| 2005年11月03日 Nature中文摘要 | 点击： 作者： 来源： 时间： 2006-11-11 本站论坛
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|  | Volume 438 Number 7064 pp1-128
封面故事：光子晶体技术在“慢光”体系上的应用
光子晶体可能会成为光电子学领域的硅芯片，设计用来以与半导体中的原子晶格控制电子基本相同的方式控制光子的性质。来自IBM的T. J. Watson研究中心的Yurii Vlasev和他的同事们将光子晶体技术应用到了所谓的“慢光”上。在这一仍然很新的领域，光脉冲在各种不同原子和固体体系中（在这些体系中物质吸收被光泵作用所抵消）被大大减慢，甚至停滞。这一成果在从全光存储到光开关等一系列应用中有潜在用途。Valsov等人发现，通过一个利用低损耗硅光子晶体波导的超紧凑集成光路，一个硅芯片上的一个光脉冲的群速度可以降低300倍以上。本期封面图片所示为该实验体系的一个扫描电子显微照片。
“Population III”恒星存在的证据
最遥远的和最古老的可观测到的恒星，存在于在“哈勃太空望远镜”超深场这样的图片中所看到的富含金属的星系中。金属在宇宙学中指氢和氦以外的任何东西，它们一定来自什么地方，而因为恒星中在发生核合成反应，所以一定存在早期的、不含金属的恒星。这些恒星被称为“Population III”。现有的或计划中的望远镜都不能单独探测到它们，但研究表明，由搭载在NASA的Spitzer太空望远镜上的IRAC（红外阵列照相机）仪器获得的深层图片已经包含了证明这些恒星存在的隐藏证据。在从图片中去掉前景恒星和星系之后，仍留在宇宙红外背景中的微小波动就是由古老的、不含金属的恒星很久之前所发射出来的光。
一个“穴居人”洞穴的新的测年结果
来自长期以来被与“穴居人”联系在一起的法国某地一个洞穴的新的放射性碳测年结果，将进一步加剧关于“穴居人”灭绝的性质和时间的争论。被认为是现代人典型特征的“奥瑞纳”工具存在于含有Chatelperronian人工制品（被看作是“穴居人”最后留下的东西）的沉积层之间的一个薄层中。虽然这些文化在时间和空间上相互重叠数千年，但来自两种文化的人工制品在同一地点不同沉积层中的存在一直都是很有争议的事情。在法国的这一地点，“奥瑞纳”（现代人）工具存在于距今大约38000年前的一个短暂的寒冷期，这是由这一技术获得的最早的可靠年代，其时间在较早一些的和较晚一些的Chatelperronian沉积层之间，后两个沉积层都是在相对来说不太寒冷的时期沉积形成的。
离我们最近的超大质量黑洞
多数星系被认为在其中心有超大质量黑洞，但要证明这一点却很困难。我们自己的银河系的中心（被紧凑的非热射电源“人马座A*”（简称Sgr A*）所占据）是作为出发点来研究这个问题的一个好地方，因为它离我们非常近，距离太阳只有26000光年。Sgr A*的一个新的短波射电图片使得天文学家有可能首次确定Sgr A*的固有大小。它的直径约为1个原子单位（约为1.6光年）。结合Sgr A*的质量下限，我们可以确定其质量密度要比其他任何已知宇宙天体大10个数量级以上，完全在超大质量黑洞的范畴之内。
火山爆发对气候的影响
对皮纳图博火山1991年的爆发所做的一项研究，突出显示了大规模火山爆发在气候系统中的重要性。人们知道，火山尘埃注入同温层，会发散照射到地球上的太阳辐射，使大气层迅速变冷，使降雨量减少。火山爆发还会通过蒸发和降水的变化降低海洋热含量和全球平均海平面，然而这样的效应以前没有被量化。这项工作在一定程度上也可以解释，为什么与前40年的数据相比在现代卫星高程测量年代（1993－2000年）所获得的海平面上升速度异常地快。皮纳图博火山爆发后海平面的恢复，可以解释20世纪海平面上升数值和1993年至现在关于海平面上升速度的较高估计结果之间差值的大约一半，二者之间差值的其余部分可由按气候模型和来自融化的冰河及冰层的水的输入所预测的结果来解释。
青藏高原下的地质活动
大约在距今7000万年前开始的印度和亚洲板块的碰撞涉及至少1400公里长的部分的汇聚，并且隆起了青藏高原，因为地壳材料太轻，不能被向下输送到地球的内部。高原地区的作用机制对于了解大陆的演化很重要，然而这个问题却仍然存在争议。现在，利用超低频电波在喜马拉雅和西藏所做的地球物理观测显示，沿喜马拉雅山脉的整个长度存在一个部分熔化的地层。这个弱的地层说明，一个涉及范围很大的地壳流可能正在出现，并且可以解释高原演化的很多问题。
Proteorhodopsin、SAR11和海洋中的浮游细菌
