| 2005年09月01日 Nature中文摘要 | 点击： 作者： 来源： 时间： 2006-11-11 本站论坛
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|  | Volume 437 Number 7055 pp1-168
封面故事：黑猩猩与人类基因组的具体区别
本期封面所示为乌干达Kibale国家公园的成年雌性黑猩猩“朱莉”。这张照片是2004年8月16日拍摄的，在“朱莉”生其第一个孩子之前几个星期，是拍摄者Kevin Langergraber对野生黑猩猩遗传相关性的社会效应所做的研究工作的一部分。这个星期，在关于我们人类现有近亲普通黑猩猩和矮黑猩猩的研究领域有一个具有里程碑意义的事件：“黑猩猩测序和分析联盟”发表了对黑猩猩基因组的初步测序结果，同时还发表了将黑猩猩基因组与人类基因组所做的比较（p. 69）。这篇论文描述了自人类和黑猩猩从我们的共同祖先分化以来形成人类与黑猩猩两个物种的那些变化，显示了人类所特有的一些遗传变异：3500万个单核苷酸取代、500万个小插入和删除、局部重排和一个染色体融合。对黑猩猩和人类基因组中的基因复制所做的比较（p. 88）显示了黑猩猩和人类在基因表达方面的差异，这些差异可能是决定疾病易感性的遗传基础。对人类基因组所做的一项研究表明，亚端粒是最近的染色体复制和基因转换的热点（p. 94）。通过对黑猩猩进行比较测序，研究人员发现，在人类演化过程中，与Y-有关的基因被保留了下来（p. 101）。这一组论文中的最后一篇填补了我们的一个知识空白：首次发现的黑猩猩化石表明，黑猩猩和早期人类生活在它们演化和分化的同一环境中（p. 105）。这些化石（三颗牙齿）来自肯尼亚50万年前的沉积物，这里也出土过早期人类化石。本期Nature为这些研究论文配发了4篇“进展”综述文章（p. 52），这些文章分析了黑猩猩的文化、社会行为、心理和认知。在本期Nature的另一篇论文中，研究人员介绍了如何与黑猩猩打交道的问题。另外，还有一篇特写文章总结了其他灵长类基因组研究项目，有两篇“评论”文章（p. 27, 30）分析了与类人猿研究工作有关的重要伦理问题。
橄榄油与布洛芬
新榨出的橄榄油中的酚类化合物有助于香味达到一种独特的平衡，而其中的一种化合物，即deacetoxy -ligstroside aglycone (Oleocanthal)的一种醛类衍生物，所起的作用可能远不止这个。它的辛辣味道能在喉咙中诱发一种蜇痛的感觉，就像“非类固醇消炎药” Ibuprofen（布洛芬）所引起的感觉一样。现在，研究表明，这种相似的感觉还可能说明，二者之间有共同的药理活性。Oleocanthal是一种天然的、有消炎作用的化合物，其药效和特点都与布洛芬非常像。一种富含橄榄油的地中海饮食据称所具有的某些保健作用与“非类固醇消炎药”的作用相同是否是一种巧合呢？
断层喷液口
来自墨西哥湾南尤金岛Block 330油气田的证据表明，那里的断层区曾是从地壳深层上升的流体的通道。现在，这些“断层喷液口”中的一个已被直接观测到。地震反射成像研究显示，一个流体脉冲在迅速上升，在1985至1992年间上升了1公里。这样的喷液现象在地表下烃类迁移中可能是重要因素。
一种用于量子通信的接口
通过使用电信光纤，有可能方便地实现与光量子位的量子通信，但一个量子网络的记忆和处理元件（一般为碱性原子）是在更短的波长工作。现在，Tanzilli等人报告，他们研制出一种接口，它能使量子位在这些不同波长之间进行转移，同时又保持其重要的量子性质。这样的接口在基于静止的原子记忆和运动的光量子位的量子信息网络中有可能会派上用场。
地球冰期循环的时序与原因
在过去的100万年时间里，地球的气候经历了一系列冰期和间冰期，但这个循环的性质（如气温、冰的体积和海平面高度等）和造成该循环的原因我们都不是很了解。Bintanja等人采用一种新方法来推导这些变量的一个100万年的时序。他们重建的记录要远远长于其他方法为这些变量中任何一个所重建的记录。最强烈的冰川期比今天的气温低17摄氏度，地球的大陆冰中的大部分在北美洲。冰川期开始时强烈的变冷作用发生在冰层累积起来之前。这些发现可能会为了解冰期循环的原因提供线索。
中国经济增长所造成的大气污染
中国经济的迅速扩张正在显现出其对环境的影响。由化石燃料和生物质燃料燃烧所释放的氮氧化物造成的大气污染预计在大多数工业化国家将减少，但在世界上经济发展迅速的一些地方，这样的大气污染可能会产生相反的效应。现在，在1996－2004年间所进行的卫星观测证实了这些预测。在欧洲部分地区和北美洲，下层大气中（对流层中）氮氧化物浓度大大降低，但在中国的工业区上空，下层大气中氮氧化物浓度却增加了约50%，并且年增长速度还有加速趋势。这个数字远远大于根据排放数据所做的预测。BIOX
