Volume 437 Number 7059 pp595-788封面故事：昆虫的凌波微步
在水面上行走的昆虫依靠表面张力支撑其重量：当它们需要到干的地方去的时候，它们就会碰到一个障碍，即水的边缘半月形的很滑的斜坡（即弯月面）。水对于我们来说是平坦的，但对于一只昆虫来说，只有几毫米长的这些弯月面看起来一定像是没有摩擦力的山坡。一项将实验和理论结合起来的研究工作显示，攀爬弯月面的昆虫能够利用漂浮物体之间的毛细管吸引力。这些昆虫会将自己锁定在一个静止的姿势，使自由表面变形，从而产生一个侧向毛细作用力，这个力推动它们往弯月面上爬，爬升的速度最大可达每秒30个身体长度。攀爬弯月面是一种独特的推动方式，之所以独特，是因为它并不要求昆虫移动自己的肢体。本期封面所示为一只名为Mesovelia的昆虫从右向左攀爬一个弯月面。（Letter p. 733）封面摄影：Lucy Mendel, David Hu and John Bush。
能自我复制的机器人
使得生物复制如此有效的是DNA模板从在其整个环境中随机分布的部件中选择正确建筑单元（核苷）的能力，以及纠正在复制过程中所犯错误的能力。这使得生物体系能够适时产生指数数量的正确版本的它们自己。来自麻省理工学院“Bits and Atoms研究中心”的一个小组研制出一种机器，它能利用一个类似的两步过程，来自动自我复制从随机定位的输入元件中选出的一串可以重新配置的部件。这样的机器人（进行了适当的微型化，而且能够批量生产）有可能成为由部件本身组装成的自我制造系统。
表面海水中的碳酸钙饱和度
海洋的表面海水被碳酸钙所饱和，这对如珊瑚等有外骨架的海洋生物和一些浮游植物来说是好消息。然而，当海洋因吸收由化石燃料所产生的二氧化碳而发生酸化时，碳酸钙的饱和度会降低。现在，新的研究表明，如果二氧化碳浓度继续以目前的速度增加，那么南大洋以及亚北极太平洋部分地方到2100年就“文石”（一种亚稳形式的碳酸钙）而言将会处于不饱和状态。这一发现说明，在高纬度地区，一些海洋生物在几十年之内（而不是像以前的研究工作所提出的那样在几个世纪之内）将不能生长出它们的由碳酸钙构成的外骨架。
植物激素“赤霉素”的一种可能的受体
植物激素“赤霉素”是如茎的伸长、植物的发芽和花的形成等发育过程所必需的。历史上重要的、与“赤霉素”相关的突变体包括孟德尔的矮豌豆和作为“绿色革命”产物的水稻和小麦的一些栽培变种。尽管我们在了解“赤霉素”功能上进展迅速，但此前尚未发现它的受体。现在，在科学家分离和定性一种新的对“赤霉素”不敏感的矮水稻变种gid1之后，我们便有了一个候选的受体。GID1所具有的性质使其成为第一种已知的可溶性植物激素受体。对GID1进一步进行定性，将能提供关于植物的茎如何伸长这样的基本发育过程的重要信息。
关于椭圆形星系合并过程的电脑模拟
宇宙中4/5以上是“暗物质”：它不能被直接看到，但我们之所以知道它的存在，是因为恒星的运动表明它们受到某种看不见的东西的引力吸引。按照这种理解，椭圆形星系（由螺旋形和碟形星系合并而成）所含的暗物质应当和其他任何星系一样多。所以，最近有人提出的它们不含暗物质的观点（因为在椭圆形星系中慢速移动的恒星的轨迹似乎不受暗物质引力牵拉的影响）是对传统宇宙观的一个打击。现在，Dekel等人报告了他们对产生椭圆形星系的合并过程的电脑模拟结果，发现这些过程能产生在慢速拉长的轨道上运行的恒星，即便合并后的星系含有通常数量的暗物质也是如此。
“手性”多孔金属氧化物
多孔金属氧化物在石化工业和其他方面有很多用途。它们的局限性是，其孔壁是无定形的。本期Nature报告的一组新的中孔锗氧化物有非常低的框架密度、巨大的孔和晶体孔壁。这些孔形成一系列相互穿透的左、右手螺旋体，在三维方向上运动。这些孔中有一半可以被阻断，使只有某一特定“手性”的孔仍然可用，从而获得一个“手性”通道系统。
黑猩猩的从众行为
人类并不是惟一想从众的，黑猩猩也有自己的文化标准。众所周知，黑猩猩在工具使用上有不同的地方传统，但一项新的研究表明，它们遵从群体标准的方式出乎预料地与人类相似。通过训练两个群体中每一个中的个体使用一种工具以不同方式取出所藏的食物，不同的技术便像种子一样播进了黑猩猩的社会群体中。这些技术在两个月的研究过程中演变成了亚文化。一些个体在不同的方法上可能会犯错误，但在本地的群体标准上它们都是一致的。人类遵从地方风俗习惯的演化起源可能要比以前所假设的古老得多。
“油菜素内酯”生物合成所需的条件
“油菜素内酯”(Brassinosteroids)是植物类固醇激素，它们能将光等环境因素与植物生长和发育耦合起来。用拟南芥所做的新的研究显示，要正常发挥功能，“油菜素内酯”生物合成所需的DWARF1蛋白（DWF1）必须结合到Ca2+结合蛋白“钙调素”（Calmodulin）上。来自其他植物的与DWF1相当的蛋白有一个类似的Ca2+/Calmodulin结合区。该发现提出这样一个可能性：通过基因工程方法培育不同大小的作物，以适应特定的环境条件。
细菌的群体通信方式
在一个被称为“群体感应”(Quorum sensing)的过程中，细菌彼此之间利用化学信号分子进行通信。这可让细菌群体的行为同步，在某些方面像多细胞生物一样行动。其中的一个化学通信分子被称为Autoinducer-2 (AI-2)，是一种细菌用来进行物种间通信的普遍分子。现在，研究人员发现，细菌的一些物种干涉由AI-2引导的通信。这可能使它们在混合物种群落中具有一个优势，如在人类肠道的微生物环境中。
“西尼罗河病毒”的一种有效单克隆抗体
