| 2005年10月27日 Nature中文摘要 | | 点击： 作者： 来源： 时间： 2006-11-11 本站论坛 |
|  | Volume 437 Number 7063 pp1207-1396
封面故事：“国际单型作图项目”的成果
在人类基因组的30亿个碱基对中，人与人之间在其中的大部分碱基对上都是相同的。但仅仅关注使人与人之间有所不同的30万至60万个关键差异，就已经能使我们识别出一些遗传疾病及其治疗方法了。在单个核苷酸中出现的这些变化经常是成区段出现的，或者说是以单型（haplotype）组的形式出现的。“国际单型作图项目”基于100万个以上的单个变化绘制出了几个地方的人群中的单型图，他们的第一批成果发表在本期Nature上的一篇具有里程碑意义的论文中。本期封面所描绘的是三个地方的人口的基因组中在CFTR（囊性纤维瘤）基因周围的那一部分。从中我们可以看到，在每个地方的人口在其内部所共享的差异区段中（用深颜色表示）以及基因组中在随时间推移变化较多、不是成区段出现的区域中（插入的灰线）有明显的断开。公众可以通过这个网站免费获得关于基因组变化的大量资料。
帮助他人的益处
人类社会是建立在利他的和合作的互动关系的基础之上的。我们容易理解自然选择为什么有利于强者和自私者，不容易理解无私行为为什么会受到鼓励。“间接互利”（概括起来就是“我帮你，其他人就会帮我”）正在成为一种也许是最有说服力的解释。Nowak和Sigmund对关于由“间接互利”推动的合作演化的最新研究工作做了评述。他们将“间接互利”比作“囚犯困境”这样的关于直接互利的相关游戏。从基于经济互动关系的一个出发点开始，这个领域的研究工作正在提出这样一些问题：信任和决策的生理基础是什么？个人声誉和社会偏见的作用是什么？语言是怎样出现的?
土星F-环的图像
木星、土星、天王星和海王星周围的环被在这些环中或附近的轨道中运行的小的“护卫卫星”所稳定，同时又通过引力影响来稳定它们。土星狭窄的F-环由两个“护卫卫星”照顾，即“普罗米修斯”和“潘多拉”。由“卡西尼”飞船拍摄的土星F-环图像显示了以前在一个行星环中从未看到过的结构。“普罗米修斯”（更靠近土星本身的“护卫卫星”）的扰动效益打开了穿过F-环的通道，形成一个粒子流（一道光线），将这个环与这个卫星连接起来。
用硅/锗芯片处理光信号显露希望
硅芯片在电子学领域居支配地位，而光纤在长距离信息传输领域居支配地位。科学家最近已经研制出了能够调制光的硅装置。虽然这些装置已经让我们看到了希望，但它们仍然要依靠硅器件本身的弱的物理机制。现在，来自斯坦福大学和惠普公司帕洛阿图实验室的一个研究小组研制出了生长在硅上的很薄的锗“量子井”结构，它们能产生一个很强的量子力学效应，该效应能够将光束打开和关闭。它们的性能与迄今最好材料的性能不相上下。这个成果也许可让硅/锗芯片既能处理电子信号，又能处理光信号，从而将计算和通信在集成芯片水平上统一起来。
白垩纪海洋表面温度的季节变化
白垩纪（距今1.44亿－6500万年前）一般被认为是地球气候系统处于温室状态的一个很好的例子，在白垩纪中期北极气温高达20摄氏度。但我们关于白垩纪海洋表面温度的知识在很大程度上基于微化石，它们不能提供任何关于亚年度变化的信息。加勒比和地中海一带大型厚双壳贝类的壳内的氧同位素组成是一个有所不同的数据集：不同贝壳之间的差异是海面温度季节变化的一个度量。厚壳蛤是已经灭绝的双壳贝类，生活在低纬度温暖的浅海中，其中有些会长出怪异的、偶尔还会很大的贝壳。来自这些贝壳的氧同位素数据表明，在白垩纪温暖时期，季节变化很小，但在较冷时期，季节变化与我们今天的季节变化类似，并且与北极存在冰层的事实相符。
地核的形成时间
关于地球早期演化的一个仍然让我们感到不解的问题是，根据由铪-182衰变为钨-182的时间推算出的地核形成速度与根据由铀-207衰变为铅-206的时间推算出的地核形成速度存在差别，前者要比后者快。Wood 和Halliday提出的解释是，铪-钨时钟可能代表在形成月球的巨大碰撞发生之前所出现的地核形成的主要阶段。形成月球的巨大碰撞带来了氧化反应和一个富含硫的金属体的形成，铅会优先融解在这个金属体中，在效果上相当于将铀-铅时钟重设为一个更靠近今天的日期。
鲨鱼的肌肉和体温
鲸是哺乳动物和热血动物，鲨鱼是鱼类，基本上是冷血动物。但要在北太平洋的冷水中生存，马哈鲨已经变成温血动物，能够维持一个高于周围环境的核心体温，这对不停游泳的动物应当是一个好的演化。对马哈鲨肌肉组织所做的一项研究表明，这种动物已经是非常专业化的温血动物，其用于连续游泳的红色需氧肌肉非常像哺乳动物的肌肉，只在一个狭窄的、升高的温度范围内发挥功能。这些肌肉在冷水温度下是不能发挥功能的，尽管其驱动爆发式游泳的白色肌肉在冷水环境中能够正常发挥功能。这种鲨鱼的红色需氧肌肉使得它有别于“外温性变温”鱼类，与同样为温血性动物的金枪鱼在演化上具有共性，它们在肌肉功能上似乎都在朝着哺乳动物方向发展。
通过强化作用进行的物种形成
物种的形成对于演化生物学家来说仍然是一个难解之谜。一种普遍接受的机制，即异地物种形成，认为地理上的彼此分离是物种形成的前提，因为彼此分离的种群之间会产生分异。没有地理分离的物种形成需要自然选择的直接作用来通过加强行为差异来完成物种形成，这个过程被称为强化作用。至少在理论上是这样，现在研究人员已经在野生环境中向我们展示了通过强化作用进行的物种形成，这项研究是在澳大利亚昆士兰的热带雨林中常见的绿眼树蛙的一个种群中进行的。强化作用不仅能产生新物种，而且能驱动快速的异地物种形成。
