Volume 437 Number 7058 pp451-594封面故事：磷对生物多样性的影响大于氮
认为由人类活动造成的氮的富集作用正在威胁欧洲和北美的生物多样性的假设可能是错误的。对从西欧到西伯利亚、氮沉降量由高到低呈现梯度变化的草本陆地生态系统所做的一项调查表明，磷、而不是氮经常是关键元素。在所研究的274个地点，很多比较濒危的物种能在缺磷的条件下、而不是在缺氮的条件下存活下来，所以磷的量增加更可能引起物种丢失。倾向于减少氮富集的保护政策不大可能成功，相反，我们应当关注如何减少磷的含量。本期封面上所示为西西伯利亚的一处名为Great Vasyugan的泥炭地，这里有很多种生长在缺磷条件下的植物，其中一些能在封面照片上看到。主照片：Wladimir Bleuten；插图：Franziska Tanneberger。
专家提出应对《国际动物命名规范》进行较大更新
《国际动物命名规范》（第四版发布在网上，网址为）是为了规范动物物种的命名而制定的。该规范由“国际动物命名委员会”（ICZN）执行，该委员会是1895年成立的一个机构，代表所有动物学家承担规范动物物种命名的任务。在本期Nature上，该委员会执行秘书Andrew Polaszek与世界上很多主要自然历史博物馆的代表们提出，应在出版下一版时对该规范进行一次较大的更新。“动物银行”将是一个放在网上的、面向公众开放的资源，但对新名称有一个强制注册程序。ICZN已经启动了为期一年的磋商工作，想让“动物银行”建立并运行起来，以便在2008年纪念“林奈动物命名体系”建立250周年。
VEGF的生理功能
“血管内皮生长因子”（VEGF）由于其与血管生成有关、从而也与肿瘤生长有关而在近年来受到很多关注。VEGF抑制因子现在已用在治疗人类癌症上。但VEGF的促进血管渗透性的作用被认为也与其他疾病状态的病理有关，包括缺血性心脏病和中风。VEGF后面的这些作用是本期一篇综述文章所谈论的话题，该文对VEGF的生理功能做了推测，VEGF的出现不可能仅仅是为了加重中风和心脏病的病情。
人类“补体系统”C3的晶体结构
“补体系统”(Complement system)是先天免疫一个关键构成部分，能够直接杀死微生物。它在演化上是古老的，早于免疫球蛋白。现在人类“补体系统”C3的晶体结构已被确定。该结构除了显示出涉及先天免疫功能的一些机制外，对于我们了解哺乳动物一般性的多域大蛋白也有演化上的意义，它可能是迄今所确定的最大的蛋白结构（最长的链和最多的域）。
一种有“半导体闸流管”行为的有机盐
“半导体闸流管”是固体电子装置，其工作方式很像二极管。一旦被激发，一个“半导体闸流管”将始终保持导电状态，直到电流降到零和电流方向逆转，这时它将会关闭。它们被广泛用作逆变器（如将直流电变成交流电的转换器），并且在各种不同应用中用来控制电源的平稳性，如用在电动机和电冰箱上。现在，Sawano等人报告说，他们在一种导电的有机盐中发现了类似“半导体闸流管”的行为。与传统“半导体闸流管”不同的是，这种有机材料所表现出的“半导体闸流管”行为是一种“体量现象”（Bulk Phenomenon）。
2003年欧洲热浪的长期影响
2003年夏天出现的欧洲热浪很可能是自公元1500年以来该地区最热的时候。该热浪的直接影响有比较好的统计数字：“地球政策研究所”估计，该热浪至少造成35000人死亡。现在，该热浪的长期影响也开始表现出来。根据对生态系统的CO2通量与植物和作物所吸收的辐射量的测量结果以及一个模拟陆地生物圈的模型，一个多国研究小组发现，在2003年7月和8月间，由于极端高温和干旱的影响，整个欧洲约有5亿吨碳从森林和田间逃逸。模拟结果和历史数据表明，初级生产力的这种急剧下降在过去的一个世纪是前所未有的。如果这样的极端干旱出现的次数增加，那么温带生态系统将有可能成为一个碳源，并有可能加快全球变暖，正如热带地区所预期的那样。
一种海洋“泉古菌”被成功分离
海洋“泉古菌”（Crenarchaeota）是在寒冷环境中生存的古细菌家族的成员，是世界海洋上的主流浮游细菌。它们在全球地球化学循环中扮演一个主要角色。然而，自从它们10年多以前被发现以来，其生理学问题一直是个谜，主要是因为不可能在实验室培养液中生长它们。现在，研究人员报告，他们成功分离出了这些难以捉摸的细菌中的其中一种，它原来是一种硝化细菌，能够从将氨氧化成亚硝酸盐中获得能量。这个分离菌种与尚未培养的陆地古细菌之间在参与硝化作用的基因上的相似性说明，能够进行硝化作用的能力在海洋和陆地省的非喜温“泉古菌”中是广泛存在的。根据这个分离菌种的代谢来推断，似乎海洋“泉古菌”在全球碳和氮循环中一定扮演一个重要角色。
Orexin神经元与上瘾和过食的关系
含有神经肽Orexin的大脑侧下丘部的神经元的激发，可能是过食者和药物上瘾者产生强烈欲望的原因。对大鼠所做的一项研究表明，在一个条件实验中，这些Orexin神经元受到强烈刺激，其受到刺激的程度与试验动物寻找食物或药物的程度成比例。直接刺激这些Orexin神经元引起寻找药物的行为复发，向大脑中一个主要奖赏中心“腹侧被盖区”（ventral tegmental area）直接施用Orexin，能诱导产生一个类似的复发现象。这些发现显示了大脑中的一些动机和奖赏机制，并对了解和治疗药物上瘾和食量过度有参考价值。
P53与衰老
2002年1月发表在Nature杂志上的一篇论文引起研究衰老和癌症的科学家的注意：有一个过度活跃的p53肿瘤抑制因子基因的突变小鼠对癌症有抵抗力，但令人吃惊的是，它们也表现出早衰的迹象。在对缺少一种名为Zmpste24的金属蛋白酶的突变小鼠身上所观察到的令人吃惊的加速衰老现象（与人类的某些早衰症状类似）背后的分子机制所做的一项研究中，研究人员对p53信号通道与衰老之间的联系做了进一步探索。这种蛋白酶的缺少诱发一个p53信号通道，同时伴随着细胞衰老的增加和在机体层次上的加速衰老现象。
本期目录：
Volume 437 Number 7058 pp451-594
Editorials
Don't keep your distance p451
Investigations that involve human subjects always require a close relationship between the researchers and those being studied.
doi: 10.1038/437451a
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Value-free nanotech? p451
Efforts to gauge public attitudes to nanotechnology reveal concerns that can be readily addressed.
doi: 10.1038/437451b
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Science after Katrina p452
The hurricane disaster on the Gulf coast will change the federal government's research priorities.
doi: 10.1038/437452a
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Top of pageResearch Highlights
Research highlights p454
doi: 10.1038/437454a
