Volume 437 Number 7057 ppxiii-450封面故事：牛皮癣的病理
牛皮癣是一种常见的皮肤和关节炎症，人们对它的认识多种多样：有人认为它是一种影响皮肤的免疫病（由内到外假设），也有人认为它是一种有免疫后果的皮肤病（由外到内假设）。由于没有好的动物模型，所以一直难以肯定哪个假设是对的。现在，有了这样一个好的动物模型。Zenz等人从人类牛皮癣病灶中的表皮角质化细胞减少转录因子JunB的表达这一发现入手，开发出一个小鼠模型，在该模型中，JunB和c－Jun的可诱导的表皮删除，产生一种与牛皮癣几乎一样的症状。遗传证据表明，皮肤病灶是独立于免疫细胞形成的，关节炎主要是由TNF信号作用调控的。免疫细胞似乎仅仅只是对炎症的反应进行放大。本期封面所示为表达JunB（染成红色）的人类表皮。
牙釉质中碳-14含量反映人的年龄
大气中碳-14同位素的含量1955年之前相对比较稳定，当时地上核武器实验造成该同位素含量迅速上升。这为那些需要识别尸体的人提供了一个意想不到的工具，即确定年龄的一个准确方法。在1955－63年间，由于当时允许进行大气层核试验，来自核弹的放射性碳同位素积累进了牙釉质中。所沉积的数量可以有效指示一个人是什么时候出生的，准确到1.6年之内，而传统方法的准确性在5－10年之间。
基因测序的新一代技术
一场大奖赛正在进行当中：这就是为世界上的DNA测序实验室提供能够替代曾经给了我们第一代基因组序列的“基于桑格的”技术的新一代技术。属于这个范围内的其中一项技术是由美国康州Brandford的“454生命科学公司”推出的。当前技术每小时最多读67000个碱基对，而该新技术的速度要快100倍，每小时读600万个碱基对。该新技术性能的提高，是由于它采用了皮升大小的化学反应器、增强的光发射测序化学和尖端的信息学手段。该公司已计划对样品制备和测序程序进一步微型化。技术上的这种跳跃式发展，终有一天将使得人们有可能在设计治疗方法之前先对一个人的基因组进行分析，这是个性化医学的终极目标。
半裸的类星体
在发现了一颗并不在一个巨大主星系中心的类星体之后，人们也许可以原谅天体物理学家偶尔会产生某种“幻觉”。上个世纪90年代中期，已经发现“裸露类星体”的断言曾让科学家们激动了一阵。类星体是宇宙中最强大的能量来源之一，它们的能量被认为来自物质向位于一个巨大星系中心的一个黑洞里面掉的过程。没有星系为其提供动力的类星体似乎是不合时宜的，而观测表明，“裸露类星体”根本不属于这种类型：它们的主星系只是被这些类星体极亮的光掩盖住了。所以，“新的”类星体不是裸露的，而是穿的不太多。HE0450-2958位于一个大气体云的边缘，如果它有一个主星系，那么它一定是太小，不能驱动该类星体，后者也许依靠来自它可能与其发生相互作用的一个附近的超亮红外星系。这一发现可能会改变我们对这些天体形成方式的认识，也说明孤立的超大黑洞在宇宙中可能是存在的。
纳米磁体的磁振荡同步
磁性薄膜多层材料在数据存储、半导体记忆和传感器等方面有很多用途。“旋转扭矩效应”（利用电流来快速转动材料中的磁性成分的效应）可能导致这一新技术在越来越小的尺度上有新的用途，如可以利用该技术制造出只有一个细菌大小的无线电收音机。现在，两个研究小组独立实现了相距只有400－500纳米的这样两个纳米磁体的磁振荡的同步，或称相锁定。这些振荡能产生电信微波信号，由这些纳米磁体构成的一个阵列还可能成为一个接收器，使微芯片能够在没有物理接触的情况下进行通信，从而大大加快计算速度。
甲烷水合物分解与全球变化
现在裸露在英国约克郡沿海某处的泥岩，记录了距今1.80亿年前的早侏罗纪一个迅速全球气候变化时期所盛行的气候条件。研究人员认为，大量火山活动和太阳辐射的变化诱发了甲烷气体的大量释放和灾难性的全球变暖。来自约克郡泥岩的碳同位素数据，显示了由天文变化驱动的甲烷水合物分解的三个快速脉冲：其中两个脉冲与海洋物种的灭绝巧合。
大地震与小地震的联系
人们普遍的假设是，一次地震后经历的时间越长，下一次地震造成的板块滑动会越大。这个假设似乎不适合1960年发生的9.5级的智利地震。上一次地震到1960年的这一次地震只经过了123年， 但这次地震的板块滑动却相当于大约300年时间的板块滑动。根据历史资料、河口地层学数据、硅藻古生态学数据和树木年轮数据，Cisternas等人描绘了在这次智利大地震之前发生在1575、1737和1837年的地震。这些历史记录表明，1960年的智利大地震释放了以前较小的地震尚未释放的能量。
马蹄蝙蝠避免近亲繁殖的办法
亲缘关系在合作行为的保持中是一个重要因素，但增加社会群体内亲缘关系的策略也可能有其不好的一面，即会造成过量的近亲繁殖。然而，雌性大马蹄蝙蝠却有两种新颖的繁殖行为，这两种行为在增加一个群落中的亲缘关系的同时却不会增加近亲繁殖。大多数雌性个体多年时间反复与特定雄性个体交配，母亲和女儿定期与同一雄性交配，但几乎总能避开她们自己的血亲。
原核生物中膜囊泡对细胞通信的调控作用
细菌的很多社会活动是由复杂的物种间细胞到细胞的信号作用（群体感应）体系协调的，但我们对群体感应调控社会行为的方式却了解的不全面。现在，用病原体“绿脓杆菌”所做的实验表明，一个重要的细胞间信号被装进了外膜囊泡中，这些囊泡是通信和群体行为的关键。有趣的是，该信号分子也调控它自己被包装进这些囊泡中的过程。由囊泡调控的运输在真核生物中是常见的，但这是首次关于膜囊泡作为原核生物中通信调控因子的报告。
河口的巨浪是怎样形成的
美国俄勒冈州和华盛顿州边界上哥伦比亚河的河口是冲浪爱好者非常喜欢的地方，吸引他们的是那里的浪高可以达到9米。但在它们之下的海水中，达10层楼高的海浪经常会传播到北太平洋。卫星图像以及由当地的飞行员和水手拍摄的照片记录了由这些巨浪引起的表面现象，但在没有陡峭海床地形的情况下它们的产生机制仍然是个谜。现在，对河口中表层下水流所做的一项详细研究，显示了这些巨浪的第三个要素，它能解释这些海浪为什么那么大。
本期目录：
Volume 437 Number 7057 ppxiii-450
Authors
Making the paper: Shehzaad Kaka and Fred Mancoff pxiii
