生之前，RNA世界中的核糖体可能早已有了这种机制。
Editorials
Networks for Africa p395
The future of science and technology in Africa depends on the development of mutually supportive networks. Two examples show how imaginative initiatives can be turned into models for others.
doi:10.1038/435395a
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The heat is on p396
A successor to the Kyoto Protocol on climate change must involve mandatory emissions caps.
doi:10.1038/435396a
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Life is what you make it p396
This issue celebrates the emerging field of synthetic biology.
doi:10.1038/435396b
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Top of pageResearch Highlights
Research highlights p398
doi:10.1038/438398a
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Top of pageNews
Google makes data free for all p400
Project could lead to more 'intelligent' web pages.
Declan Butler
doi:10.1038/438400a
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US watchdog finds bias against morning-after pill p401
Drug agency accused of mixing politics with science.
Meredith Wadman
doi:10.1038/438401a
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Sidelines p402
doi:10.1038/438402a
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Neuroscientists put gene therapy into reverse p402
Making the disease could break the disease.
Jim Giles
doi:10.1038/438402b
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Seals net data from cold seas p402
Tagged animals to be used as remote sensors.
Tom Simonite
doi:10.1038/438402c
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Korean stem-cell crisis deepens p405
Fertility specialist admits buying human eggs.
David Cyranoski
doi:10.1038/438405a
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Deal on toxicity law fails to appease p406
EU draws up compromise for chemical-safety legislation.
Alison Abbott
doi:10.1038/438406a
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China steps up drive to vaccinate all domestic birds p406
Officials claim 8 billion birds inoculated so far.
David Cyranoski
doi:10.1038/438406b
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Software shakes up schizophrenia diagnosis p407
Brain scan analysis could reveal disease before symptoms.
Jennifer Wild
doi:10.1038/438407a
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News in brief p409
doi:10.1038/438409a
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Correction p409
doi:10.1038/438409b
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Top of pageNews Features
Energy in California: Power struggle p410
For decades, California has bucked the US trend of gobbling ever more electricity. But can the state pull off an even more ambitious goal and slash its greenhouse-gas emissions? Charles Petit finds out.
doi:10.1038/438410a
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Antarctic astronomy: Seeing in the dark p414
When darkness falls for Antarctica's long winter months, the sky becomes a spectacular canopy of stars. At one brand new base, astronomers are braving the extreme cold to build telescopes that they hope will rival space observatories. Gabrielle Walker investigates.
doi:10.1038/438414a
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Synthetic biology: Designs on life p417
Earlier this month, students from around the world locked horns in competition. Their challenge was to build functioning devices out of biological parts. Erika Check finds out how they got on.
doi:10.1038/438417a
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Top of pageBusiness
Property rights go East p420
China's approach to patents is undergoing a sharp transition, as David Cyranoski reports.
doi:10.1038/438420a
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Market watch p421
Colin Macilwain
doi:10.1038/437421b
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In brief p421
doi:10.1038/438421a
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Top of pageCorrespondence
Bush's policy stopped US gaining stem-cell lead p422
Robert Lanza and Ronald M. Green
doi:10.1038/438422a
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Evidence of group learning does not add up to culture p422
William L. Abler
doi:10.1038/438422b
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Is the ID debate proof of an intelligent deceiver? p422
A. Richard Palmer
doi:10.1038/438422c
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Librarians can help prevent accidental plagiarism p422
Keith Nockels
doi:10.1038/438422d
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Top of pageCommentary
Let us go forth and safely multiply p423
Synthetic biology, which involves the engineering of new biological components and organisms and the redesign of existing ones, will require community discipline and openness if it is to flourish safely, says George Church.
doi:10.1038/438423a
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Top of pageBooks and Arts
All the fun of the fare p425
A selection of amusing morsels from the history of nutrition science.
Marion Nestle reviews Terrors of the Table: The Curious History of Nutrition by Walter Gratzer
doi:10.1038/438425a
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Unearthing mammalian origins p426
Timothy Rowe reviews Mammals From the Age of Dinosaurs: Origins, Evolution, and Structure by Zofia Kielan-Jaworowska, Richard L. Cifelli and Zhe-Xi Luo
doi:10.1038/438426a
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A poisonous present p427
Benno Müller-Hill reviews Kampfstoff-Forschung im Nationalsozialismus: Zur Kooperation von Kaiser-Wilhelm-Instituten, Militär und Industrie [Weapons Research in National Socialism] by Florian Schmaltz
doi:10.1038/438427a
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The latest on latex p427
Robert W. Cahn reviews Tears of the Tree: The Story of Rubber — A Modern Marvel by John Loadman
doi:10.1038/438427b
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Installation: Uranium days p428
Sylvie Coyaud reviews The Children of Uranium
doi:10.1038/438428a
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Top of pageEssay
Concept
Pushing for power p429
Tales of brilliant scientists and their heroic discoveries can overshadow the true nature of scientific communities, which are often dominated by battles for power and success.