Proteorhodopsin基因作为海水中的DNA片断是早在任何人知道它们来自什么生物之前就被发现的。它们为独立于光的质子泵编码，后者被认为通过为微生物代谢提供能量而在海洋生态中扮演一个重要角色。现在，研究人员捕捉到了完好的Proteorhodopsin体系。它是在SAR11中发现的，后者是地球上最丰富的生物之一。SAR11最近被重新命名为Pelagibacter ubique。在其于2002年被首次培养之前，它是未培养的微生物多样性的同义词。这些生物具有Proteorhodopsin的质子泵，具有在黑暗中和在光线下能够生长得同样好的奇特本领（对一种聚光生物而言）。SAR11在海洋中与藻青菌等浮游细菌竞争生存空间。现在，研究人员发现，藻青菌可能有外来帮助。感染普遍存在的藻青菌Prochlorococcus的病毒（或噬菌体）不只是用它们的DNA来迫使寄主制造更多噬菌体。病毒性基因组含有光合作用基因，可能是很久以前从藻青菌寄主那里获取的。这些基因为与寄主光合作用体系结合的蛋白编码，以确保寄主能够给噬菌体提供产生噬菌体后代所需的能量。
疟原虫蛋白间相互作用图
了解蛋白功能的一个强大方法是，识别那些相互结合的蛋白，因为蛋白复合物处在大多数生物学过程的核心。现在，研究人员绘制出了疟疾寄生虫的1/4蛋白的蛋白间相互作用图。这一大型数据集为了解疟原虫是怎样感染红细胞的提供了新线索，并且将成为开发新的抗疟疾药物和疫苗的一个至关重要的工具。这些原始数据可在PlasmoDB数据库中自由获得。Suthram等人已经使用了这一新资源，并且发现疟原虫网络比其他真核生物的跨物种相似性明显要小。它的新颖的生活方式反映在一个新颖的蛋白网络上，后者因此有很大机会能为我们提供疟原虫所独有的药物作用目标。
不需要维生素B12的藻类
维生素B12（氰钴胺素）是自然界最复杂的代谢物之一。它是一种重要的人体营养成分，而且因为植物中不含它，严格的素食者可能会缺乏这种养分。藻类，包括很多海藻，经常富含这种维生素，因此是它的一种很好的饮食来源。然而，此前我们却不知道这种共因子在藻类代谢中的作用，也不知道这些生物的这种维生素的来源是什么。对300种以上微藻物种的维生素B12需求所做的一项考查研究产生了一个令人吃惊的结果。这些藻类近一半不需要这种维生素，所以它们就跟植物一样。但这些藻类中其余本应为自营养生物的物种却需要外部提供这种维生素：它们自己不能制造该养分，该养分来自与其关系密切的共生细菌。
本期目录：
Volume 438 Number 7064 pp1-128
Editorials
Taking a stand on animal-rights violence p1
Governments must not turn a blind eye to intimidation and violence by animal-rights activists. A more resilient approach is needed.
doi: 10.1038/438001a
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Turkey's evolution p1
Admission to the European Union can benefit Turkish science.
doi: 10.1038/438001b
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Clamp down on copycats p2
Plagiarism is on the rise, thanks to the Internet. Universities and journals need to take action.
doi: 10.1038/438002a
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Top of pageResearch Highlights
Research highlights p4
doi: 10.1038/438004a
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Top of pageNews
Wartime tactic doubles power of scarce bird-flu drug p6
Use of common drug could stretch world stocks of Tamiflu.
Declan Butler
doi: 10.1038/438006a
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Drug firms donate compounds for anti-HIV gel p6
Promising results raise hopes in the battle against AIDS.
