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  • 2005年10月13日 Nature中文摘要

  • 点击:    作者:   来源: 日期:2006-11-11    本站论坛
Volume 437 Number 7061 pp927-1064

封面故事:“奔龙”的足迹

名为“奔龙”(Dromaeosaurids)、爪子呈镰刀形的掠食性恐龙,被认为是跟鸟类亲缘关系最近的物种。直到10年前,人们还只知道这个类别的恐龙如Velociraptor只有北半球有,但近年来在南半球也发现了少量“奔龙”化石碎片。本期Nature封面所示为根据实际大小重建的名为Buitreraptor gonzalezorum的一种“奔龙”,是用在巴塔哥尼亚的La Buitrera新发现的化石重建成的,所发现的化石近乎完整。它是南半球“奔龙”中在地质上最古老的,由于很完整,所以它证明,南半球“奔龙”是在超级大陆“泛古陆”在侏罗纪末期分裂之后与北半球“奔龙”分异而形成的一个不同的分支。封面照片前景中的个体抓着一只名为Priosphenodon(see Nature 425, 609-612)的幼年动物,它是现存大蜥蜴的一个近亲,是侏罗纪全球普遍存在的另一种动物。


抗癌药物的理想选择性

抗癌药物imatinib mesylate (Gleevec)的问世是一个杰出的成就。这种以BCR-ABL蛋白(慢性骨髓性白血病的致病原因之一)为目标的药物正在临床上证明其疗效。但它也被用来治疗胃肠基质瘤。原来,该药物的作用目标并不像人们以为的那样只是BCR-ABL蛋白。那么,这是否意味着对其所结合的蛋白质虽然有选择性、但选择性又不是很强的药物才是我们要寻找的理想目标?


可靠的短期地震预测仍然无法做到

大约20年前,地震学家认识到,圣安德列斯断层的40公里长的Parkfield部分,是他们最有可能获得接近一次大地震的高质量测量结果的地方。他们安装了一个密度很大的仪器网络,来监测一个自1857年以来至少发生过6次大地震的区域。按预测应发生的地震没有在所预测的1993年发生,但监测工作继续进行,2004年9月终于发生了一次6级地震。所记录到的数据显示了以前从未看到过的地震过程的某些方面,但没有发现任何关于2004年Parkfield地震的明显前兆。所以,可靠的短期地震预测似乎仍然是做不到的,即便是在这样一个受到密集监测的地区。


一种很有希望的抗菌素

Defensins是在脊椎动物、高等植物和无脊椎动物中所发现的小的抗菌缩氨酸。现在,研究人员首次从一种真菌中分离出了一种抗菌Defensin (plectasin),这种真菌就是腐生子囊菌Pseudoplectania nigrella。Plectasin对于抵抗链球菌Streptococcus pneumoniae尤其活跃,其中包括对传统抗生素有抵抗力的一些菌种,这说明它有相当大的治疗潜力。它与蜘蛛、蝎子、蜻蜓和扁虱体内的Defensins非常相似,说明昆虫、软体动物和真菌的Defensins来自一个共同的祖先基因,而这个基因在10亿年以前很可能就已经存在了。


活细胞中两个重要调控系统之间的联系

研究人员在活细胞中的两个重要调控系统之间发现了一个机械联系,这两个调控系统分别是依赖于Ubiquitin的蛋白的降解作用和氮氧化物的信号作用。特别是,依赖于Ubiquitin的N-end-rule通道的“精氨酰化”分支被发现起氮氧化物传感器的作用,利用该通道的能力来以由氮氧化物控制的速度破坏含有N-端半胱氨酸的特定调控蛋白。这一发现除了改变人们今后看待这两个系统的方式外,还有医学上的意义,因为现在精氨酰转移酶正在成为心血管病中一个有潜在重要性的药物作用目标。


彗星Tempel 1是一个“冰质尘埃球”

美国国家航空航天局(NASA)的“深层碰撞”飞船今年7月4日在其与彗星Tempel 1以超过每小时36000公里的相对速度碰撞之后,就算完成其使命而寿终正寝了。全世界的天文望远镜以及外太空的天文望远镜都在密切关注这一事件,以求获取关于一颗彗星内部结构的尽可能多的信息。搭载在欧洲航天局的“罗塞塔”飞船上的OSIRIS照相机,在碰撞之前3天至碰撞之后10天对该事件进行了连续观测。这次碰撞产生了一个直径为60米的坑,所产生的碎片表明,该彗星是一个“冰质尘埃球”,而不是一个“尘埃雪球”,后一个概念我们更为熟悉。