Power from some devices can be more than the sum of their parts.
doi: 10.1038/7057xiiia
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Abstractions pxiii
doi: 10.1038/7057xiiib
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Quantified: Chile pxiii
doi: 10.1038/7057xiiic
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Top of pageEditorials
The hand that feeds p295
The efficiency of research agencies and their responsiveness to grant applicants vary widely around the world. It is time for the laggards to reform.
doi: 10.1038/437295a
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Global reach p295
Nations need a more effective way to coordinate their responses to environmental challenges.
doi: 10.1038/437295b
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All things equal p296
Lack of affordable child care is a major impediment to women's careers, in science as elsewhere.
doi: 10.1038/437296a
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Top of pageResearch Highlights
Research highlights p298
doi: 10.1038/437298a
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Top of pageNews
New Orleans researchers fight to salvage work from submerged labs p300
Full extent of damage unclear as scientists question preparations for storm.
Rex Dalton
doi: 10.1038/437300a
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First tests show flood waters high in bacteria and lead p301
Domestic waste, sewage and vehicle fuels make toxic mix.
Emma Marris
doi: 10.1038/437301a
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US tests satellite tool for hurricane monitoring p301
Radar can see inside the eye of a storm.
Quirin Schiermeier
doi: 10.1038/437301b
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Ornithologists stunned by bird collector's deceit p302
Catalogue of fraud has taken years to uncover.
Rex Dalton
doi: 10.1038/437302a
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Free mice herald launch of Asia?Pacific network p302
Biologists make efforts to improve regional ties.
Carina Dennis
doi: 10.1038/437302b
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Can we score the millennium goals? p304
Critics say UN needs to collect better data.
Roxanne Khamsi
doi: 10.1038/437304a
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Europe backs trials on drugs for kids p304
Vote calls for stricter regulation of children's medicines.
Jennifer Wild
doi: 10.1038/437304b
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UK embryo licence draws global attention p305
Green light given to controversial experiment.