地震中造成滑动削弱的原因
我们对地震断裂的动能学问题以及断裂表面形成和滑动削弱的机制很不了解。Chester等人，通过测量与沿Punchbowl断层的断裂损伤（圣安德烈斯体系中的洛杉矶县Devil's Punchbowl公园中的一个200米厚的位移）的形成有关的能量幅度，发现沿一个成熟断层所形成的断裂的表明能量只能解释地震学家计算出的大地震期间所释放的能量的很少一部分。这说明，热增压和熔化润滑等机制很可能是造成滑动削弱的原因。
免疫监视与肿瘤的免疫性
癌症“免疫监视”是T-细胞自发识别和消除肿瘤的一种行为，人们知道它控制某些与病毒有关的肿瘤，但它在控制自然形成的肿瘤中的作用却是一个比较有争议的问题。如果涉及到了免疫监视，那么任何终能生长的有免疫力的肿瘤都可能是逃脱的变异体，是因为它们具有低致免疫性而被T-细胞所选择的。现在，研究人员培育出一种新的转基因小鼠模型，在这种小鼠中，从单个细胞能形成零星的肿瘤，它们表达一种所定义的、具有肿瘤特异性的排斥抗原。这种新模型使得研究人员有可能来分析针对从单个细胞慢慢发育形成的肿瘤的自发免疫响应，从而尽可能真实地反映肿瘤发育的生理过程。用这些小鼠所做的实验表明，不存在免疫监视：零星的致免疫肿瘤是通过诱导T-细胞耐受性、而不是通过丧失它们内在的致免疫性来逃过T-细胞打击的。
能在陆地上运动的泥盆纪四足鱼
泥盆纪（距今约3.5亿年前）四足动物的起源是脊椎动物演化过程中的关键一步。在泥盆纪四足动物研究中第一个、而且很可能是单一最重要的发现是Ichthyostega，它是一种来自格陵兰的四足鱼，首次描述于1932年。现在，根据这个原始材料和后来收集的标本，研究人员对这种鱼的化石重新进行了一次复原。新复原的化石与以前复原的化石有根本的不同，它有一个区域化的脊柱，与哺乳动物的脊柱非常像。这个骶前脊柱好像几乎没有侧向灵活性，但腰椎区域有垂直灵活性。这说明，Ichthyostega也许能够利用一种双侧对称的“拖曳”动作在陆地上运动。这种动作可能是为让四足身体结构适应在陆地上运动而进行的一次早期的、最终却未能成功的尝试，这个问题后来被一个与Ichthyostega亲缘关系非常近的四足动物种系解决了。
核仁磷酸蛋白在正常细胞中的作用
核仁磷酸蛋白（Nucleophosmin）是雌激素调控的一种核仁蛋白，与包括“骨髓发育不良综合症”（英文缩写MDS，是一组以骨髓中血细胞生产过量为特征的疾病）在内的若干种癌症有关。现在，研究人员发现，核仁磷酸蛋白在正常细胞中也有一个作用：它是正常胚胎发育、尤其是控制中心体复制和基因组稳定性所必需的。小鼠NPM1基因缺失后会出现与MDS患者相似的症状。
本期目录：
Volume 437 Number 7055 pp1-168
Editorials
Responding to uncertainty p1
Public controversies that involve scientific uncertainty can be influenced by mavericks. Open confrontation and analysis serves the public better than excommunication.
doi: 10.1038/437001a
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Still not deterred p1
Universities should back researchers determined to stand up for animal research in the face of terrorism.
doi: 10.1038/437001b
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Three cheers p2
This issue of Nature includes several reasons for editorial celebration.
doi: 10.1038/437002a
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Top of pageResearch Highlights
Research highlights p4
doi: 10.1038/437004a
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Top of pageNews
Advice on nuclear safety set for update in wake of floods p6
Tsunami highlights reactor vulnerability.