一种人工合成的弹性蛋白

被称为“弹性蛋白”的蛋白质的弹性,是大约40年前在研究蝗虫和蜻蜓的飞行系统的过程中被发现的。这种性质被多数昆虫用于重复性任务,包括跳蚤和鸣蝉等。“弹性蛋白”是由一种名叫Pro-resilin的前身蛋白的交联形成的。现在,研究人员通过在大肠杆菌中表达Pro-resilin的基因,已经分离出了大量纯净形式的这种蛋白的弹性区。重组的Pro-resilin可通过光化学反应交联成一种跟橡胶一样的材料,具有天然“弹性蛋白”的很多性质。合成的弹性蛋白可以铸造成有用的形状,其变形后恢复的能力超过了高弹性橡胶,这使它成为工业和原位生物医学应用中一种很有希望的候选材料。


关于印尼小矮人的更多证据

一种来自印尼弗洛里斯岛的晚更新世的小体格原始人类的发现,引起人们很大兴趣,而将其化分为一个新种却存在争议。现在,关于这个被命名为Homo floresiensis的当地人种的情况有了更多证据。在弗洛里斯岛上一处名叫Liang Bua的地方挖掘出的遗骨包括另一个很小的成年下颚骨,距今已有15000年,以及最初发现的一个被称为LB1的“人”的右臂骨头。新发现的遗骨证实,在距今74000年前至距今12000年前,这里长期存在一个矮子人群,而且说明认为LB1只是一个有生长缺陷的个体的观点是不对的。还有证据表明,这些小矮人知道使用火,知道屠宰一种名叫Stegodon的像猛犸象一样的动物。


大脑VTA区域可能与药物记忆有关

与对可卡因和其他被滥用药物的上瘾有关。用小鼠所做的一项研究表明,VTA还可能参与形成跟药物有关的记忆。反复施用可卡因,会使药物在多巴胺神经元中的作用增强,这个现象被看作是一种记忆形式,在这种记忆中,共同发挥作用的交联的神经元彼此之间的联系变得更加紧密。可卡因似乎是通过减少由GABA调节的神经抑制来发挥作用的。这些变化也许可解释抗癫痫药物gamma-vinyl-GABA (vigabatrin)的作用,该药物目前正进行治疗可卡因上瘾的临床试验。


癌症与细胞分裂的关系

几乎一个多世纪以前首次提出的一个关于癌症始发机制的假设经受住了时间的考验。当时,德国生物学家Theodor Boveri提出,细胞分裂的失败可能会产生四倍体细胞(含有双份的染色体),后者然后进行多极有丝分裂,导致可诱发癌症的基因组不稳定性。Fujiwara等人通过用一个肌动蛋白抑制因子来阻断细胞分裂、产生四倍体细胞的方式验证了这一假设。所获得的细胞在试管中能发生转化,还能在小鼠身上自发产生肿瘤。转化的细胞表现出很强的基因组不稳定性,其中包括一个含有与乳腺癌有关的基因的区域的扩大。(Letters p. 1043)另一项研究表明,准确的染色体分离与人类细胞中细胞浆移动(Cytokinesis)的完成是联系在一起的。研究人员假设,如果一对染色体在有丝分裂过程中未能分离,将会形成两个非整倍的子细胞(即,其染色体的数量不是单倍体染色体数量的一个倍数)。相反,如果细胞分裂停止,至少在最初阶段会产生四倍体细胞,这种阻断机制可解释为什么某一个染色体的丢失或添加在癌症中相对比较少见,并且还可帮助预防某些癌症,尽管如Boveri曾经提出的那样,四倍体细胞也容易形成癌症。


本期目录:
Volume 437 Number 7061 pp927-1064

Editorials
Peace and honour p927
The 2005 Nobel Peace Prize is a timely reminder of the good work done by the International Atomic Energy Agency and its director, Mohamed ElBaradei.

doi: 10.1038/437927a

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From rhetoric to reality p927
President Bush's acknowledgement of the threat of pandemic flu is welcome, if belated.

doi: 10.1038/437927b

Full Text | PDF (133K)


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Advise the president p928
The merger of two White House advisory panels sends out the wrong message.

doi: 10.1038/437928a

Full Text | PDF (98K)


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Top of pageResearch Highlights
Research highlights p930
doi: 10.1038/437930a

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Top of pageNews
US progressives fight for a voice in bioethics p932
Left-leaning think-tank aims to influence political decisions.