Narelle Towie
doi: 10.1038/438006b
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Universities scramble to assess scope of falsified results p7
MIT immunologist sacked for scientific misconduct.
Rex Dalton
doi: 10.1038/438007a
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Sidelines p8
doi: 10.1038/438008a
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Protists push animals aside in rule revamp p8
Redefined kingdoms give centre stage to single-celled organisms.
Tom Simonite
doi: 10.1038/438008b
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Turkish rectors rally in support of university head thrown in jail p8
Dispute highlights tension between academic system and religion.
Alison Abbott
doi: 10.1038/438008c
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Floods fail to save canyon beaches p10
River ecosystem might never return to normal.
Rex Dalton
doi: 10.1038/438010a
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Expert witness: the scientists who testified against intelligent design p11
Researchers tell the tale of defending Darwin in the dock.
doi: 10.1038/438011a
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Gene study raises fears for three-parent babies p12
Concern grows over mixing of mitochondrial DNA during assisted reproduction.
Erika Check
doi: 10.1038/438012a
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News in brief p13
doi: 10.1038/438013a
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Top of pageNews Features
Evolutionary theory: Personal effects p14
Living things from bacteria to humans change their environment, but the consequences for evolution and ecology are only now being understood, or so the 'niche constructivists' claim. Dan Jones investigates.
doi: 10.1038/438014a
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Star of the south p18
This month South Africa will officially open the largest optical telescope in the Southern Hemisphere. But is the country ready to capitalize on its investment? Michael Cherry investigates.
doi: 10.1038/438018a
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Meteorology: Winds of change p21
Hurricanes can grow more intense in a matter of hours, but exactly why remains a mystery. Mark Schrope flies into the eye of a storm to investigate.
doi: 10.1038/438021a
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Top of pageBusiness
Race is on for flu vaccine p23
Drug companies are using adjuvants to boost their vaccines in a bid to be ready for a flu pandemic, as Meredith Wadman reports.
Meredith Wadman
doi: 10.1038/438023a
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Top of pageCorrespondence
UK must go on promoting and funding science p24
David A. King
doi: 10.1038/438024a
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Universal fungus register offers pattern for zoology p24
David L. Hawksworth
doi: 10.1038/438024b
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Mapping the complexities of science and politics p24
Ying-Hen Hsieh
doi: 10.1038/438024c
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Top of pageBooks and Arts
Scientists on screen p25
Does Hollywood think we're all dangerous megalomaniacs with crazy hair?
Adam Rutherford reviews Mad, Bad and Dangerous: The Scientist and the Cinema by Christopher Frayling
doi: 10.1038/438025a
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Return to the fortress p26
Michael Fitzpatrick reviews The Science and Fiction of Autism by Laura Schreibman
doi: 10.1038/438026a
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Green in tooth and claw p27
Peter D. Moore reviews Demons in Eden: The Paradox of Plant Diversity by Jonathan Silvertown
doi: 10.1038/438027a
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Exhibition: In the croak room p27
doi: 10.1038/438027b
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Top of pageEssay
Concept
Wit and wisdom p29
From pioneering xerographer to innovative teacher, Georg Christoph Lichtenberg was a physicist with many skills, but perhaps most remembered will be his acerbic aphorisms.
John L. Heilbron
doi: 10.1038/438029a
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Top of pageNews and Views
Intelligence: A gender bender p31
The conclusion of a number-crunching exercise on various data sets is that male university students have significantly higher IQs than their female counterparts. But the methodology used is deeply flawed.
Steve Blinkhorn
doi: 10.1038/438031a
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Astronomy: Light on a dark place p32
The sharpest images ever taken of matter around the probable black hole at the centre of our Galaxy bring us within grasp of a crucial test of general relativity — a picture of the black hole's 'point of no return'.
Christopher Reynolds
doi: 10.1038/438032a
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Microbiology: Algae and the vitamin mosaic p33
The requirements for vitamin B12 vary among algal species in a seemingly inexplicable pattern. A study that exploits genomic data now provides enlightenment — and evidence of symbioses with bacteria.
Robert A. Andersen
doi: 10.1038/438033a
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Global change: Sea level and volcanoes p35
Large volcanic eruptions cool the world ocean. In doing so, they temporarily reduce the increase in ocean heat content and the rise in sea level attributed to warming caused by greenhouse-gas emissions.