隐球菌的同性交配现象
隐球菌（Cryptococcus gattii）的一个毒性菌种1999年在加拿大温哥华岛上出现，引起脑膜炎流行，目前仍在该地区感染人类和动物。令人不解之处是，该真菌通常仅限于热带地区，长在桉树上，只是偶尔感染动物和人类。遗传学家现在发现，该真菌所引起的脑膜炎在温哥华岛上的流行，是进入澳大利亚的温和的病原性菌种与当地一种在鸽子粪便中发现的名为Cryptococcus neoformans的酵母在遗传上结合的结果，只有在免疫系统出现问题的寄主身上才有致病作用。引人注目的是，这两种真菌是通过性生殖结合而产生一种杂合的毒性菌种的，尽管它们二者属于同一个“性别”。二者都属于阿尔法菌种，而不是“a”菌种。这种“联姻”在野生环境中是否普遍存在、是否也出现在Trypanosoma、Leishmania 和Plasmodium falciparum（它们有类似的阿尔法/a交配类型）等其他寄生虫中仍然有待观察。
信号分子Wnt3对成年海马体产生神经元的影响
成年大脑中的神经干细胞/先驱细胞能够产生大脑中的两种主要细胞类型：神经胶质细胞（不是神经细胞）和活性神经细胞或称神经元。神经元只在大脑中两个区域产生。现在，研究人员发现了一个指示成年神经干细胞产生神经元而不是神经胶质细胞的蛋白家族。研究表明，信号分子Wnt3是在成年海马体（大脑中一个据信与学习过程和记忆形成有关的区域）中产生神经元的关键条件。这些研究结果最终也许可帮助开发修复由疾病或外伤引起的大脑损伤的治疗方法。
本期目录：
Volume 437 Number 7063 pp1207-1396
Editorials
Waking up to the importance of sleep p1207
A growing chasm separates the growing scientific understanding of sleep, and the widespread public assumption that it just doesn't matter.
doi: 10.1038/4371207a
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Is the city safe? p1207
The Environmental Protection Agency is ducking a frank assessment of New Orleans after Katrina.
doi: 10.1038/4371207b
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Free tips p1208
The National Academies offers guidance to keep the United States internationally competitive.
doi: 10.1038/4371208a
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Top of pageResearch Highlights
Research highlights p1210
doi: 10.1038/4371210a
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Top of pageNews
Migration threatens to send flu south p1212
Researchers fear that the bird flu virus's next stop will be Africa, where dependence on poultry means that the consequences could be even worse than in southeast Asia. Tom Simonite reports.
doi: 10.1038/4371212a
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Sidelines p1214
doi: 10.1038/4371214a
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Trial aims to measure social effects of choosing babies' sex p1214
Study will follow selections of couples undergoing fertility treatment.
Erika Check
doi: 10.1038/4371214b
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Europe revamps visa rules to attract world's best minds p1215
'Scientist visas' aim to end lengthy delays.