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Top of pageNews
Astronomers reject the term 'planet' p456
Controversial plan would end debate over number of planets in Solar System.
Jim Giles
doi: 10.1038/437456a
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Brain imaging ready to detect terrorists, say neuroscientists p457
MRI scans can pick up lies, but raise ethical issues.
Jennifer Wild
doi: 10.1038/437457a
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Flu researchers slam US agency for hoarding data p458
Better sharing of information would help vaccine design.
Declan Butler
doi: 10.1038/437458a
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Industry money skews drug overviews p458
Meta-analyses gain a positive spin if funded by drug firms.
Jim Giles
doi: 10.1038/437458b
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Hurricane link to climate change is hazy p461
Research may show why storms in different regions respond differently to global warming.
Quirin Schiermeier
doi: 10.1038/437461a
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Lack of lab notes casts doubt on RNA researcher's results p461
Japanese university has been unable to confirm its professor's results.
Ichiko Fuyuno
doi: 10.1038/437461b
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After Katrina: tracking the toxic flood p462
Gulf mission assesses state of wildlife and fish stocks.
Adrianne Appel
doi: 10.1038/437462a
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Race claims spark fury over Croatia's school curriculum p463
Minister claims DNA shows Croats are only distantly related to other Slavs.
Alison Abbott
doi: 10.1038/437463a
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Sidelines p463
doi: 10.1038/437463b
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News in brief p465
doi: 10.1038/437465a
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Top of pageNews Features
Hurricane Katrina: Left behind p467
Two researchers survived the worst of Hurricane Katrina, caring for sick patients in a flooded hospital. Erika Check hears of their harrowing experience.
doi: 10.1038/437467a
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Atmospheric science: Inside information p468
Earth's climate depends strongly on clouds. But what really goes on within these layered structures? Heike Langenberg reports on two satellites that aim to find out.
doi: 10.1038/437468a
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Back to school p470
This month, as most researchers gear up to teach, two scientists are heading into the classroom to learn. Geoff Brumfiel asks why a physicist would want to enrol in biology lessons.
doi: 10.1038/437470a
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Conservation policy: Fishy futures p473
George Sugihara has gone from an academic career in biological oceanography to the world of high finance, and back again. Now he is applying the lessons he learned in business to the conservation of fish stocks. Rex Dalton reports.
doi: 10.1038/437473a
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Top of pageBusiness
Swooping for biotech p475
Big pharmaceutical companies are moving swiftly to acquire biotechnology companies — especially if they can snap them up on the cheap. Meredith Wadman reports.