“西尼罗河病毒”与引起人类流行病的登革热、黄热病和日本脑炎病毒关系密切。对一种特别有效的单克隆抗体（即使在感染5天后注射该抗体，也能保护小鼠不受致命的“西尼罗河病毒”的影响）所做的研究，为我们提供了关于病毒中和的结构基础的重要信息。这项工作表明，病毒包裹蛋白的第三个区域是治疗抗体和疫苗的潜在目标。
本期目录：
Volume 437 Number 7059 pp595-788
Editorials
Bridging the gulf p595
Ecologists and conservationists need to work more closely with economists and policy-makers if they are to make things happen on the ground.
doi: 10.1038/437595a
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A missed opportunity? p595
Japan's prime minister has a valuable chance to reform his nation's tired scientific institutions.
doi: 10.1038/437595b
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Do or die for design p596
A critical court case is addressing the teaching of 'intelligent design' in American schools.
doi: 10.1038/437596a
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Top of pageResearch Highlights
Research highlights p598
doi: 10.1038/437598a
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Corrections p599
doi: 10.1038/437599a
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Top of pageNews
Scientists unite in bid to drive policy p600
US researchers resort to politics to advance their cause.
Rex Dalton
doi: 10.1038/437600a
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Use of NIH funds placed under a spotlight p601
Congressman questions whether grants are being wisely.
Emma Marris
doi: 10.1038/437601a
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Pioneering HIV treatment would use interference and gene therapy p601
Researchers lay plans to test ambitious therapy.
Erika Check
doi: 10.1038/437601b
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Snapshot: Judges fall for a leaf's star quality p602
Image captures a plant's anti-insect armoury.
doi: 10.1038/437602a
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Europe tells Russia it faces HIV ruin p602
Government urged to act to prevent disaster.
Quirin Schiermeier
doi: 10.1038/437602b
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Political deadlock leaves scientists frustrated p603
Revision of research rules unlikely in wake of German election.
Quirin Schiermeier
doi: 10.1038/437603a
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Science comes second as NASA makes lunar plans p605
Engineering takes pole position as Moon missions shape up.