Erika Check

doi: 10.1038/437932a

Full Text | PDF (262K)


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Nuclear group nabs peace prize p932
Jim Giles

doi: 10.1038/437932b

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Sidelines p933
doi: 10.1038/437933a

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More evidence for hobbit unearthed as diggers are refused access to cave p934
Excavations shed light on lifestyle of Homo floresiensis.

Rex Dalton

doi: 10.1038/437934a

Full Text | PDF (598K)

See also: Editor's summary


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Indonesia struggles to control bird flu outbreak p937
As officials in Washington discuss how to tackle outbreaks of bird flu more effectively (see From rhetoric to reality ), an outbreak in humans continues in Asia. Declan Butler assesses the situation in Indonesia, and finds out how likely it is that the virus might evolve into a pandemic strain.

Declan Butler

doi: 10.1038/437937a

Full Text | PDF (700K)


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Chemical exchange captures Nobel p938
Prize goes to trio who transformed organic synthesis.

Philip Ball

doi: 10.1038/437938a

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Ig Nobels hail world's longest-running experiment p938
Distinguished scientists gather in Boston for silliness awards.

Steve Nadis

doi: 10.1038/437938b

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News in brief p940
doi: 10.1038/437940a

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Correction p940
doi: 10.1038/437940b

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Top of pageNews Features
Drug discovery: Playing dirty p942
Forget drugs carefully designed to hit one particular molecule — a better way of treating complex diseases such as cancer may be to aim for several targets at once, says Simon Frantz.

doi: 10.1038/437942a

Full Text | PDF (276K)


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Conservation in Brazil: The forgotten ecosystem p944
Everyone knows about the Amazon rainforest, but Brazil's tropical savannah is arguably under greater threat. Emma Marris visits a testing ground for future conservation strategies.

doi: 10.1038/437944a

Full Text | PDF (1,009K)

See also: Editor's summary


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Neuroscience: The maestro of minds p946
With a mathematician's logic and the perfectionism of a concert pianist, Nikos Logothetis is making waves in cognitive neuroscience — and putting the German town of Tübingen on the scientific map. Alison Abbott pays him a visit.

doi: 10.1038/437946a

Full Text | PDF (478K)

See also: Editor's summary


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Top of pageBusiness
The technology trap p948
America's widely-admired system for transferring ideas from the lab to the marketplace is showing signs of distress. Virginia Gewin reports.

Virginia Gewin

doi: 10.1038/437948a

Full Text | PDF (281K)

See also: Editor's summary


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In brief p949
doi: 10.1038/437949a

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Market watch p949
doi: 10.1038/437949b

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Top of pageCorrespondence
Re-wilding: a bold plan that needs native megafauna p951
Martin A. Schlaepfer

doi: 10.1038/437951a

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Evolution was fine, just not in the case of humans p951
U Kutschera

doi: 10.1038/437951b

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NIH moved quickly to help researchers after Katrina p951
Elias Zerhouni

doi: 10.1038/437951c

Full Text | PDF (108K)


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Indian players in some of IT and biotech's top teams p951
Mukund Mehrotra

doi: 10.1038/437951d

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System to rank scientists was pedalled by Jeffreys p951
A. W. F. Edwards

doi: 10.1038/437951e

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Top of pageBooks and Arts
Before the storm p953
Katrina grabbed the headlines recently, but hurricanes have been a focus of attention for centuries.

Howard B. Bluestein reviews Divine Wind: The History and Science of Hurricanes by Kerry Emanuel

doi: 10.1038/437953a

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Fetal affliction p954
Michael Sargent reviews The Fetal Matrix: Evolution, Development and Disease by Peter Gluckman and Mark Hanson

doi: 10.1038/437954a

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Nuclear reactions p955
Brenda Howard reviews Wormwood Forest: A Natural History of Chernobyl by Mary Mycio

doi: 10.1038/437955a

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Exhibition: Collectors' items p955
doi: 10.1038/437955b

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Top of pageNews and Views
Palaeoanthropology: Further fossil finds from Flores p957
New fossil discoveries on Flores, Indonesia, bolster the evidence that Homo floresiensis was a dwarfed human species that lived at the end of the last ice age. But the species' evolutionary origins remain obscure.

Daniel E. Lieberman

doi: 10.1038/437957a

Full Text | PDF (276K)

See also: Editor's summary


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Planetary science: The impact of Deep Impact p958
A good look at the Deep Impact cometary encounter was taken by the Rosetta mission, itself on the way to a rendezvous with a comet in 2014. So what is a comet — icy dustball or dusty iceball?