Quirin Schiermeier
doi: 10.1038/437006a
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Snapshot: Sea heats up for hurricane season p7
Satellite shows warm ocean waters.
doi: 10.1038/437007a
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Hospital closure puts tissue bank in jeopardy p7
Pathologists ponder fate of key medical repository.
Geoff Brumfiel
doi: 10.1038/437007b
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Designs on Europa unfurl p8
Earth flyby may bring mission within NASA's budget.
Tony Reichhardt
doi: 10.1038/437008a
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Scientist quits climate-change panel p9
Row over report prompts resignation.
Geoff Brumfiel
doi: 10.1038/437009a
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NIH ethics rules come off probation p9
Ban on consulting fees to be reviewed next year.
Emma Marris
doi: 10.1038/437009b
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Governors take the initiative over US carbon dioxide emissions p11
Nine states impose limits on greenhouse-gas pollution.
Emma Marris
doi: 10.1038/437011a
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Sidelines p12
doi: 10.1038/437012a
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Satellite view alerts China to soaring pollution p12
Air quality is worse than thought — and is deteriorating fast.
David Cyranoski
doi: 10.1038/437012b
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Commuters remain stoical in face of terrorist attacks p13
Experience of terrorism may have helped Londoners overcome stress.
Jennifer Wild
doi: 10.1038/437013a
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News in brief p14
doi: 10.1038/437014a
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Top of pageNews Features
Chimp genome: Branching out p17
The chimp was a great start. But the genomes of our other primate relatives will help to reveal a whole lot more, says Carina Dennis.
doi: 10.1038/437017a
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What the chimp means to me p20
Interacting with our closest living relative can be a profound experience. To mark the publication of the chimpanzee genome, Nature asked four individuals for their different perspectives.
doi: 10.1038/437020a
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Top of pageBusiness
US set to endorse human pesticide testing p24
Pesticide manufacturers are pushing hard to ensure that data from toxicity tests on people can be used in licence applications for their products.
Meredith Wadman
doi: 10.1038/437024a
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In brief p25
doi: 10.1038/437025a
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Market watch p25
doi: 10.1038/437025b
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Top of pageCorrespondence
Time to use neuroscience findings in teacher training p26
Daniel Ansari
doi: 10.1038/437026a
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Embryo's moral status is unaffected by alteration p26
Lee Turnpenny
doi: 10.1038/437026b
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Industrial practices set no standard for science p26
Steven Tait
doi: 10.1038/437026c
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Farming need not replace fishing if stocks are rebuilt p26
Julia K. Baum, Jana M. McPherson and Ransom A. Myers
doi: 10.1038/437026d
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Top of pageCommentaries
The ethics of research on great apes p27
In the wake of the chimpanzee genome publication, Pascal Gagneux, James J. Moore and Ajit Varki consider the ethical and scientific challenges for scientists who work on captive great apes.
doi: 10.1038/437027a
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A unique biomedical resource at risk p30
Research using chimpanzees has been crucial in the fight against human diseases such as hepatitis. John L. VandeBerg, Stuart M. Zola and colleagues urge that this now dwindling resource be sustained.
doi: 10.1038/437030a
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Top of pageBooks and Arts
A family resemblance p33
We are closely related to other apes, but how similar are we really?
Robert Sapolsky reviews Our Inner Ape by Frans de Waal
doi: 10.1038/437033a
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Symmetry by numbers p34
István Hargittai reviews The Equation that Couldn't be Solved: How Mathematical Genius Discovered the Language of Symmetry by Mario Livio
doi: 10.1038/437034a
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Robots have feelings too p35
Dylan Evans reviews Who Needs Emotions? The Brain Meets the Robot edited by Jean-Marc Fellous and Michael A. Arbib
doi: 10.1038/437035a
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Top of pageNews and Views
Astrophysics: How to make a massive star p37
Two competing theories have been applied to the formation of high-mass stars. Observations of two stellar systems now suggest that the accretion model has a weightier claim than its rival merger model.
