Volume 437 Number 7060 pp789-926
封面故事：短伽马射线暴
伽马射线暴（GRB）要么是“长而软的”，要么是“短而硬的”。持续时间长的类型会留下很长的余晖，而且已经受到广泛的研究，所以我们对它们是由什么造成的很了解：它们是由遥远的形成恒星的星系中巨大恒星的爆炸造成的。短伽马射线暴（没有很强的余晖）比较难以观测。去年11月发射的Swift卫星是设计用来在伽马射线暴刚一发生就对其进行观测的。事实证明，该卫星对观测长伽马射线暴是有用的（8月18日一期的Nature杂志上有报道）。现在，它又观测到了一个短的伽马射线暴，编号为GRB 050509b，精确测量了其位置，并且探测到了其X-射线余晖。本期Nature杂志上4篇论文报告了这一伽马射线暴及另外3个最近发生的短伽马射线暴。现在，在它们被首次发现20年之后的今天，我们才弄清楚，短伽马射线暴可能来源于一个双星体系的两颗恒星的合并以及一颗黑洞的同时产生。
中国医生宣称ALS和严重脊髓损伤的干细胞疗法
ALS（肌萎缩性(脊髓) 侧索硬化）是一种病情发展很快的神经肌肉疾病，也称为“娄格里格氏症”和“运动神经症”。有9成患者在确诊后5年内死亡。所以，中国医生Hongyun Huang宣布ALS和严重脊髓损伤能用干细胞疗法治愈的消息引起人们极大兴趣就不足为奇了。但治疗的程序以及疗效仍然存在争议。
磷霉素生物合成中一种酶的结构
寻找能够治疗对“甲氧苯青霉素”和“万古霉素”有抗药性的 “金黄葡萄球菌”的新抗生素的工作所获得的成果之一是“磷霉素”，它是一种利用在生物学上没有先例的酶反应来合成的抗生素。其新颖性在于由自由基调节的环氧化反应，是由该生物合成通道中最后的酶催化的。现在，这一含铁的酶的结构（处于4个中间态）已被确定，该结构显示了伴随催化过程所发生的构型变化。这项工作可用于新型抗体的设计以及单核铁架（mononuclear iron scaffolds）的蛋白工程。
原生代的海洋缺氧多硫
氧气含量的上升标志着时间长达25亿年、以低氧含量海洋为主导的时期的结束。根据地球化学证据，科学家普遍认为，尽管在随后的原生代中期（距今18亿－8亿年前）氧含量也上升了，但海洋基本保持缺氧的、多硫的状态，这种状态被认为对很多生命形式是不适合的。现在，在来自澳大利亚北部一个海盆的16亿年前的沉积岩中分子化石（碳氢化合物的生物标记物）的发现，为了解那个时期的海洋生态系统提供了线索。这些生物标记物记录了一个缺氧、多硫的世界，它不适合产生氧气的藻类的生存，但却适合产生硫化物的绿色和紫色细菌的大量繁殖。作为一个整体，这些生物标记物提供了关于原生代海洋状况的生物学证据，那个时期海洋中的氧含量远远低于今天。
模拟细菌和其他细胞游泳的微型人工装置
试图制造微型人工装置来模拟细菌和其他细胞游泳的努力此前几乎从未成功过。做到这一点的人工游泳装置外观像精子，但与精子不同的是，它们是朝其尾部方向、而不是朝其头部方向运动。每个游泳装置由一个由DNA连接的胶体磁性颗粒链组成，这个链是一种灵活的、由磁力驱动的“鞭毛”，附着在一个红血球上。这种装置使得研究人员有可能系统地探索纳米尺度游泳的最佳条件，甚至还可用于微小物体的精确定位或微量液体的操纵。
地震的远程诱发机制
1992年的Landers地震在加州其他地方诱发了一系列地震，从而将人们的注意力集中在了地震的远程诱发机制上。在实验室中对粒状材料在压力作用下的表现所做的实验表明，地震的诱发是地震波作用在一个断层上、诱导断层内核表现出弹性非线性行为的结果，同时伴随着断层的弱化和断裂。该实验所得到的“软化至弱化”模型很符合真实地震的实地观测结果。
辽宁新发现两个翼龙化石