Paul D. Feldman

doi: 10.1038/437958a

Full Text | PDF (193K)

See also: Editor's summary


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Ecology: Roots of stability p959
The 'insurance hypothesis' holds that ecosystem diversity is a good thing because diversity confers overall stability in the face of stressful conditions. Experiments on grassland support that view.

Peter D. Moore

doi: 10.1038/437959a

Full Text | PDF (182K)


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Materials science: At a stretch p961
Rosamund Daw

doi: 10.1038/437961a

Full Text | PDF (151K)

See also: Editor's summary


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Device physics: No-nuisance noise p962
'Silence is golden' is a maxim of limited applicability where stochastic resonance holds sway. The effect uses noise to boost signal output in certain systems — and has just been seen in oscillators on a very small scale.

Adi R. Bulsara

doi: 10.1038/437962a

Full Text | PDF (268K)


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Developmental biology: Cell cycle unleashed p963
How does fertilization cause animal eggs to begin embryonic development? Following entry of the sperm, the ingeniously regulated degradation of a protein seems to kick-start the stalled cell cycle.

Takeo Kishimoto

doi: 10.1038/437963a

Full Text | PDF (189K)


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50 & 100 years ago p963
doi: 10.1038/437963ba

Full Text | PDF (134K)


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Plant physiology: A big issue for trees p965
The age of a tree and its size tend to increase together. Disentangling the effects of these two factors on tree vitality is no easy task, but further evidence adds to the view that it is size that matters.

Josep Pe?uelas

doi: 10.1038/437965a

Full Text | PDF (363K)


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Top of pageBrief Communications
Culinary archaeology: Millet noodles in Late Neolithic China p967
A remarkable find allows the reconstruction of the earliest recorded preparation of noodles.

Houyuan Lu, Xiaoyan Yang, Maolin Ye, Kam-Biu Liu, Zhengkai Xia, Xiaoyan Ren, Linhai Cai, Naiqin Wu and Tung-Sheng Liu

doi: 10.1038/437967a

First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (444K) | Supplementary information

See also: Editor's summary


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Microwave devices: Carbon nanotubes as cold cathodes p968
Kenneth B. K. Teo, Eric Minoux, Ludovic Hudanski, Franck Peauger, Jean-Philippe Schnell, Laurent Gangloff, Pierre Legagneux, Dominique Dieumegard, Gehan A. J. Amaratunga and William I. Milne

doi: 10.1038/437968a

First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (194K) | Supplementary information


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Top of pageArticles
Implications for prediction and hazard assessment from the 2004 Parkfield earthquake p969
W. H. Bakun, B. Aagaard, B. Dost, W. L. Ellsworth, J. L. Hardebeck, R. A. Harris, C. Ji, M. J. S. Johnston, J. Langbein, J. J. Lienkaemper, A. J. Michael, J. R. Murray, R. M. Nadeau, P. A. Reasenberg, M. S. Reichle, E. A. Roeloffs, A. Shakal, R. W. Simpson and F. Waldhauser

doi: 10.1038/nature04067

Abstract | Full Text | PDF (1,289K) | Supplementary information

See also: Editor's summary | Authors


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Plectasin is a peptide antibiotic with therapeutic potential from a saprophytic fungus p975
Per H. Mygind, Rikke L. Fischer, Kirk M. Schnorr, Mogens T. Hansen, Carsten P. S?nksen, Svend Ludvigsen, Dorotea Raventós, Steen Buskov, Bjarke Christensen, Leonardo De Maria, Olivier Taboureau, Debbie Yaver, Signe G. Elvig-J?rgensen, Marianne V. S?rensen, Bj?rn E. Christensen, S?ren Kj?rulff, Niels Frimodt-Moller, Robert I. Lehrer, Michael Zasloff and Hans-Henrik Kristensen

doi: 10.1038/nature04051

Abstract | Full Text | PDF (394K) | Supplementary information

See also: Editor's summary


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The N-end rule pathway as a nitric oxide sensor controlling the levels of multiple regulators p981
Rong-Gui Hu, Jun Sheng, Xin Qi, Zhenming Xu, Terry T. Takahashi and Alexander Varshavsky

doi: 10.1038/nature04027

Abstract | Full Text | PDF (369K) | Supplementary information

See also: Editor's summary


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Top of pageLetters
A large dust/ice ratio in the nucleus of comet 9P/Tempel 1 p987
Michael Küppers, Ivano Bertini, Sonia Fornasier, Pedro J. Gutierrez, Stubbe F. Hviid, Laurent Jorda, Horst Uwe Keller, J?rg Knollenberg, Detlef Koschny, Rainer Kramm, Luisa-Maria Lara, Holger Sierks, Nicolas Thomas, Cesare Barbieri, Philippe Lamy, Hans Rickman, Rafael Rodrigo and The OSIRIS team

doi: 10.1038/nature04236

First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (267K)