Meredith Wadman
doi: 10.1038/437475a
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Top of pageCorrespondence
Re-wilding: no need for exotics as natives return p476
Eric Dinerstein and W. Robert Irvin
doi: 10.1038/437476a
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Re-wilding: don't overlook humans living on the plains p476
Steven Shay
doi: 10.1038/437476b
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How synthetic biology can avoid GMO-style conflicts p476
Mark Tepfer
doi: 10.1038/437476c
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Chiropractors start major study of spinal outcomes p476
Barry Lewis
doi: 10.1038/437476d
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Top of pageCommentary
A universal register for animal names p477
Andrew Polaszek and colleagues propose an open-access web-register for animal names, which they believe is vital to move taxonomy into the twenty-first century.
doi: 10.1038/437477a
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Top of pageBooks and Arts
Coping with interesting times p479
Unless we take action urgently, climate change could spell disaster for a wide range of living species.
Paul Colinvaux reviews Climate Change and Biodiversity
doi: 10.1038/437479a
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A path through the forest p480
Jeffry S. Isaacson reviews Nerve Endings: The Discovery of the Synapse by Richard Rapport
doi: 10.1038/437480a
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New in paperback p480
doi: 10.1038/437480b
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An ill-defined idea? p481
Andrew Scull reviews Lovers and Livers: Disease Concepts in History by Jacalyn Duffin
doi: 10.1038/437481a
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Science in culture p482
William Hunter at the Royal Academy of Arts.
Martin Kemp
doi: 10.1038/437482a
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Top of pageNews and Views
Environmental science: The carbon cycle under stress p483
In the summer of 2003, Europe experienced an exceptionally hot and dry spell. That 'natural experiment' prompted a continental-scale analysis of how terrestrial ecosystems respond to such climatic extremes.
Dennis Baldocchi
doi: 10.1038/437483a
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Structural biology: Origins of chemical biodefence p484
The idea that complex biological systems can evolve through a series of simple, random events is not universally accepted. The structure of a vital immune protein shows how such evolution can occur at a molecular level.
Robert Liddington and Laurie Bankston
doi: 10.1038/437484a
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Earth science: Unleaded high-performance p485
Previous measurements of uranium-series isotopes have implied uncomfortably fast speeds of melt movement through the mantle. Yet the latest results suggest such velocities were serious underestimates.
Tim Elliott
doi: 10.1038/437485a
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Structural biology: Form and function instructions p486
How much and what kind of information is required to fold a chain of amino acids into a functioning protein? It seems the problem may not be as daunting as once thought — the solution is in the coevolution data.
Jeffery W. Kelly
doi: 10.1038/437486a
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Synthetic chemistry: Recipes for excess p487
The selective production of a particular mirror-image form of a molecule is immensely important to organic synthesis. But techniques to find the right catalysts have traditionally been protracted and fiddly. Help is at hand.
John Hartwig
doi: 10.1038/437487a
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Techniques: Imaging at a distance p488
Magnetic resonance imaging is often limited by the need to encode information and acquire the resonance signals in less-than-ideal locations. Performing these two steps at different places provides a solution.
Siegfried Stapf
doi: 10.1038/437488a
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Top of pageNews and Views Feature
Pharmaceuticals: A new grammar for drug discovery p491
To realize the potential of the genome for identifying candidate drugs we must move beyond individual genes and proteins. The signalling pathways in cells provide the right level for such analyses.
Mark C. Fishman and Jeffery A. Porter
doi: 10.1038/437491a
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Top of pageBrief Communications
Ecology: 'Devil's gardens' bedevilled by ants p495
An ant species uses herbicidal weaponry to secure its own niche in the Amazonian rainforest.