Tony Reichhardt
doi: 10.1038/437605a
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Sidelines p605
doi: 10.1038/437605b
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Cancer chief embraces top drugs job p606
Cancer chief takes on additional role at embattled FDA.
Meredith Wadman
doi: 10.1038/437606a
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Into the eye of the storm p607
As Hurricane Rita headed for the US coast, Mark Schrope scored a rare trip into the gathering winds.
doi: 10.1038/437607a
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School board in court over bid to teach intelligent design p607
Parents fight decision to include intelligent creator in science lessons.
Geoff Brumfiel
doi: 10.1038/437607b
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News in brief p608
doi: 10.1038/437608a
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Correction p609
doi: 10.1038/437609a
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Top of pageNews Features
Space telescopes: Mountain at the top p610
With one ageing telescope in space, and another mired in construction troubles on Earth, Matt Mountain has a tough job to do. Jeff Kanipe meets the new custodian of everyone's favourite space telescope.
doi: 10.1038/437610a
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Marine technology: Back to the bottom p612
Marine scientists are getting ready for their newest tool, a versatile robot submersible that can travel into the oceans' deepest abyss. Robert Cooke visits the Massachusetts lab where the future of deep-sea exploration is taking shape.
doi: 10.1038/437612a
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Conservation: Dollars and sense p614
Approaches to conservation that seek to protect the most endangered species have had only mixed success. Is it time to move away from biodiversity 'hotspots', and stress the economic value of ecosystems? Lucy Odling-Smee investigates.
doi: 10.1038/437614a
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Top of pageBusiness
Appetite downer awaits approval p618
A pill that works by putting the hunger induced by cannabis into reverse could jump-start a languishing market for obesity drugs, reports Meredith Wadman.
Meredith Wadman
doi: 10.1038/437618a
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In brief p619
doi: 10.1038/437619a
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Market watch p619
doi: 10.1038/437619b
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Top of pageCorrespondence
Small groups find fatal purpose through the web p620
Scott Atran and Jessica Stern
doi: 10.1038/437620a
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Most radiation-related deaths happened in 1945 p620
Burton Bennett
doi: 10.1038/437620b
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Public disclosure could deter conflicts of interest p620
Ned Feder
doi: 10.1038/437620c
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Top of pageBooks and Arts
Diversity and controversy p621
Why did a well-intentioned effort to understand human evolution go so wrong?
Diane Paul reviews Race to the Finish: Identity and Governance in an Age of Genomics by Jenny Reardon
doi: 10.1038/437621a
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Touching a nerve p622
Charles Stevens reviews The War of the Soups and the Sparks: The Discovery of Neurotransmitters and the Dispute over How Nerves Communicate by Elliot S. Valenstein
doi: 10.1038/437622a
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Roving the Solar System p623
William K. Hartmann reviews The Planets by Dava Sobel
doi: 10.1038/437623a
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Virtual life p623
doi: 10.1038/437623b
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Top of pageConcepts
Thinking big p625
Fritz London's single-minded thinking led him to surpass even Einstein, as he believed correctly that quantum mechanics was right at all scales, including the macroscopic.
Philip W. Anderson
doi: 10.1038/437625a
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Top of pageNews and Views
Plant biology: A receptor for gibberellin p627
The identification of a receptor for gibberellin, a plant signalling molecule, opens up new prospects for understanding plant growth and development. Not least, crop-selection programmes should benefit.
Dario Bonetta and Peter McCourt
doi: 10.1038/437627a
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Oceanography: Nutrients in remote mode p628
Phytoplankton productivity depends on the replenishment of nutrients in ocean surface waters. An explanation for a region of strikingly low productivity invokes a little-considered aspect of the nutrient cycle.
Marina Lévy
doi: 10.1038/437628a
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Fluid dynamics: Let us spray p629
Richard Webb
doi: 10.1038/437629a
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Systems biology: Deviations in mating p631
Why do cells of the same type, grown in the same conditions, look and behave so differently? Studying fluctuations in a well-characterized genetic pathway in yeast hints at how such variation arises.