Barbara A. Whitney
doi: 10.1038/437037a
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Palaeontology: Between water and land p38
The most informative examples of large-scale evolution are provided by major transitions between environments. Fresh research on an ancient amphibian shows how it adapted to locomotion both in water and on land.
Robert L. Carroll
doi: 10.1038/437038a
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Palaeoclimate: The riddle of the sediments p39
The ratio of oxygen isotopes contained in the signal in deep-sea sediments can tell us a great deal about past ice-volume variations. The challenge is to disentangle the different contributions to the signal.
Mark Siddall
doi: 10.1038/437039a
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Cancer immunology: Cat and mouse games p41
The immune system is intimately involved in how tumours develop. But how do tumours avoid being killed by immune responses? It seems that in some instances they can lull immune cells into a false sense of security.
Cornelis J. M. Melief
doi: 10.1038/437041a
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50 & 100 years ago p41
doi: 10.1038/437041b
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Obituary: John Norris Bahcall 1935?2005 p43
Nuclear astrophysicist who uncovered the solar neutrino problem.
Jeremiah P. Ostriker
doi: 10.1038/437043a
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Top of pageBrief Communications
Phytochemistry: Ibuprofen-like activity in extra-virgin olive oil p45
Enzymes in an inflammation pathway are inhibited by oleocanthal, a component of olive oil.
Gary K. Beauchamp, Russell S. J. Keast, Diane Morel, Jianming Lin, Jana Pika, Qiang Han, Chi-Ho Lee, Amos B. Smith and Paul A. S. Breslin
doi: 10.1038/437045a
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Geophysics: A moving fluid pulse in a fault zone p46
Matthew M. Haney, Roel Snieder, Jon Sheiman and Steven Losh
doi: 10.1038/437046a
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Top of pageBrief Communications Arising
Plant genetics: Hothead healer and extragenomic information pE1
Abed Chaudhury
doi: 10.1038/nature04062
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Plant genetics: RNA cache or genome trash? pE1
Animesh Ray
doi: 10.1038/nature04063
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Plant genetics: Hothead healer and extragenomic information (reply) pE2
Susan J. Lolle, Jennifer L. Victor, Jessica M. Young and Robert E. Pruitt
doi: 10.1038/nature04064
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Top of pageThe Chimpanzee Genome
The chimpanzee genome p47
Chris Gunter and Ritu Dhand
doi: 10.1038/436047a
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Timeline: A brief history of chimps p48
As our closest living relative, the chimpanzee holds a unique fascination for researchers from anthropologists to geneticists. Here, we chart the history of mankind's relationship with the chimp, culminating in this week's landmark genomic achievement.
doi: 10.1038/437048a
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News & Views: The chimpanzee and us p50
Publication of the draft DNA sequence of the chimpanzee genome is an especially notable event: the data provide a treasury of information for understanding human biology and evolution.