Megan E. Frederickson, Michael J. Greene and Deborah M. Gordon
doi: 10.1038/437495a
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Climate modelling: Northern Hemisphere circulation p496
Nathan P. Gillett
doi: 10.1038/437496a
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Top of pageBrief Communications Arising
Human cooperation: Second-order free-riding problem solved? pE8
James H. Fowler
doi: 10.1038/nature04201
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Human cooperation: Second-order free-riding problem solved? (reply) pE8
Karthik Panchanathan and Rob Boyd
doi: 10.1038/nature04202
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Top of pageReview
Pathophysiological consequences of VEGF-induced vascular permeability p497
Sara M. Weis and David A. Cheresh
doi: 10.1038/nature03987
Abstract | Full Text | PDF (437K)
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Top of pageArticles
Structures of complement component C3 provide insights into the function and evolution of immunity p505
Bert J. C. Janssen, Eric G. Huizinga, Hans C. A. Raaijmakers, Anja Roos, Mohamed R. Daha, Kristina Nilsson-Ekdahl, Bo Nilsson and Piet Gros
doi: 10.1038/nature04005
Abstract | Full Text | PDF (709K) | Supplementary information
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Evolutionary information for specifying a protein fold p512
Michael Socolich, Steve W. Lockless, William P. Russ, Heather Lee, Kevin H. Gardner and Rama Ranganathan
doi: 10.1038/nature03991
Abstract | Full Text | PDF (544K) | Supplementary information
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Top of pageLetters
A large population of galaxies 9 to 12 billion years back in the history of the Universe p519
O. Le Fèvre, S. Paltani, S. Arnouts, S. Charlot, S. Foucaud, O. Ilbert, H. J. McCracken, G. Zamorani, D. Bottini, B. Garilli, V. Le Brun, D. Maccagni, J. P. Picat, R. Scaramella, M. Scodeggio, L. Tresse, G. Vettolani, A. Zanichelli, C. Adami, S. Bardelli, M. Bolzonella, A. Cappi, P. Ciliegi, T. Contini, P. Franzetti, I. Gavignaud, L. Guzzo, A. Iovino, B. Marano, C. Marinoni, A. Mazure, B. Meneux, R. Merighi, R. Pellò, A. Pollo, L. Pozzetti, M. Radovich, E. Zucca, M. Arnaboldi, M. Bondi, A. Bongiorno, G. Busarello, L. Gregorini, F. Lamareille, G. Mathez, Y. Mellier, P. Merluzzi, V. Ripepi and D. Rizzo
doi: 10.1038/nature03979
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An organic thyristor p522
F. Sawano, I. Terasaki, H. Mori, T. Mori, M. Watanabe, N. Ikeda, Y. Nogami and Y. Noda
doi: 10.1038/nature04087
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Optical isotropy and iridescence in a smectic 'blue phase' p525
Jun Yamamoto, Isa Nishiyama, Miyoshi Inoue and Hiroshi Yokoyama
doi: 10.1038/nature04034
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Europe-wide reduction in primary productivity caused by the heat and drought in 2003 p529
Ph. Ciais, M. Reichstein, N. Viovy, A. Granier, J. Ogée, V. Allard, M. Aubinet, N. Buchmann, Chr. Bernhofer, A. Carrara, F. Chevallier, N. De Noblet, A. D. Friend, P. Friedlingstein, T. Grünwald, B. Heinesch, P. Keronen, A. Knohl, G. Krinner, D. Loustau, G. Manca, G. Matteucci, F. Miglietta, J. M. Ourcival, D. Papale, K. Pilegaard, S. Rambal, G. Seufert, J. F. Soussana, M. J. Sanz, E. D. Schulze, T. Vesala and R. Valentini
doi: 10.1038/nature03972
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Minimum speed limit for ocean ridge magmatism from 210Pb?226Ra?230Th disequilibria p534
K. H. Rubin, I. van der Zander, M. C. Smith and E. C. Bergmanis
doi: 10.1038/nature03993
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Variations in earthquake-size distribution across different stress regimes p539
Danijel Schorlemmer, Stefan Wiemer and Max Wyss
doi: 10.1038/nature04094
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Isolation of an autotrophic ammonia-oxidizing marine archaeon p543
Martin K?nneke, Anne E. Bernhard, José R. de la Torre, Christopher B. Walker, John B. Waterbury and David A. Stahl
doi: 10.1038/nature03911
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Endangered plants persist under phosphorus limitation p547
Martin J. Wassen, Harry Olde Venterink, Elena D. Lapshina and Franziska Tanneberger
doi: 10.1038/nature03950
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DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 18 p551