Avigdor Eldar and Michael Elowitz
doi: 10.1038/437631a
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50 & 100 years ago p632
doi: 10.1038/437632a
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Materials science: Pore show p633
The holes of mesoporous materials provide sheltered venues for many catalytic and adsorbent processes. A complex and beautiful crystalline germanate structure widens the scope of such materials.
Hermann Gies
doi: 10.1038/437633a
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Obituary: Joseph Rotblat 1908?2005 p634
Physicist who committed his life to the cause of nuclear disarmament.
Sally Milne and Robert Hinde
doi: 10.1038/437634a
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Top of pageBrief Communications
Rheology: Liquefaction of quicksand under stress p635
A person trapped in salt-lake quicksand is not in any danger of being sucked under completely.
A. Khaldoun, E. Eiser, G. H. Wegdam and Daniel Bonn
doi: 10.1038/437635a
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Robotics: Self-replication from random parts p636
Saul Griffith, Dan Goldwater and Joseph M. Jacobson
doi: 10.1038/437636a
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Top of pageInsight: Surfaces and Interfaces - Produced with support from:
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Insight: Surfaces and Interfaces
Introduction: Surfaces and interfaces p637
Magdalena Helmer
doi: 10.1038/437637a
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A perspective on surfaces and interfaces p638
David L. Allara
doi: 10.1038/nature04234
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Interfaces and the driving force of hydrophobic assembly p640
David Chandler
doi: 10.1038/nature04162
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Controlled microfluidic interfaces p648
Javier Atencia and David J. Beebe
doi: 10.1038/nature04163
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Polymer-supported membranes as models of the cell surface p656
Motomu Tanaka and Erich Sackmann
doi: 10.1038/nature04164
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Colloidal nanocrystal synthesis and the organic?inorganic interface p664
Yadong Yin and A. Paul Alivisatos
doi: 10.1038/nature04165
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Engineering atomic and molecular nanostructures at surfaces p671
Johannes V. Barth, Giovanni Costantini and Klaus Kern
doi: 10.1038/nature04166
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Top of pageArticles
Anthropogenic ocean acidification over the twenty-first century and its impact on calcifying organisms p681
James C. Orr, Victoria J. Fabry, Olivier Aumont, Laurent Bopp, Scott C. Doney, Richard A. Feely, Anand Gnanadesikan, Nicolas Gruber, Akio Ishida, Fortunat Joos, Robert M. Key, Keith Lindsay, Ernst Maier-Reimer, Richard Matear, Patrick Monfray, Anne Mouchet, Raymond G. Najjar, Gian-Kasper Plattner, Keith B. Rodgers, Christopher L. Sabine, Jorge L. Sarmiento, Reiner Schlitzer, Richard D. Slater, Ian J. Totterdell, Marie-France Weirig, Yasuhiro Yamanaka and Andrew Yool
doi: 10.1038/nature04095
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The effect of advection on the nutrient reservoir in the North Atlantic subtropical gyre p687
Jaime B. Palter, M. Susan Lozier and Richard T. Barber
doi: 10.1038/nature03969
Abstract | Full Text | PDF (596K) | Supplementary information
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GIBBERELLIN INSENSITIVE DWARF1 encodes a soluble receptor for gibberellin p693
Miyako Ueguchi-Tanaka, Motoyuki Ashikari, Masatoshi Nakajima, Hironori Itoh, Etsuko Katoh, Masatomo Kobayashi, Teh-yuan Chow, Yue-ie C. Hsing, Hidemi Kitano, Isomaro Yamaguchi and Makoto Matsuoka
doi: 10.1038/nature04028
Abstract | Full Text | PDF (554K) | Supplementary information
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Regulated cell-to-cell variation in a cell-fate decision system p699
Alejandro Colman-Lerner, Andrew Gordon, Eduard Serra, Tina Chin, Orna Resnekov, Drew Endy, C. Gustavo Pesce and Roger Brent
doi: 10.1038/nature03998
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Top of pageLetters
Lost and found dark matter in elliptical galaxies p707
A. Dekel, F. Stoehr, G. A. Mamon, T. J. Cox, G. S. Novak and J. R. Primack
doi: 10.1038/nature03970
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Isotope-induced partial localization of core electrons in the homonuclear molecule N2 p711