在中国东北辽宁省的化石产地，研究人员曾经发现过大量会飞的爬行类动物化石。现在，这里又新发现了两个翼龙化石。这两个翼龙生活在距今大约2.25亿年前的白垩纪，属于以前只在欧洲发现的类别。分析表明，当时鸟类种类和数量超过翼龙；鸟类局限于内地，而翼龙则主要生活在靠近沿海的地方。
“利索新”不是由“根霉”产生的
抗肿瘤药物“利索新”（Rhizoxin）是一种由“根霉”（Rhizopus microsporus，引起最具破坏性的水稻疾病之一“水稻枯秧病”的病原体）产生的真菌代谢物。或者说，我们过去是这么认为的。现在，科学家已经发现，“根霉”并不是“利索新”的真正生产者。事实上，它是由“伯克霍尔德菌”（Burkholderia）属的一种细菌合成的，作为一种内共生体生活在该真菌中。“利索新”在植物细胞中引起细胞周期停滞，该真菌病原体及其细菌共生体都受益于所产生的腐烂中的植物物质。
1918流感病毒的基因组
了解引起1918－1919年流感流行的病毒的起源和毒性是一个长期目标，这并不是仅仅因为一个类似的病毒有可能在人群中出现。1918年，人们并没有分离出该病毒，所以对该病毒进行直接研究是不可能的，但一项旨在确定其基因组序列的研究工作在1995年开始了，研究人员所用的是从1918年流感死者身体组织中分离出的RNA片断。现在，在确定了该病毒聚合酶复合物的编码序列之后，其基因组序列的测序也就完成了。这些数据和最近获得的其他结果表明，1918年的流感病毒是一种来自禽类的病毒，后来适应了人类。这是在印度尼西亚报告了人类H5N1禽流感病毒之后人们所提出的一个冷静的想法。（Letter p. 889）本期Nature还在网上发表了美国一个大型研究项目的第一篇报告，该项目是用新的测序技术来获得所分离出的现代流感病毒的整个基因组信息。第一批数据（将公开发布，作为今后研究工作的基准）包括209个流感病毒分离种群的基因组。这些数据已经让我们看到了可能导致新病毒出现的突变和片断交换。
Shh信号作用与神经形成的关系
信号蛋白Sonic Hedgehog (Shh)最近被发现能在出生后啮齿类动物大脑中促进神经生成。利用一种新的基因细胞命运测绘技术所做的研究表明，很少分裂的一组成年神经干细胞也能对Shh的信号作用做出反应。这些静止的细胞在胚胎生成过程的后期被放在一边，然后在Shh信号作用调控下自我更新，并随着时间的推移产生多种细胞类型。人们知道Hedgehog信号作用参与跟组织修复和肿瘤生长有关的干细胞生物学过程：Shh调控的干细胞可能是这些过程中的一个因素。
眼睛能够分泌性激素
性激素可由眼睛分泌的发现在性通信领域是件新鲜事。由外泪腺分泌的一种雄性特有的非挥发性缩氨酸在如面部装扮等物理接触过程中会转移到雌性的信息素传感器官中，刺激特定信息素受体神经元，引起电反应。雄性的“缩氨酸”是一个以前未被识别出的、由分泌的缩氨酸组成的多基因大家族的一员。尚待识别的雌性信号以类似的方式发挥作用，说明这些信息素通过特定求偶行为调控性通信，而这反过来又能确保正确的性识别和辨别。
类脂代谢与免疫系统之间的一种联系
免疫与类脂代谢之间的一个出乎意料的联系已被发现。在正常能量输送过程中的类脂运输中和在动脉硬化症的发病过程中起关键作用的“阿朴脂蛋白”，被发现在免疫系统中也扮演一个角色。这里，它们在T-细胞激发过程所需的由CD1调控的类脂抗原的表达中发挥一种特别的作用。这一发现对于研究微生物免疫、自免疫和动脉硬化等具有参考价值。
本期目录：
Volume 437 Number 7060 pp789-926
Editorials
Reaching for the Moon p789
Naive or not, NASA's next shot at landing on the Moon can succeed only if it is launched as a genuinely international collaboration.