See also: Editor's summary


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Geology and insolation-driven climatic history of Amazonian north polar materials on Mars p991
Kenneth L. Tanaka

doi: 10.1038/nature04065

First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (389K)

See also: Editor's summary


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Coherent signal amplification in bistable nanomechanical oscillators by stochastic resonance p995
Robert L. Badzey and Pritiraj Mohanty

doi: 10.1038/nature04124

First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (555K)


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Synthesis and properties of crosslinked recombinant pro-resilin p999
Christopher M. Elvin, Andrew G. Carr, Mickey G. Huson, Jane M. Maxwell, Roger D. Pearson, Tony Vuocolo, Nancy E. Liyou, Darren C. C. Wong, David J. Merritt and Nicholas E. Dixon

doi: 10.1038/nature04085

First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (271K) | Supplementary information

See also: Editor's summary | Authors


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Climatic controls on central African hydrology during the past 20,000 years p1003
Enno Schefu, Stefan Schouten and Ralph R. Schneider

doi: 10.1038/nature03945

First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (356K)


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The earliest dromaeosaurid theropod from South America p1007
Peter J. Makovicky, Sebastián Apesteguía and Federico L. Agnolín

doi: 10.1038/nature03996

First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (551K) | Supplementary information

See also: Editor's summary


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Further evidence for small-bodied hominins from the Late Pleistocene of Flores, Indonesia p1012
M. J. Morwood, P. Brown, Jatmiko, T. Sutikna, E. Wahyu Saptomo, K. E. Westaway, Rokus Awe Due, R. G. Roberts, T. Maeda, S. Wasisto and T. Djubiantono

doi: 10.1038/nature04022

First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (539K) | Supplementary information

See also: Editor's summary


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Vertebrate Smoothened functions at the primary cilium p1018
Kevin C. Corbit, Pia Aanstad, Veena Singla, Andrew R. Norman, Didier Y. R. Stainier and Jeremy F. Reiter

doi: 10.1038/nature04117

First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (372K) | Supplementary information

See also: Editor's summary


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SERRATE coordinates shoot meristem function and leaf axial patterning in Arabidopsis p1022
Stephen P. Grigg, Claudia Canales, Angela Hay and Miltos Tsiantis

doi: 10.1038/nature04052

First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (423K) | Supplementary information


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Repeated cocaine exposure in vivo facilitates LTP induction in midbrain dopamine neurons p1027
Qing-song Liu, Lu Pu and Mu-ming Poo

doi: 10.1038/nature04050

First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (766K) | Supplementary information

See also: Editor's summary


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A network-based analysis of systemic inflammation in humans p1032
Steve E. Calvano, Wenzhong Xiao, Daniel R. Richards, Ramon M. Felciano, Henry V. Baker, Raymond J. Cho, Richard O. Chen, Bernard H. Brownstein, J. Perren Cobb, S. Kevin Tschoeke, Carol Miller-Graziano, Lyle L. Moldawer, Michael N. Mindrinos, Ronald W. Davis, Ronald G. Tompkins, Stephen F. Lowry and Inflamm and Host Response to Injury Large Scale Collab. Res. Program

doi: 10.1038/nature03985

First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (629K) | Supplementary information


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Chromosome nondisjunction yields tetraploid rather than aneuploid cells in human cell lines p1038
Qinghua Shi and Randall W. King

doi: 10.1038/nature03958

First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (1,331K) | Supplementary information

See also: Editor's summary


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Cytokinesis failure generating tetraploids promotes tumorigenesis in p53-null cells p1043
Takeshi Fujiwara, Madhavi Bandi, Masayuki Nitta, Elena V. Ivanova, Roderick T. Bronson and David Pellman

doi: 10.1038/nature04217

First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (475K) | Supplementary information


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Calcium triggers exit from meiosis II by targeting the APC/C inhibitor XErp1 for degradation p1048
Nadine R. Rauh, Andreas Schmidt, Jenny Bormann, Erich A. Nigg and Thomas U. Mayer

doi: 10.1038/nature04093

First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (416K) | Supplementary information


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Solution structure of a protein denatured state and folding intermediate p1053
T. L. Religa, J. S. Markson, U. Mayor, S. M. V. Freund and A. R. Fersht

doi: 10.1038/nature04054

First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (767K) | Supplementary information


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