Anny Cazenave
doi: 10.1038/438035a
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50 & 100 years ago p35
doi: 10.1038/438035b
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Structural biology: Proteins flex to function p36
Static pictures of protein structures are so prevalent that it is easy to forget they are dynamic molecular machines. Characterizing their intrinsic motions may be necessary to understand how they work.
Yuanpeng J. Huang and Gaetano T. Montelione
doi: 10.1038/438036a
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Cosmology: The infrared dawn of starlight p39
The modest-sized but successful Spitzer Space Telescope has detected fluctuations in cosmic light at infrared frequencies. Is this the signature of the first population of stars that formed in the Universe?
Richard S. Ellis
doi: 10.1038/438039a
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Chemical biology: Bring them back alive p40
A deep search has turned up an RNA that can carry out the chemically complex 'aldol' reaction involved in sugar metabolism. Could this be similar to an ancestral catalyst that existed billions of years ago?
Michael Yarus
doi: 10.1038/438040a
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Correction p40
doi: 10.1038/438040b
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Obituary: Richard Doll (1912–2005) p41
Epidemiologist extraordinary.
Leo Kinlen
doi: 10.1038/438041a
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Top of pageBrief Communications
Theoretical mechanics: Crowd synchrony on the Millennium Bridge p43
Footbridges start to sway when packed with pedestrians falling into step with their vibrations.
Steven H. Strogatz, Daniel M. Abrams, Allan McRobie, Bruno Eckhardt and Edward Ott
doi: 10.1038/43843a
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (252K) | Supplementary information
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Nanoscale hydrodynamics: Enhanced flow in carbon nanotubes p44
Mainak Majumder, Nitin Chopra, Rodney Andrews and Bruce J. Hinds
doi: 10.1038/43844a
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Top of pageBrief Communications Arising
Ecology: Is speciation driven by species diversity? pE1
Carlos Daniel Cadena, Robert E. Ricklefs, Iván Jiménez and Eldredge Bermingham
doi: 10.1038/nature04308
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Ecology: Is speciation driven by species diversity? (Reply) pE2
Brent C. Emerson and Niclas Kolm
doi: 10.1038/nature04309
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Top of pageArticles
Tracing the first stars with fluctuations of the cosmic infrared background p45
A. Kashlinsky, R. G. Arendt, J. Mather and S. H. Moseley
doi: 10.1038/nature04143
Abstract | Full Text | PDF (299K) | Supplementary information
See also: Editor's summary | News and Views by Ellis
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Radiocarbon dating of interstratified Neanderthal and early modern human occupations at the Chatelperronian type-site p51
Brad Gravina, Paul Mellars and Christopher Bronk Ramsey
doi: 10.1038/nature04006
Abstract | Full Text | PDF (438K)
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The yeast Pif1p helicase removes telomerase from telomeric DNA p57
Jean-Baptiste Boulé, Leticia R. Vega and Virginia A. Zakian
doi: 10.1038/nature04091
Abstract | Full Text | PDF (408K) | Supplementary information
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Top of pageLetters
A size of 1 au for the radio source Sgr A* at the centre of the Milky Way p62
Zhi-Qiang Shen, K. Y. Lo, M.-C. Liang, Paul T. P. Ho and J.-H. Zhao
doi: 10.1038/nature04205
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (182K) | Supplementary information
See also: Editor's summary | News and Views by Reynolds
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Active control of slow light on a chip with photonic crystal waveguides p65
Yurii A. Vlasov, Martin O'Boyle, Hendrik F. Hamann and Sharee J. McNab
doi: 10.1038/nature04210
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Simulating micrometre-scale crystal growth from solution p70
Stefano Piana, Manijeh Reyhani and Julian D. Gale
doi: 10.1038/nature04173
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Significant decadal-scale impact of volcanic eruptions on sea level and ocean heat content p74
John A. Church, Neil J. White and Julie M. Arblaster
doi: 10.1038/nature04237
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (439K)
See also: News and Views by Cazenave
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Crustal rheology of the Himalaya and Southern Tibet inferred from magnetotelluric data p78
M. J. Unsworth, A. G. Jones, W. Wei, G. Marquis, S. G. Gokarn, J. E. Spratt and The INDEPTH-MT team
doi: 10.1038/nature04154
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (1,177K) | Supplementary information