doi: 10.1038/437789a
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In need of rehab p789
The reputation of one of the world's most respected regulatory agencies is on the wane.
doi: 10.1038/437789b
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Welcome Nature Physics p790
The launch of a new Nature journal comes at an exciting time for physics.
doi: 10.1038/437790a
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Top of pageResearch Highlights
Research highlights p792
doi: 10.1038/437792a
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Top of pageNews
The 1918 flu virus is resurrected p794
The recreation of one of the deadliest diseases known could help us to prevent another pandemic. Or it might trigger one, say critics. Andreas von Bubnoff investigates whether the benefits outweigh the risks.
doi: 10.1038/437794a
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Sidelines p796
doi: 10.1038/437796a
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Japan jumps towards personalized medicine p796
Desktop-device uses advanced DNA chip to analyse patient's blood.
David Cyranoski
doi: 10.1038/437796b
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Q marks the spot as ancient sculptures yield their origins p797
Hopes raised that discovery will save Mayan site from local destruction.
Alexandra Witze
doi: 10.1038/437797a
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Electric current captures top sperm p799
Technique leads to birth of healthy baby after other methods fail.
Carina Dennis
doi: 10.1038/437799a
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Australia mooted as dump for world's nuclear waste p799
Former prime minister suggests uranium by-products could subsidize environmental projects.
Carina Dennis
doi: 10.1038/437799b
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Physics prize puts spotlight on optics p800
Understanding quantum nature of light led to breakthroughs.
Jim Giles
doi: 10.1038/437800a
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California prepares to roll out stem-cell funding p800
Cash may soon be flowing despite legal challenges.
Rex Dalton
doi: 10.1038/437800b
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Gut feeling secures medical Nobel for Australian doctors p801
Microbiologists win for proving link between bacteria and stomach ulcers.
Alison Abbott
doi: 10.1038/437801a
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News in brief p802
doi: 10.1038/437802a
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News in Brief: Correction p803
doi: 10.1038/437803a
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News in Brief: Clarification p803
doi: 10.1038/437803b
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Top of pageNews Features
Ornithology: Flight of the navigators p804
The Arctic is a unique testing ground for studying how birds navigate long distances. Jane Qiu catches up with an expedition to unravel the signals that help birds on their migrations.
doi: 10.1038/437804a
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American Chemical Society: Chemical reaction p807
The friction that arises when a scientific society aims both to serve its members and stay commercially competitive is generating heat within the American Chemical Society. Emma Marris takes the society's temperature.
doi: 10.1038/437807a
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Fetal-cell therapy: Paper chase p810
Thousands of patients are queueing to be treated by Hongyun Huang at his Beijing clinic. But no Western journal editor seems willing to publish his research. David Cyranoski talks to the neurosurgeon whose global reputation among the ailing hasn't swayed his peers.
doi: 10.1038/437810a
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Top of pageBusiness
Innovation endgame p813
The commercial practices of some universities are quietly being transformed by an international chess grandmaster, as Jim Giles reports.
doi: 10.1038/437813a
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Top of pageCorrespondence
Media should campaign on the basis of facts p814
Robert May
doi: 10.1038/437814a
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No evidence for Croatian race claims p814
Dragan Primorac
doi: 10.1038/437814b
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Katrina: don't blame the Bush administration p814
Stephen F. Larner
doi: 10.1038/437814c
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Katrina revealed need for reform. Let's not forget it p814
Alison Chaiken
doi: 10.1038/437814d
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Top of pageBooks and Arts
A secular religion p815
Should evolutionism be viewed as a modified descendant of Christianity?