Alison Abbott
doi: 10.1038/4371215a
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Advisers knock Katrina health tests p1216
Environmental Protection Agency criticized over response to New Orleans disaster.
Emma Marris
doi: 10.1038/4371216a
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Ministers agree to act on warnings of soaring temperatures in Africa p1217
Researchers highlight threat posed by global warming.
Michael Cherry
doi: 10.1038/4371217a
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Graphic detail: Twelve years of nuclear traffic p1218
Nuclear agency reveals capture of weapons-grade material across Europe.
doi: 10.1038/4371218a
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News in brief p1219
doi: 10.1038/4371219a
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Top of pageNews Features
Neuroscience: While you were sleeping p1220
The flailing limbs of someone acting out their dreams in bed may not seem the obvious place to seek a cure for Parkinson's disease. But, as Alison Abbott finds out, this sleep disorder is shedding fresh light on the development of neurodegenerative disorders.
doi: 10.1038/4371220a
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Physics: Far from the frontier p1224
Ignoring the mainstream, physicist Seth Putterman has a knack for bringing long-forgotten mysteries back to the fore. Geoff Brumfiel discovers some of the payoffs, and perils, of being a fiercely independent researcher.
doi: 10.1038/4371224a
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Microbiology: Pipe dreams p1227
It's a bizarre, toxin-filled microbe that could clean up sewage plants across the globe. Helen Pilcher gets on the trail of the anammox bacterium.
doi: 10.1038/4371227a
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Top of pageBusiness
Patent reform prompts intellectual tug-of-war p1230
Reform of the patent process in the United States is shaping up as a battle of wills between the software and biotechnology industries. The outcome has global consequences, as Emma Marris reports.
doi: 10.1038/4371230a
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In brief p1231
doi: 10.1038/4371231a
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Market watch p1231
Roxanne Khamsi
doi: 10.1038/4371231b
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Top of pageCorrespondence
Call for a cull of pointlessly different reference styles p1232
Errol C. Friedberg
doi: 10.1038/4371232a
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Noting Croats' difference from other Slavs isn't racist p1232
Ognjen ?uli?
doi: 10.1038/4371232b
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Internet forest-watchers a new force for conservation p1232
Fernando Manuel Ramos
doi: 10.1038/4371232c
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Later results don't confirm antidepressant suicide link p1232
Tamar Wohlfarth and Jitschak Storosum
doi: 10.1038/4371232d
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Top of pageCommentary
Deeper into the genome p1233
The next large-scale human genome project after HapMap should catalogue inherited variation in the general population that directly affects gene function, argues Richard Gibbs.
doi: 10.1038/4371233a
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Top of pageBooks and Arts
Power for life p1235
Did the humble mitochondrion — the powerhouse of the cell — play a key role in the evolution of life?
John F. Allen reviews Power, Sex, Suicide: Mitochondria and the Meaning of Life by Nick Lane
doi: 10.1038/4371235a
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Theatre: Two exiles p1236
Alan Packer
doi: 10.1038/4371236a
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Relative beginners p1237
Derek Raine reviews It's About Time: Understanding Einstein's Relativityby N. David Mermin
doi: 10.1038/4371237a
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Little wonder p1237
doi: 10.1038/4371237b
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Science in culture: Inventing an icon p1238
Hans Joachim Schellnhuber's map of global 'tipping points' in climate change.
Martin Kemp
doi: 10.1038/4371238a
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Top of pageEssay
Concept
Exploring life's sweet spot p1239
Glycomics: like proteins and nucleic acids, carbohydrates have essential roles in the cell, but the tools to synthesize and analyse this third class of biopolymer have, until recently, lagged far behind.
Peter H. Seeberger
doi: 10.1038/4371239a
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Top of pageNews and Views
Genomics: Understanding human diversity p1241
The first edition of a massive catalogue of human genetic variation is now complete. The long-term task is to translate these data into an understanding of the effects of that variation on human health.
David B. Goldstein and Gianpiero L. Cavalleri
doi: 10.1038/4371241a
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Chemistry: A cleaner way to nylon? p1243
The polymer nylon-6 is much in demand. An innovation in producing the precursor molecule, -caprolactam, involves a one-step process that is environmentally benign and may be scaled up for bulk production.
Robert Mokaya and Martyn Poliakoff
doi: 10.1038/4371243a
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Solid-state physics: Silicon's new shine p1244
The semiconductor material used in computing systems does not emit light. But a silicon-based structure that can modulate light from an independent source might aid the marriage of optical and electronic components.