Wen-Hsiung Li and Matthew A. Saunders
doi: 10.1038/437050a
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Top of pageProgress
The second inheritance system of chimpanzees and humans p52
Andrew Whiten
doi: 10.1038/nature04023
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A century of getting to know the chimpanzee p56
Frans B. M. de Waal
doi: 10.1038/nature03999
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Our chimpanzee mind p60
Marc Hauser
doi: 10.1038/nature03917
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Molecular insights into human brain evolution p64
Robert Sean Hill and Christopher A. Walsh
doi: 10.1038/nature04103
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Top of pageArticles
Initial sequence of the chimpanzee genome and comparison with the human genome p69
The Chimpanzee Sequencing and Analysis Consortium
doi: 10.1038/nature04072
Abstract | Full Text | PDF (928K) | Supplementary information
See also: Editor's summary | The Chimpanzee Genome by Li & Saunders
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A genome-wide comparison of recent chimpanzee and human segmental duplications p88
Ze Cheng, Mario Ventura, Xinwei She, Philipp Khaitovich, Tina Graves, Kazutoyo Osoegawa, Deanna Church, Pieter DeJong, Richard K. Wilson, Svante P??bo, Mariano Rocchi and Evan E. Eichler
doi: 10.1038/nature04000
Abstract | Full Text | PDF (440K) | Supplementary information
See also: Editor's summary | The Chimpanzee Genome by Li & Saunders
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Human subtelomeres are hot spots of interchromosomal recombination and segmental duplication p94
Elena V. Linardopoulou, Eleanor M. Williams, Yuxin Fan, Cynthia Friedman, Janet M. Young and Barbara J. Trask
doi: 10.1038/nature04029
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Top of pageLetters
Conservation of Y-linked genes during human evolution revealed by comparative sequencing in chimpanzee p100
Jennifer F. Hughes, Helen Skaletsky, Tatyana Pyntikova, Patrick J. Minx, Tina Graves, Steve Rozen, Richard K. Wilson and David C. Page
doi: 10.1038/nature04101
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First fossil chimpanzee p105
Sally McBrearty and Nina G. Jablonski
doi: 10.1038/nature04008
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A disk of dust and molecular gas around a high-mass protostar p109
Nimesh A. Patel, Salvador Curiel, T. K. Sridharan, Qizhou Zhang, Todd R. Hunter, Paul T. P. Ho, José M. Torrelles, James M. Moran, José F. Gómez and Guillem Anglada
doi: 10.1038/nature04011
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A circumstellar disk associated with a massive protostellar object p112
Zhibo Jiang, Motohide Tamura, Misato Fukagawa, Jim Hough, Phil Lucas, Hiroshi Suto, Miki Ishii and Ji Yang
doi: 10.1038/nature04012
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A photonic quantum information interface p116
S. Tanzilli, W. Tittel, M. Halder, O. Alibart, P. Baldi, N. Gisin and H. Zbinden
doi: 10.1038/nature04009
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A general strategy for nanocrystal synthesis p121
Xun Wang, Jing Zhuang, Qing Peng and Yadong Li
doi: 10.1038/nature03968
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Modelled atmospheric temperatures and global sea levels over the past million years p125
Richard Bintanja, Roderik S.W. van de Wal and Johannes Oerlemans
doi: 10.1038/nature03975
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See also: Editor's summary | News and Views by Siddall
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Increase in tropospheric nitrogen dioxide over China observed from space p129
Andreas Richter, John P. Burrows, Hendrik Nü, Claire Granier and Ulrike Niemeier
doi: 10.1038/nature04092
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Fracture surface energy of the Punchbowl fault, San Andreas system p133
Judith S. Chester, Frederick M. Chester and Andreas K. Kronenberg
doi: 10.1038/nature03942
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The axial skeleton of the Devonian tetrapod Ichthyostega p137
Per Erik Ahlberg, Jennifer A. Clack and Henning Blom
doi: 10.1038/nature03893
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See also: Editor's summary | News and Views by Carroll
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Sporadic immunogenic tumours avoid destruction by inducing T-cell tolerance p141
Gerald Willimsky and Thomas Blankenstein
doi: 10.1038/nature03954
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Role of nucleophosmin in embryonic development and tumorigenesis p147
Silvia Grisendi, Rosa Bernardi, Marco Rossi, Ke Cheng, Luipa Khandker, Katia Manova and Pier Paolo Pandolfi
doi: 10.1038/nature03915
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (668K) | Supplementary information
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Structural mechanism for sterol sensing and transport by OSBP-related proteins p154
Young Jun Im, Sumana Raychaudhuri, William A. Prinz and James H. Hurley
doi: 10.1038/nature03923
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (543K) | Supplementary information
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Observation of a dewetting transition in the collapse of the melittin tetramer p159
Pu Liu, Xuhui Huang, Ruhong Zhou and B. J. Berne
doi: 10.1038/nature03926
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (275K) | Supplementary information
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Top of pageNaturejobs
Prospect
A boost for the Big Apple p163
Investment in New York biotech infrastructure and basic research could draw more entrepreneurs to the area
Paul Smaglik
doi: 10.1038/nj7055-163a
Full Text | PDF (138K)
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Careers and Recruitment
Expression of interest p164
Scientists willing to tackle membrane proteins should find opportunities unfolding, says Hannah Hoag.
Hannah Hoag
doi: 10.1038/nj7055-164a
Full Text | PDF (384K)
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Top of pageFutures
Nostalgia p168
A novel resurrection.
Hiromi Goto
doi: 10.1038/437168a
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