John Hedley Brooke reviews The Evolution?Creation Struggle by Michael Ruse
doi: 10.1038/437815a
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The rise of the computer p816
Anthony Ralston reviews Electronic Brains: Stories from the Dawn of the Computer Age by Mike Hally
doi: 10.1038/437816a
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Exhibition: Lighting up the background p817
doi: 10.1038/437817a
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A philosopher's vision p817
Richard L. Gregory reviews Action in Perception by Alva No?
doi: 10.1038/437817b
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Top of pageEssay
A quantum recipe for life p819
Sixty years on, Erwin Schr?dinger's prediction that quantum mechanics would solve the riddle of how life started has not been fulfilled. But the appeal of using quantum theory to solve the mystery persists.
Paul Davies
doi: 10.1038/437819a
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Top of pageNews and Views
Microbiology: Loading the type III cannon p821
Many pathogenic bacteria possess a secretion machine that shoots noxious proteins into host cells. But the ammunition is larger than the bore of the bacterial gun, so how is it fed into the machine?
Bill Blaylock and Olaf Schneewind
doi: 10.1038/437821a
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Astrophysics: Short-burst sources p822
Measurements of the X-ray afterglow of long -ray bursts largely clarified the origin of these bright flashes of cosmic radiation. Their shorter-lived siblings are now beginning to divulge their secrets, too.
Luigi Piro
doi: 10.1038/437822a
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Microbiology: Conspirators in blight p823
A fungus and a bacterium have been found in a symbiotic alliance that attacks rice plants. Rice feeds more people than any other crop, but the significance of this finding extends beyond its potential agricultural use.
Ian R. Sanders
doi: 10.1038/437823a
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50 & 100 years ago p824
doi: 10.1038/437824a
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Condensed-matter physics: Melted by mistakes p824
Two-dimensional polymers are potentially useful structures — if we could only understand their properties. Observations of one polymer's intricate, two-stage, melting transition may help us do just that.
Edward J. Kramer
doi: 10.1038/437824b
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Ecology: Stars beneath the waves p826
David W. Sims
doi: 10.1038/437826a
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Palaeobiology: Sea change in sediments p826
Earth's oxygen levels increased slowly over a long and ill-defined transitional period around two billion years ago. A microbial 'footprint' from this era provides biological evidence to complement existing geological data.
David J. Des Marais
doi: 10.1038/437826b
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Obituary: Hermann Bondi (1919?2005) p828
Mathematician, cosmologist and public servant.
Leon Mestel
doi: 10.1038/437828a
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Top of pageBrief Communications
Entomology: Asian honeybees parasitize the future dead p829
When a queen dies, unrelated workers seize the chance to move into her nest and lay their own eggs.
Piyamas Nanork, Jürgen Paar, Nadine C. Chapman, Siriwat Wongsiri and Benjamin P. Oldroyd
doi: 10.1038/437829a
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Seismology: Dynamic triggering of earthquakes p830
Joan Gomberg and Paul Johnson
doi: 10.1038/437830a
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Top of pageArticles
Structure of the CED-4?CED-9 complex provides insights into programmed cell death in Caenorhabditis elegans p831
Nieng Yan, Jijie Chai, Eui Seung Lee, Lichuan Gu, Qun Liu, Jiaqing He, Jia-Wei Wu, David Kokel, Huilin Li, Quan Hao, Ding Xue and Yigong Shi
doi: 10.1038/nature04002
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Structural insight into antibiotic fosfomycin biosynthesis by a mononuclear iron enzyme p838
Luke J. Higgins, Feng Yan, Pinghua Liu, Hung-wen Liu and Catherine L. Drennan