Gareth Parry
doi: 10.1038/4371244a
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Biophysics: Helicase snaps back p1245
Helicase enzymes can move along DNA or RNA, unravelling the helices as they go. But simply travelling along a nucleic acid in one direction seems not to be enough for some of these molecular motors.
Eckhard Jankowsky
doi: 10.1038/4371245a
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Materials science: Changing face of the chameleon p1246
Chalcogenide materials form the basis of CD and DVD technologies. But an identity crisis looms in the wider field: what role do atomic reconfiguration, electronic processes and ionic movement play in these materials?
A. Lindsay Greer and Neil Mathur
doi: 10.1038/4371246a
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Cell biology: Helices sculpt membrane p1247
Many proteins are carried within cells in bubble-like sacs. These are pinched off from membranes inside the cell, and it seems that the Sar1p protein is key in both starting and finishing this budding process.
Guillaume Drin and Bruno Antonny
doi: 10.1038/4371247a
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50 & 100 years ago p1247
doi: 10.1038/4371247b
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Mycology: The whiff of danger p1248
Tim Lincoln
doi: 10.1038/4371248a
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Solid-state physics: Spin in the slow lane p1249
Electrons were until recently thought to transport their charge and spin equally freely through metals and semiconductors. Now it seems that spin can lag considerably behind charge.
Bart van Wees
doi: 10.1038/4371249a
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Top of pageBrief Communications
Human dynamics: Darwin and Einstein correspondence patterns p1251
These scientists prioritized their replies to letters in the same way that people rate their e-mails today.
Jo?o Gama Oliveira and Albert-László Barabási
doi: 10.1038/4371251a
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Protein glycosylation: Chaperone mutation in Tn syndrome p1252
Tongzhong Ju and Richard D. Cummings
doi: 10.1038/4371252a
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Top of pageBrief Communications Arising
Sporting contests: Seeing red? Putting sportswear in context pE10
Candy Rowe, Julie M. Harris and S. Craig Roberts
doi: 10.1038/nature04306
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Sporting contests: Seeing red? Putting sportswear in context (reply) pE10
Robert A. Barton and Russell A. Hill
doi: 10.1038/nature04307
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Top of pageInsight: Sleep - Produced with support from:
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Insight: Sleep
Introduction: Sleep p1253
John Spiro
doi: 10.1038/4371253a
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Sleep is of the brain, by the brain and for the brain p1254
J. Allan Hobson
doi: 10.1038/nature04283
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Hypothalamic regulation of sleep and circadian rhythms p1257
Clifford B. Saper, Thomas E. Scammell and Jun Lu
doi: 10.1038/nature04284
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Clues to the functions of mammalian sleep p1264
Jerome M. Siegel
doi: 10.1038/nature04285
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Sleep-dependent memory consolidation p1272
Robert Stickgold
doi: 10.1038/nature04286
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Insights from studying human sleep disorders p1279
Mark W. Mahowald and Carlos H. Schenck
doi: 10.1038/nature04287
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What are the memory sources of dreaming? p1286
Tore A. Nielsen and Philippe Stenstrom
doi: 10.1038/nature04288
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Top of pageReview
Evolution of indirect reciprocity p1291
Martin A. Nowak and Karl Sigmund
doi: 10.1038/nature04131
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Top of pageArticles
A haplotype map of the human genome p1299
The International HapMap Consortium
doi: 10.1038/nature04226
Abstract | Full Text | PDF (1,269K) | Supplementary information
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Repetitive shuttling of a motor protein on DNA p1321
Sua Myong, Ivan Rasnik, Chirlmin Joo, Timothy M. Lohman and Taekjip Ha
doi: 10.1038/nature04049
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Top of pageLetters
How Prometheus creates structure in Saturn's F ring p1326
Carl D. Murray, Carlos Chavez, Kevin Beurle, Nick Cooper, Michael W. Evans, Joseph A. Burns and Carolyn C. Porco
doi: 10.1038/nature04212
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Observation of spin Coulomb drag in a two-dimensional electron gas p1330
C. P. Weber, N. Gedik, J. E. Moore, J. Orenstein, J. Stephens and D. D. Awschalom
doi: 10.1038/nature04206
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Strong quantum-confined Stark effect in germanium quantum-well structures on silicon p1334
Yu-Hsuan Kuo, Yong Kyu Lee, Yangsi Ge, Shen Ren, Jonathan E. Roth, Theodore I. Kamins, David A. B. Miller and James S. Harris