Daniel Rolles, Markus Braune, Slobodan Cvejanovi, Oliver Gener, Rainer Hentges, Sanja Korica, Burkhard Langer, Toralf Lischke, Georg Prümper, Axel Reink?ster, Jens Viefhaus, Bj?rn Zimmermann, Vincent McKoy and Uwe Becker
doi: 10.1038/nature04040
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A mesoporous germanium oxide with crystalline pore walls and its chiral derivative p716
Xiaodong Zou, Tony Conradsson, Miia Klingstedt, Mike S. Dadachov and Michael O'Keeffe
doi: 10.1038/nature04097
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Field evidence for surface-wave-induced instability of sand dunes p720
Hicham Elbelrhiti, Philippe Claudin and Bruno Andreotti
doi: 10.1038/nature04058
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Trace element signature of subduction-zone fluids, melts and supercritical liquids at 120?180 km depth p724
Ronit Kessel, Max W. Schmidt, Peter Ulmer and Thomas Pettke
doi: 10.1038/nature03971
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Diatom carbon export enhanced by silicate upwelling in the northeast Atlantic p728
John T. Allen, Louise Brown, Richard Sanders, C. Mark Moore, Alexander Mustard, Sophie Fielding, Mike Lucas, Michel Rixen, Graham Savidge, Stephanie Henson and Dan Mayor
doi: 10.1038/nature03948
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Meniscus-climbing insects p733
David L. Hu and John W. M. Bush
doi: 10.1038/nature03995
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Conformity to cultural norms of tool use in chimpanzees p737
Andrew Whiten, Victoria Horner and Frans B. M. de Waal
doi: 10.1038/nature04047
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Ca2+/calmodulin is critical for brassinosteroid biosynthesis and plant growth p741
Liqun Du and B. W. Poovaiah
doi: 10.1038/nature03973
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WntD is a feedback inhibitor of Dorsal/NF-B in Drosophila development and immunity p746
Michael D. Gordon, Marc S. Dionne, David S. Schneider and Roel Nusse
doi: 10.1038/nature04073
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Interference with AI-2-mediated bacterial cell?cell communication p750
Karina B. Xavier and Bonnie L. Bassler
doi: 10.1038/nature03960
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Phosphatidylserine-dependent engulfment by macrophages of nuclei from erythroid precursor cells p754
Hideyuki Yoshida, Kohki Kawane, Masato Koike, Yoshimi Mori, Yasuo Uchiyama and Shigekazu Nagata
doi: 10.1038/nature03964
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A SUMOylation-dependent pathway mediates transrepression of inflammatory response genes by PPAR- p759
Gabriel Pascual, Amy L. Fong, Sumito Ogawa, Amir Gamliel, Andrew C. Li, Valentina Perissi, David W. Rose, Timothy M. Willson, Michael G. Rosenfeld and Christopher K. Glass
doi: 10.1038/nature03988
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Structural basis of West Nile virus neutralization by a therapeutic antibody p764
Grant E. Nybakken, Theodore Oliphant, Syd Johnson, Stephen Burke, Michael S. Diamond and Daved H. Fremont
doi: 10.1038/nature03956
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A non-haem iron centre in the transcription factor NorR senses nitric oxide p769
Beno?t D'Autréaux, Nicholas P. Tucker, Ray Dixon and Stephen Spiro
doi: 10.1038/nature03953
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Top of pageTechnology Features
Imaging: The big picture p775
Over the past ten years, microscopy has been transformed from slice, stain and fix, to the capacity to view living cells and even whole organisms in real time. Lisa Melton looks at what's on offer.
Lisa Melton
doi: 10.1038/437775a
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Table of suppliers p780
doi: 10.1038/437780a
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Top of pageNaturejobs
Prospect
Stemming the tide p783
Stem-cell policies could dictate job flow.
Paul Smaglik
doi: 10.1038/nj7059-783a
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Region
Capital attractions p784
Despite funding uncertainties, Berlin's facilities, charisma and cosmopolitan atmosphere continue to draw researchers from across Europe, says Quirin Schiermeier.
Quirin Schiermeier
doi: 10.1038/nj7059-784a
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Top of pageFutures
Feeling rejected p788
World beater.
Alastair Reynolds
doi: 10.1038/437788a
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