doi: 10.1038/nature03924
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The afterglow of GRB 050709 and the nature of the short-hard -ray bursts p845
D. B. Fox, D. A. Frail, P. A. Price, S. R. Kulkarni, E. Berger, T. Piran, A. M. Soderberg, S. B. Cenko, P. B. Cameron, A. Gal-Yam, M. M. Kasliwal, D.-S. Moon, F. A. Harrison, E. Nakar, B. P. Schmidt, B. Penprase, R. A. Chevalier, P. Kumar, K. Roth, D. Watson, B. L. Lee, S. Shectman, M. M. Phillips, M. Roth, P. J. McCarthy, M. Rauch, L. Cowie, B. A. Peterson, J. Rich, N. Kawai, K. Aoki, G. Kosugi, T. Totani, H.-S. Park, A. MacFadyen and K. C. Hurley
doi: 10.1038/nature04189
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Top of pageLetters
A short -ray burst apparently associated with an elliptical galaxy at redshift z = 0.225 p851
N. Gehrels, C. L. Sarazin, P. T. O'Brien, B. Zhang, L. Barbier, S. D. Barthelmy, A. Blustin, D. N. Burrows, J. Cannizzo, J. R. Cummings, M. Goad, S. T. Holland, C. P. Hurkett, J. A. Kennea, A. Levan, C. B. Markwardt, K. O. Mason, P. Meszaros, M. Page, D. M. Palmer, E. Rol, T. Sakamoto, R. Willingale, L. Angelini, A. Beardmore, P. T. Boyd, A. Breeveld, S. Campana, M. M. Chester, G. Chincarini, L. R. Cominsky, G. Cusumano, M. de Pasquale, E. E. Fenimore, P. Giommi, C. Gronwall, D. Grupe, J. E. Hill, D. Hinshaw, J. Hjorth, D. Hullinger, K. C. Hurley, S. Klose, S. Kobayashi, C. Kouveliotou, H. A. Krimm, V. Mangano, F. E. Marshall, K. McGowan, A. Moretti, R. F. Mushotzky, K. Nakazawa, J. P. Norris, J. A. Nousek, J. P. Osborne, K. Page, A. M. Parsons, S. Patel, M. Perri, T. Poole, P. Romano, P. W. A. Roming, S. Rosen, G. Sato, P. Schady, A. P. Smale, J. Sollerman, R. Starling, M. Still, M. Suzuki, G. Tagliaferri, T. Takahashi, M. Tashiro, J. Tueller, A. A. Wells, N. E. White and R. A. M. J. Wijers
doi: 10.1038/nature04142
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Discovery of the short -ray burst GRB 050709 p855
J. S. Villasenor, D. Q. Lamb, G. R. Ricker, J.-L. Atteia, N. Kawai, N. Butler, Y. Nakagawa, J. G. Jernigan, M. Boer, G. B. Crew, T. Q. Donaghy, J. Doty, E. E. Fenimore, M. Galassi, C. Graziani, K. Hurley, A. Levine, F. Martel, M. Matsuoka, J.-F. Olive, G. Prigozhin, T. Sakamoto, Y. Shirasaki, M. Suzuki, T. Tamagawa, R. Vanderspek, S. E. Woosley, A. Yoshida, J. Braga, R. Manchanda, G. Pizzichini, K. Takagishi and M. Yamauchi
doi: 10.1038/nature04213
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The optical afterglow of the short -ray burst GRB 050709 p859
Jens Hjorth, Darach Watson, Johan P. U. Fynbo, Paul A. Price, Brian L. Jensen, Uffe G. J?rgensen, Daniel Kubas, Javier Gorosabel, Páll Jakobsson, Jesper Sollerman, Kristian Pedersen and Chryssa Kouveliotou
doi: 10.1038/nature04174
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Microscopic artificial swimmers p862
Rémi Dreyfus, Jean Baudry, Marcus L. Roper, Marc Fermigier, Howard A. Stone and Jér?me Bibette
doi: 10.1038/nature04090
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Biomarker evidence for green and purple sulphur bacteria in a stratified Palaeoproterozoic sea p866
Jochen J. Brocks, Gordon D. Love, Roger E. Summons, Andrew H. Knoll, Graham A. Logan and Stephen A. Bowden
doi: 10.1038/nature04068
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Nonlinear dynamics, granular media and dynamic earthquake triggering p871
Paul A. Johnson and Xiaoping Jia
doi: 10.1038/nature04015
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Pterosaur diversity and faunal turnover in Cretaceous terrestrial ecosystems in China p875
Xiaolin Wang, Alexander W. A. Kellner, Zhonghe Zhou and Diogenes de Almeida Campos
doi: 10.1038/nature03982
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Trophic cascades across ecosystems p880
Tiffany M. Knight, Michael W. McCoy, Jonathan M. Chase, Krista A. McCoy and Robert D. Holt
doi: 10.1038/nature03962
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Pathogenic fungus harbours endosymbiotic bacteria for toxin production p884
Laila P. Partida-Martinez and Christian Hertweck
doi: 10.1038/nature03997
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Characterization of the 1918 influenza virus polymerase genes p889