doi: 10.1038/nature04204
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Unidirectional molecular motor on a gold surface p1337
Richard A. van Delden, Matthijs K. J. ter Wiel, Michael M. Pollard, Javier Vicario, Nagatoshi Koumura and Ben L. Feringa
doi: 10.1038/nature04127
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Low-latitude seasonality of Cretaceous temperatures in warm and cold episodes p1341
Thomas Steuber, Markus Rauch, Jean-Pierre Masse, Joris Graaf and Matthias Malko
doi: 10.1038/nature04096
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Cooling of the Earth and core formation after the giant impact p1345
Bernard J. Wood and Alex N. Halliday
doi: 10.1038/nature04129
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Mammal-like muscles power swimming in a cold-water shark p1349
Diego Bernal, Jeanine M. Donley, Robert E. Shadwick and Douglas A. Syme
doi: 10.1038/nature04007
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Reinforcement drives rapid allopatric speciation p1353
Conrad J. Hoskin, Megan Higgie, Keith R. McDonald and Craig Moritz
doi: 10.1038/nature04004
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Chimpanzees are indifferent to the welfare of unrelated group members p1357
Joan B. Silk, Sarah F. Brosnan, Jennifer Vonk, Joseph Henrich, Daniel J. Povinelli, Amanda S. Richardson, Susan P. Lambeth, Jenny Mascaro and Steven J. Schapiro
doi: 10.1038/nature04243
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Same-sex mating and the origin of the Vancouver Island Cryptococcus gattii outbreak p1360
James A. Fraser, Steven S. Giles, Emily C. Wenink, Scarlett G. Geunes-Boyer, Jo Rae Wright, Stephanie Diezmann, Andria Allen, Jason E. Stajich, Fred S. Dietrich, John R. Perfect and Joseph Heitman
doi: 10.1038/nature04220
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Mapping determinants of human gene expression by regional and genome-wide association p1365
Vivian G. Cheung, Richard S. Spielman, Kathryn G. Ewens, Teresa M. Weber, Michael Morley and Joshua T. Burdick
doi: 10.1038/nature04244
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Wnt signalling regulates adult hippocampal neurogenesis p1370
Dieter-Chichung Lie, Sophia A. Colamarino, Hong-Jun Song, Laurent Désiré, Helena Mira, Antonella Consiglio, Edward S. Lein, Sebastian Jessberger, Heather Lansford, Alejandro R. Dearie and Fred H. Gage
doi: 10.1038/nature04108
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (554K) | Supplementary information
See also: Editor's summary
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Regulation of Lethal giant larvae by Dishevelled p1376
Gretchen L. Dollar, Ursula Weber, Marek Mlodzik and Sergei Y. Sokol
doi: 10.1038/nature04116
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (504K) | Supplementary information
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A heterodimeric complex that promotes the assembly of mammalian 20S proteasomes p1381
Yuko Hirano, Klavs B. Hendil, Hideki Yashiroda, Shun-ichiro Iemura, Ryoichi Nagane, Yusaku Hioki, Tohru Natsume, Keiji Tanaka and Shigeo Murata
doi: 10.1038/nature04106
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (791K) | Supplementary information
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The histone H3.3 chaperone HIRA is essential for chromatin assembly in the male pronucleus p1386
Benjamin Loppin, Emilie Bonnefoy, Caroline Anselme, Anne Lauren?on, Timothy L. Karr and Pierre Couble
doi: 10.1038/nature04059
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (473K) | Supplementary information
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Top of pageNaturejobs
Prospect
The changing face of China p1391
Swedish universities open offices to exchange science with China
Paul Smaglik
doi: 10.1038/nj7063-1391a
Full Text | PDF (138K)
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Careers and Recruitment
A defensive strategy p1392
Fearing that it will be the target of future bioterrorist attacks, the United States has been ploughing huge amounts of money into biodefence. The result is a reinvigorated market for microbiologists. Corie Lok reports.
Corie Lok
doi: 10.1038/nj7063-1392a
Full Text | PDF (1,001K)
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Career Views
Nancy Kelley, senior vice-president, Alexandria Real Estate Equities, Boston, Massachusetts p1394
Woman travels from policy to law to scientific real-estate mogul
Paul Smaglik
doi: 10.1038/nj7063-1394a
Full Text | PDF (113K)
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Scientists & Societies p1394
ACS finds success with an informal job-hunt forum.
Charles Casey and Jerry Bell
doi: 10.1038/nj7063-1394a
Full Text | PDF (113K)
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Graduate journal: The worry of success p1394
New PhD discovers first job brings fresh anxieties
Jason Underwood
doi: 10.1038/nj7063-1394c
Full Text | PDF (113K)
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Top of pageFutures
Stranger in the night p1396
The journey of a lifetime.
Salvador Nogueira
doi: 10.1038/4371396a
Full Text | PDF (137K)
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