Erika Check
doi: 10.1038/437305a
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Sidelines p306
doi: 10.1038/437306a
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Spacecraft on course to score a first with asteroid samples p306
Japanese probe poised for collect-and-return mission.
Tony Reichhardt
doi: 10.1038/437306b
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News in brief p307
doi: 10.1038/437307a
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Top of pageNews Features
Research grants: The nightmare before funding p308
Asked to name one thing they hate about their jobs, many scientists say grant applications. Nature's reporters have asked researchers just why the process is so frustrating, and what can be done to improve matters.
doi: 10.1038/437308a
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Environmental health: Megacity, mega mess... p312
The creaking infrastructure of Indonesia's capital is overwhelmed by people, vehicles and pollution. As urbanization gathers pace across the developing world, Jessica Marshall visits Jakarta to witness its stomach-churning consequences.
doi: 10.1038/437312a
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Top of pageBusiness
Defence group aims for take-off p316
A share offering beckons this autumn for QinetiQ, a business that is being built out of some of Britain's most famous military research laboratories. Andrea Chipman reports.
doi: 10.1038/437316a
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In brief p317
doi: 10.1038/437317a
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Market watch p317
Quirin Schiermeier
doi: 10.1038/437317b
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Top of pageCorrespondence
Re-wilding: introductions could reduce biodiversity p318
Christopher Irwin Smith
doi: 10.1038/437318a
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Re-wilding: other projects help carnivores stay wild p318
Guillaume Chapron
doi: 10.1038/437318b
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Malaysia can't thrive while it excludes minority talent p318
In Yee Phang
doi: 10.1038/437318c
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Harry Potter and the prisoner of presumption p318
Antony N. Dodd, Carlos T. Hotta and Michael J. Gardner
doi: 10.1038/437318d
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Top of pageBooks and Arts
Fear of the future p319
Will scientific innovation bring progress and benefits, or just risks and dangers?
Hubert S. Markl reviews Uners?ttliche Neugier: Innovation in einer fragilen Zukunft. [Insatiable Curiosity: Innovation in a Fragile Future]Helga Nowotny
doi: 10.1038/437319a
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A climate for social change p320
Julian Hunt reviews The Weather in the Imagination by Lucian Boia
doi: 10.1038/437320a
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Early views of viewing p321
John M. Findlay reviews The Moving Tablet of the Eye: The Origins of Modern Eye Movement Research by Nicholas J. Wade and Benjamin W. Tatler
doi: 10.1038/437321a
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Top of pageEssay
Concept
Dirac's hidden geometry p323
Paul Dirac insisted that his approach to quantum physics was geometric not algebraic. But where is the evidence of this in his pioneering, algebra-rich papers?
Graham Farmelo
doi: 10.1038/437323a
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Top of pageNews and Views
Nanotechnology: Nano-oscillators get it together p325
Synchronized radiation from arrays of oscillators is widely used in microwave and wireless communications. Phase-locked oscillations produced at the atomic level now pave the way for devices on the nanoscale.
Pritiraj Mohanty
doi: 10.1038/437325a
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Genomics: Massively parallel sequencing p326
A sequencing system has been developed that can read 25 million bases of genetic code — the entire genome of some fungi — within four hours. The technique may provide an alternative approach to DNA sequencing.
Yu-Hui Rogers and J. Craig Venter
doi: 10.1038/437326a
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Device physics: Enlightening solutions p327
White-light-emitting diodes are becoming increasingly important, but what is the best way to build compact devices possessing high efficiency? Bright prospects are offered by multi-layer organic devices grown from solution.
Klaus Meerholz
doi: 10.1038/437327a
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50 & 100 years ago p328
doi: 10.1038/437328a
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Earthquakes: Giant returns in time p329
The behaviour of a seismic fault in Chile seemed to confound predictions of how often giant earthquakes should recur. Examination of a 2,000-year record of tsunami deposits in the region clarifies matters.
Sergio Barrientos
doi: 10.1038/437329a
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Microbiology: Bacterial speech bubbles p330
Many bacteria socialize using diffusible signals. But some of these messages are poorly soluble, so how do they move between bacteria? It seems they can be wrapped up in membrane packages instead.
Stephen C. Winans
doi: 10.1038/437330a
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Correction p330
doi: 10.1038/437330b
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Obituary: Charles David Keeling 1928?2005 p331
Pioneer in the modern science of climate change.