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Proteorhodopsin in the ubiquitous marine bacterium SAR11 p82
Stephen J. Giovannoni, Lisa Bibbs, Jang-Cheon Cho, Martha D. Stapels, Russell Desiderio, Kevin L. Vergin, Michael S. Rappé, Samuel Laney, Lawrence J. Wilhelm, H. James Tripp, Eric J. Mathur and Douglas F. Barofsky
doi: 10.1038/nature04032
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (438K) | Supplementary information
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Photosynthesis genes in marine viruses yield proteins during host infection p86
Debbie Lindell, Jacob D. Jaffe, Zackary I. Johnson, George M. Church and Sallie W. Chisholm
doi: 10.1038/nature04111
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (376K) | Supplementary information
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Algae acquire vitamin B12 through a symbiotic relationship with bacteria p90
Martin T. Croft, Andrew D. Lawrence, Evelyne Raux-Deery, Martin J. Warren and Alison G. Smith
doi: 10.1038/nature04056
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (256K) | Supplementary information
See also: Editor's summary | News and Views by Andersen | Authors
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The transcription factor Engrailed-2 guides retinal axons p94
Isabelle Brunet, Christine Weinl, Michael Piper, Alain Trembleau, Michel Volovitch, William Harris, Alain Prochiantz and Christine Holt
doi: 10.1038/nature04110
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Protection of macaques from vaginal SHIV challenge by vaginally delivered inhibitors of virus–cell fusion p99
Ronald S. Veazey, Per Johan Klasse, Susan M. Schader, Qinxue Hu, Thomas J. Ketas, Min Lu, Preston A. Marx, Jason Dufour, Richard J. Colonno, Robin J. Shattock, Martin S. Springer and John P. Moore
doi: 10.1038/nature04055
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (182K) | Supplementary information
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A protein interaction network of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum p103
Douglas J. LaCount, Marissa Vignali, Rakesh Chettier, Amit Phansalkar, Russell Bell, Jay R. Hesselberth, Lori W. Schoenfeld, Irene Ota, Sudhir Sahasrabudhe, Cornelia Kurschner, Stanley Fields and Robert E. Hughes
doi: 10.1038/nature04104
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (404K) | Supplementary information
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The Plasmodium protein network diverges from those of other eukaryotes p108
Silpa Suthram, Taylor Sittler and Trey Ideker
doi: 10.1038/nature04135
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (708K) | Supplementary information
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A putative stimulatory role for activator turnover in gene expression p113
J. Russell Lipford, Geoffrey T. Smith, Yong Chi and Raymond J. Deshaies
doi: 10.1038/nature04098
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (386K) | Supplementary information
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Intrinsic dynamics of an enzyme underlies catalysis p117
Elan Z. Eisenmesser, Oscar Millet, Wladimir Labeikovsky, Dmitry M. Korzhnev, Magnus Wolf-Watz, Daryl A. Bosco, Jack J. Skalicky, Lewis E. Kay and Dorothee Kern
doi: 10.1038/nature04105
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (481K) | Supplementary information
See also: Editor's summary | News and Views by Huang & Montelione
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Erratum: Marine microorganisms and global nutrient cycles p122
Kevin R. Arrigo
doi: 10.1038/nature04265
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Corrigendum: Eocene bipolar glaciation associated with global carbon cycle changes p122
Aradhna Tripati, Jan Backman, Henry Elderfield and Patrizia Ferretti
doi: 10.1038/nature04289
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Top of pageNaturejobs
Prospect
A transparent process p123
European recruitment would benefit from greater transparency.
Paul Smaglik
doi: 10.1038/nj7064-123a
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Career Views
Hendricus Hoogenboom, chief scientific officer, Ablynx, Ghent, Belgium p126
Dutch scientist pursues nanobiotechnology.
Janet Wright
doi: 10.1038/nj7064-126a
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Scientists & Societies p126
Dutch postdocs retreat to discuss career development.
Erik van Beers, Anke Klerkx and Andrea Thiele
doi: 10.1038/nj7064-126b
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Graduate journal: Endurance test p126
New PhD prepares for fresh endurance test.
Anne Margaret Lee
doi: 10.1038/nj7064-126c
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Top of pageFutures
Shopping p128
Scott Seller-Mason
doi: 10.1038/438128a
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