Chad Nusbaum, Michael C. Zody, Mark L. Borowsky, Michael Kamal, Chinnappa D. Kodira, Todd D. Taylor, Charles A. Whittaker, Jean L. Chang, Christina A. Cuomo, Ken Dewar, Michael G. FitzGerald, Xiaoping Yang, Amr Abouelleil, Nicole R. Allen, Scott Anderson, Toby Bloom, Boris Bugalter, Jonathan Butler, April Cook, David DeCaprio, Reinhard Engels, Manuel Garber, Andreas Gnirke, Nabil Hafez, Jennifer L. Hall, Catherine Hosage Norman, Takehiko Itoh, David B. Jaffe, Yoko Kuroki, Jessica Lehoczky, Annie Lui, Pendexter Macdonald, Evan Mauceli, Tarjei S. Mikkelsen, Jerome W. Naylor, Robert Nicol, Cindy Nguyen, Hideki Noguchi, Sinéad B. O'Leary, Bruno Piqani, Cherylyn L Smith, Jessica A. Talamas, Kerri Topham, Yasushi Totoki, Atsushi Toyoda, Hester M. Wain, Sarah K. Young, Qiandong Zeng, Andrew R. Zimmer, Asao Fujiyama, Masahira Hattori, Bruce W. Birren, Yoshiyuki Sakaki and Eric S. Lander
doi: 10.1038/nature03983
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A role for lateral hypothalamic orexin neurons in reward seeking p556
Glenda C. Harris, Mathieu Wimmer and Gary Aston-Jones
doi: 10.1038/nature04071
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Dependence of Drosophila wing imaginal disc cytonemes on Decapentaplegic p560
Frank Hsiung, Felipe-Andrès Ramirez-Weber, D. David Iwaki and Thomas B. Kornberg
doi: 10.1038/nature03951
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Accelerated ageing in mice deficient in Zmpste24 protease is linked to p53 signalling activation p564
Ignacio Varela, Juan Cadi?anos, Alberto M. Pendás, Ana Gutiérrez-Fernández, Alicia R. Folgueras, Luis M. Sánchez, Zhongjun Zhou, Francisco J. Rodríguez, Colin L. Stewart, José A Vega, Karl Tryggvason, José M. P. Freije and Carlos López-Otín
doi: 10.1038/nature04019
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Insulin disrupts -adrenergic signalling to protein kinase A in adipocytes p569
Jin Zhang, Christopher J. Hupfeld, Susan S. Taylor, Jerrold M. Olefsky and Roger Y. Tsien
doi: 10.1038/nature04140
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The protein kinase A anchoring protein mAKAP coordinates two integrated cAMP effector pathways p574
Kimberly L. Dodge-Kafka, Joseph Soughayer, Genevieve C. Pare, Jennifer J. Carlisle Michel, Lorene K. Langeberg, Michael S. Kapiloff and John D. Scott
doi: 10.1038/nature03966
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Natural-like function in artificial WW domains p579
William P. Russ, Drew M. Lowery, Prashant Mishra, Michael B. Yaffe and Rama Ranganathan
doi: 10.1038/nature03990
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Crystal structure of the RNA component of bacterial ribonuclease P p584
Alfredo Torres-Larios, Kerren K. Swinger, Andrey S. Krasilnikov, Tao Pan and Alfonso Mondragón
doi: 10.1038/nature04074
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Top of pageNaturejobs
Prospect
An infinite learning curve p589
More scientists seek formal training beyond the PhD — for both on- and off-the bench skills.
Paul Smaglik
doi: 10.1038/nj7058-589a
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Postdocs and Students
Tag teams p590
A collaboration can produce powerful results when everyone pulls together, but if you go about it the wrong way, or with the wrong people, it may all fall down around you. Kendall Powell finds out how to choose the right partners.
Kendall Powell
doi: 10.1038/nj7058-590a
Full Text | PDF (324K)
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Career Views
Stanley Plotkin, board of directors, Dynavax, Berkeley, California p592
Academic Epidemiologist moves into industrial vaccinology.
Virginia Gewin
doi: 10.1038/nj7058-592a
Full Text | PDF (96K)
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Scientists & Societies p592
Training series for women scientists expands.
Geraldine Richmond, Richard M. and Patricia H. Noyes
doi: 10.1038/nj7058-592b
Full Text | PDF (96K)
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Graduate journal: Back-up plans p592
Graduate student learns the importance of back-ups — the hard way.
Jason Underwood
doi: 10.1038/nj7058-592c
Full Text | PDF (96K)
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Top of pageFutures
Falling p594
The view from here.
Benjamin Rosenbaum
doi: 10.1038/437594a
Full Text | PDF (171K)