Martin Heimann
doi: 10.1038/437331a
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Top of pageBrief Communications
Forensics: Age written in teeth by nuclear tests p333
A legacy from above-ground testing provides a precise indicator of the year in which a person was born.
Kirsty L. Spalding, Bruce A. Buchholz, Lars-Eric Bergman, Henrik Druid and Jonas Frisén
doi: 10.1038/437333a
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Botany: Floral fluorescence effect p334
Fernando Gandía-Herrero, Francisco García-Carmona and Josefa Escribano
doi: 10.1038/437334a
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Top of pageBrief Communications Arising
DNA polymerases: Hoogsteen base-pairing in DNA replication? pE6
Jimin Wang
doi: 10.1038/nature04199
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DNA polymerases: Hoogsteen base-pairing in DNA replication? (reply) pE7
Aneel Aggarwal, Deepak Nair, Robert Johnson, Louise Prakash and Satya Prakash
doi: 10.1038/nature04200
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Top of pageInsight: Bio-Oceanography -
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Insight: Bio-Oceanography
Bio-oceanography p335
Jane Rees
doi: 10.1038/437335a
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Genomic perspectives in microbial oceanography p336
Edward F. DeLong and David M. Karl
doi: 10.1038/nature04157
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Molecular diversity and ecology of microbial plankton p343
Stephen J. Giovannoni and Ulrich Stingl
doi: 10.1038/nature04158
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Marine microorganisms and global nutrient cycles p349
Kevin R. Arrigo
doi: 10.1038/nature04159
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Viruses in the sea p356
Curtis A. Suttle
doi: 10.1038/nature04160
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Polar ocean ecosystems in a changing world p362
Victor Smetacek and Stephen Nicol
doi: 10.1038/nature04161
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Top of pageArticles
Psoriasis-like skin disease and arthritis caused by inducible epidermal deletion of Jun proteins p369
Rainer Zenz, Robert Eferl, Lukas Kenner, Lore Florin, Lars Hummerich, Denis Mehic, Harald Scheuch, Peter Angel, Erwin Tschachler and Erwin F. Wagner
doi: 10.1038/nature03963
Abstract | Full Text | PDF (805K) | Supplementary information
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Genome sequencing in microfabricated high-density picolitre reactors p376
Marcel Margulies, Michael Egholm, William E. Altman, Said Attiya, Joel S. Bader, Lisa A. Bemben, Jan Berka, Michael S. Braverman, Yi-Ju Chen, Zhoutao Chen, Scott B. Dewell, Lei Du, Joseph M. Fierro, Xavier V. Gomes, Brian C. Godwin, Wen He, Scott Helgesen, Chun He Ho, Gerard P. Irzyk, Szilveszter C. Jando, Maria L. I. Alenquer, Thomas P. Jarvie, Kshama B. Jirage, Jong-Bum Kim, James R. Knight, Janna R. Lanza, John H. Leamon, Steven M. Lefkowitz, Ming Lei, Jing Li, Kenton L. Lohman, Hong Lu, Vinod B. Makhijani, Keith E. McDade, Michael P. McKenna, Eugene W. Myers, Elizabeth Nickerson, John R. Nobile, Ramona Plant, Bernard P. Puc, Michael T. Ronan, George T. Roth, Gary J. Sarkis, Jan Fredrik Simons, John W. Simpson, Maithreyan Srinivasan, Karrie R. Tartaro, Alexander Tomasz, Kari A. Vogt, Greg A. Volkmer, Shally H. Wang, Yong Wang, Michael P. Weiner, Pengguang Yu, Richard F. Begley and Jonathan M. Rothberg
doi: 10.1038/nature03959
Abstract | Full Text | PDF (311K) | Supplementary information
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Top of pageLetters
Discovery of a bright quasar without a massive host galaxy p381
Pierre Magain, Géraldine Letawe, Frédéric Courbin, Pascale Jablonka, Knud Jahnke, Georges Meylan and Lutz Wisotzki
doi: 10.1038/nature04013
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Extreme oxygen isotope ratios in the early Solar System p385
Jér?me Aléon, Fran?ois Robert, Jean Duprat and Sylvie Derenne
doi: 10.1038/nature03947
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Mutual phase-locking of microwave spin torque nano-oscillators p389
Shehzaad Kaka, Matthew R. Pufall, William H. Rippard, Thomas J. Silva, Stephen E. Russek and Jordan A. Katine
doi: 10.1038/nature04035
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Phase-locking in double-point-contact spin-transfer devices p393
F. B. Mancoff, N. D. Rizzo, B. N. Engel and S. Tehrani
doi: 10.1038/nature04036
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Astronomical pacing of methane release in the Early Jurassic period p396