Jeffery K. Taubenberger, Ann H. Reid, Raina M. Lourens, Ruixue Wang, Guozhong Jin and Thomas G. Fanning
doi: 10.1038/nature04230
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (722K) | Supplementary information
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In vivo analysis of quiescent adult neural stem cells responding to Sonic hedgehog p894
Sohyun Ahn and Alexandra L. Joyner
doi: 10.1038/nature03994
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (395K) | Supplementary information
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Sex-specific peptides from exocrine glands stimulate mouse vomeronasal sensory neurons p898
Hiroko Kimoto, Sachiko Haga, Koji Sato and Kazushige Touhara
doi: 10.1038/nature04033
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (847K) | Supplementary information
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STIM1 is a Ca2+ sensor that activates CRAC channels and migrates from the Ca2+ store to the plasma membrane p902
Shenyuan L. Zhang, Ying Yu, Jack Roos, J. Ashot Kozak, Thomas J. Deerinck, Mark H. Ellisman, Kenneth A. Stauderman and Michael D. Cahalan
doi: 10.1038/nature04147
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Apolipoprotein-mediated pathways of lipid antigen presentation p906
Peter van den Elzen, Salil Garg, Luis León, Manfred Brigl, Elizabeth A. Leadbetter, Jenny E. Gumperz, Chris C. Dascher, Tan-Yun Cheng, Frank M. Sacks, Petr A. Illarionov, Gurdyal S. Besra, Sally C. Kent, D. Branch Moody and Michael B. Brenner
doi: 10.1038/nature04001
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (355K) | Supplementary information
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Chaperone release and unfolding of substrates in type III secretion p911
Yukihiro Akeda and Jorge E. Galán
doi: 10.1038/nature03992
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (439K) | Supplementary information
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Direct observation of steps in rotation of the bacterial flagellar motor p916
Yoshiyuki Sowa, Alexander D. Rowe, Mark C. Leake, Toshiharu Yakushi, Michio Homma, Akihiko Ishijima and Richard M. Berry
doi: 10.1038/nature04003
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Erratum: Deficiency of glutaredoxin 5 reveals Fe?S clusters are required for vertebrate haem synthesis p920
Rebecca A. Wingert, Jenna L. Galloway, Bruce Barut, Helen Foott, Paula Fraenkel, Jennifer L. Axe, Gerhard J. Weber, Kimberly Dooley, Alan J. Davidson, Bettina Schmid, Barry H. Paw, George C. Shaw, Paul Kingsley, James Palis, Heidi Schubert, Opal Chen, Jerry Kaplan, The Tübingen 2000 Screen Consortium and Leonard I. Zon
doi: 10.1038/nature04218
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Top of pageNaturejobs
Prospect
Out in the cold p921
Despite some programmes, minorities in US science remain under-represented
Paul Smaglik
doi: 10.1038/nj7060-921a
Full Text | PDF (140K)
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Postdocs and Students
To do today p922
Moving research quickly forward to publication tops the pre-tenure 'to do' list. Kendall Powell ticks off project management tips.
Kendall Powell
doi: 10.1038/nj7060-922a
Full Text | PDF (1,169K)
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Career Views
Geoffrey West, president, Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico p924
Theoretical physicist aims to create ideal interdisciplinary environment
Virginia Gewin
doi: 10.1038/nj7060-924a
Full Text | PDF (117K)
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Recruiters & Academia p924
Multitasking can lead to alternative career paths
Santa Jeremy Ono
doi: 10.1038/nj7060-924b
Full Text | PDF (117K)
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Graduate Journal: A time to reconnect p924
Taking a break, setting priorities
Tobias Langenhan
doi: 10.1038/nj7060-924c
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Top of pageFutures
Sandcastles: a dystopia p926
Caught up in a storm.
Kathryn Cramer
doi: 10.1038/437926a
Full Text | PDF (228K)
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