Ad Lagendijk
doi:10.1038/438429a
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Top of pageNews and Views
Quantum computing: A bit chilly p431
A quantum computer needs a constant supply of 'qubits' in a known state. A nuclear magnetic resonance experiment that cools qubits by pumping entropy into a heat bath is a step closer to that goal.
Leonard J. Schulman
doi:10.1038/438431a
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Cell biology: Silenced RNA on the move p432
Proteins are often produced at their site of action, but the RNAs from which they are made must be kept inactive until they reach the right spot. It seems this 'silencing' of RNA is linked to its transport around the cell.
Ralf Dahm and Michael Kiebler
doi:10.1038/438432a
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50 & 100 years ago p433
doi:10.1038/438433a
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Condensed-matter physics: Focus on the Fermi surface p435
The electrical resistance of some manganese oxides takes a tumble when they become magnetic. Close examination confirms the interplay of conduction electrons and lattice vibrations that contributes to this effect.
Peter Littlewood and imon Kos
doi:10.1038/438435a
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Photonics: Wingèd light p436
Amber Jenkins
doi:10.1038/438436a
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Obesity: Aquaporin enters the picture p436
The aquaporins are membrane channels that were originally identified as regulators of a cell's water balance. A member of the aquaporin family is now implicated as a central agent in controlling fat metabolism.
Gema Frühbeck
doi:10.1038/438436b
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Histocompatibility: Colonial match and mismatch p437
Distinguishing self from non-self is the underlying basis of immunity. Intriguingly, the genetic system that governs a natural process akin to tissue transplantation in vertebrates has been characterized in an invertebrate.
Gary W. Litman
doi:10.1038/438437a
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Top of pageBrief Communications
Synthetic biology: Engineering Escherichia coli to see light p441
These smart bacteria 'photograph' a light pattern as a high-definition chemical image.
Anselm Levskaya, Aaron A. Chevalier, Jeffrey J. Tabor, Zachary Booth Simpson, Laura A. Lavery, Matthew Levy, Eric A. Davidson, Alexander Scouras, Andrew D. Ellington, Edward M. Marcotte and Christopher A. Voigt
doi:10.1038/nature04405
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Insect communication: 'No entry' signal in ant foraging p442
Elva J. H. Robinson, Duncan E. Jackson, Mike Holcombe and Francis L. W. Ratnieks
doi:10.1038/438442a
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Top of pageBrief Communications Arising
Immunology: Insulin auto-antigenicity in type 1 diabetes pE5
Darcy B. Wilson
doi:10.1038/nature04423
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Immunology: Insulin auto-antigenicity in type 1 diabetes (Reply) pE5
David A. Hafler, Sally C. Kent, Yahua Chen, Lisa Bregoli, Sue M. Clemmings, Bernhard Hering, Norma Sue Kenyon and Camillo Ricordi
doi:10.1038/nature04424
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Top of pageReviews
Reconstruction of genetic circuits p443
David Sprinzak and Michael B. Elowitz
doi:10.1038/nature04335
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Foundations for engineering biology p449
Drew Endy
doi:10.1038/nature04342
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Top of pageArticles
Isolation and characterization of a protochordate histocompatibility locus p454
Anthony W. De Tomaso, Spencer V. Nyholm, Karla J. Palmeri, Katherine J. Ishizuka, William B. Ludington, Katrina Mitchel and Irving L. Weissman
doi:10.1038/nature04150
Abstract | Full Text | PDF (309K) | Supplementary information
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Direct observation of base-pair stepping by RNA polymerase p460
Elio A. Abbondanzieri, William J. Greenleaf, Joshua W. Shaevitz, Robert Landick and Steven M. Block
doi:10.1038/nature04268
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Top of pageLetters
Direct detection of a magnetic field in the innermost regions of an accretion disk p466
Jean-François Donati, Fréderic Paletou, Jérome Bouvier and Jonathan Ferreira
doi:10.1038/nature04253
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Experimental implementation of heat-bath algorithmic cooling using solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance p470