David B. Kemp, Angela L. Coe, Anthony S. Cohen and Lorenz Schwark
doi: 10.1038/nature04037
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River plumes as a source of large-amplitude internal waves in the coastal ocean p400
Jonathan D. Nash and James N. Moum
doi: 10.1038/nature03936
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Predecessors of the giant 1960 Chile earthquake p404
Marco Cisternas, Brian F. Atwater, Fernando Torrejón, Yuki Sawai, Gonzalo Machuca, Marcelo Lagos, Annaliese Eipert, Cristián Youlton, Ignacio Salgado, Takanobu Kamataki, Masanobu Shishikura, C. P. Rajendran, Javed K. Malik, Yan Rizal and Muhammad Husni
doi: 10.1038/nature03943
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (620K) | Supplementary information
See also: Editor's summary | News and Views by Barrientos
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Mate fidelity and intra-lineage polygyny in greater horseshoe bats p408
Stephen J. Rossiter, Roger D. Ransome, Christopher G. Faulkes, Steven C. Le Comber and Gareth Jones
doi: 10.1038/nature03965
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (177K) | Supplementary information
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A sensory source for motor variation p412
Leslie C. Osborne, Stephen G. Lisberger and William Bialek
doi: 10.1038/nature03961
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WNT7b mediates macrophage-induced programmed cell death in patterning of the vasculature p417
Ivan B. Lobov, Sujata Rao, Thomas J. Carroll, Jefferson E. Vallance, Masataka Ito, Jennifer K. Ondr, Savita Kurup, Donald A. Glass, Millan S. Patel, Weiguo Shu, Edward E. Morrisey, Andrew P. McMahon, Gerard Karsenty and Richard A. Lang
doi: 10.1038/nature03928
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Membrane vesicles traffic signals and facilitate group activities in a prokaryote p422
Lauren M. Mashburn and Marvin Whiteley
doi: 10.1038/nature03925
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A mechanosensory complex that mediates the endothelial cell response to fluid shear stress p426
Eleni Tzima, Mohamed Irani-Tehrani, William B. Kiosses, Elizabetta Dejana, David A. Schultz, Britta Engelhardt, Gaoyuan Cao, Horace DeLisser and Martin Alexander Schwartz
doi: 10.1038/nature03952
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An essential role for CoREST in nucleosomal histone 3 lysine 4 demethylation p432
Min Gyu Lee, Christopher Wynder, Neil Cooch and Ramin Shiekhattar
doi: 10.1038/nature04021
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LSD1 demethylates repressive histone marks to promote androgen-receptor-dependent transcription p436
Eric Metzger, Melanie Wissmann, Na Yin, Judith M. Müller, Robert Schneider, Antoine H. F. M. Peters, Thomas Günther, Reinhard Buettner and Roland Schüle
doi: 10.1038/nature04020
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Mesoscale conformational changes in the DNA-repair complex Rad50/Mre11/Nbs1 upon binding DNA p440
Fernando Moreno-Herrero, Martijn de Jager, Nynke H. Dekker, Roland Kanaar, Claire Wyman and Cees Dekker
doi: 10.1038/nature03927
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Top of pageNaturejobs
Prospect
Time for a change p445
Medical training could use a break with tradition.
Paul Smaglik
doi: 10.1038/nj7057-445a
Full Text | PDF (120K)
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Special Report
Small steps towards campus child care p446
For women researchers, child care can be a major obstacle to getting back to the lab. Virginia Gewin looks at the options for working mums.
Virginia Gewin
doi: 10.1038/nj7057-446a
Full Text | PDF (746K)
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Career Views
Albert-László Barabási, visiting scientist, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts p448
Mathematician follows networks.
Virginia Gewin
doi: 10.1038/nj7057-448a
Full Text | PDF (123K)
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Recruiters & Academia: A level playing field p448
Postdoc ponders alternative advancement schemes.
Michael Edel
doi: 10.1038/nj7057-448b
Full Text | PDF (123K)
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Graduate Journal: The right path p448
Graduate student revisits earlier choices.
Tobias Langenhan
doi: 10.1038/nj7057-448c
Full Text | PDF (123K)
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Top of pageFutures
Men sell not such in any town p450
In the realm of the senses.
Nalo Hopkinson
doi: 10.1038/437450a
Full Text | PDF (301K)