J. Baugh, O. Moussa, C. A. Ryan, A. Nayak and R. Laflamme
doi:10.1038/nature04272
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Nodal quasiparticle in pseudogapped colossal magnetoresistive manganites p474
N. Mannella, W. L. Yang, X. J. Zhou, H. Zheng, J. F. Mitchell, J. Zaanen, T. P. Devereaux, N. Nagaosa, Z. Hussain and Z.-X. Shen
doi:10.1038/nature04273
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Probing carrier dynamics in nanostructures by picosecond cathodoluminescence p479
M. Merano, S. Sonderegger, A. Crottini, S. Collin, P. Renucci, E. Pelucchi, A. Malko, M. H. Baier, E. Kapon, B. Deveaud and J.-D. Ganière
doi:10.1038/nature04298
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Impacts of orbital forcing and atmospheric carbon dioxide on Miocene ice-sheet expansion p483
Ann Holbourn, Wolfgang Kuhnt, Michael Schulz and Helmut Erlenkeuser
doi:10.1038/nature04123
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Density of hydrous silicate melt at the conditions of Earth's deep upper mantle p488
Kyoko N. Matsukage, Zhicheng Jing and Shun-ichiro Karato
doi:10.1038/nature04241
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The entomological inoculation rate and Plasmodium falciparum infection in African children p492
D. L. Smith, J. Dushoff, R. W. Snow and S. I. Hay
doi:10.1038/nature04024
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Eye-specific effects of binocular rivalry in the human lateral geniculate nucleus p496
John-Dylan Haynes, Ralf Deichmann and Geraint Rees
doi:10.1038/nature04169
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Neural measures reveal individual differences in controlling access to working memory p500
Edward K. Vogel, Andrew W. McCollough and Maro G. Machizawa
doi:10.1038/nature04171
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Design principles of a bacterial signalling network p504
Markus Kollmann, Linda Løvdok, Kilian Bartholomé, Jens Timmer and Victor Sourjik
doi:10.1038/nature04228
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The AID antibody diversification enzyme is regulated by protein kinase A phosphorylation p508
Uttiya Basu, Jayanta Chaudhuri, Craig Alpert, Shilpee Dutt, Sheila Ranganath, Gang Li, Jason Patrick Schrum, John P. Manis and Frederick W. Alt
doi:10.1038/nature04255
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Spatial regulation of -actin translation by Src-dependent phosphorylation of ZBP1 p512
Stefan Hüttelmaier, Daniel Zenklusen, Marcell Lederer, Jason Dictenberg, Mike Lorenz, XiuHua Meng, Gary J. Bassell, John Condeelis and Robert H. Singer
doi:10.1038/nature04115
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Structures of ParB bound to DNA reveal mechanism of partition complex formation p516
Maria A. Schumacher and Barbara E. Funnell
doi:10.1038/nature04149
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An induced-fit mechanism to promote peptide bond formation and exclude hydrolysis of peptidyl-tRNA p520
T. Martin Schmeing, Kevin S. Huang, Scott A. Strobel and Thomas A. Steitz
doi:10.1038/nature04152
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Top of pageNaturejobs
Prospect
Turning the tables p525
It's time to make sure foreign students feel welcome.
Paul Smaglik
doi:10.1038/nj7067-525a
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Special Report
Save the world and keep a career p526
If the prospect of endless lab work doesn't appeal, maybe using your qualifications to address global problems more directly would be the answer. There is plenty of scope for those who wish to pursue science with a 'social conscience', as Virginia Gewin finds out.
Virginia Gewin
doi:10.1038/nj7067-526a
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Career Views
Richard Somiari, president and chief scientific officer, ITSI-Biosciences, Johnstown, Pennsylvania p528
Native Nigerian journeys from food technology to proteomics.
Corie Lok
doi:10.1038/nj7067-528a
Full Text | PDF (97K)
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Bricks & Mortar p528
University of Pittsburgh facility houses mix of departments and facilities.
Kendall Powell
doi:10.1038/nj7067-528b
Full Text | PDF (97K)
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Graduate Journal: Who needs evidence? p528
Pondering the 'benefits' of intelligent design.
Jason Underwood
doi:10.1038/nj7067-528c
Full Text | PDF (97K)
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Top of pageFutures
It never rains in VR p530
Where two worlds collide.
John Gilbey
doi:10.1038/438530a
Full Text | PDF (276K)
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