| 2005年08月25日 Nature中文摘要 | | 点击： 作者： 来源： 时间： 2006-11-11 本站论坛 |
|  | Volume 436 Number 7054 pp1065-1206
封面故事：玉米ramosa1基因的发现
一个世纪以前首次分离出来的ramosa1玉米突变体曾经被认为是一个新种，被称为Zea ramosa，原因是它与“原始的”草本相似。ramosa1被看成是家玉米Zea mays的一种返祖现象，早期的遗传图将其放在一个单一位点上。现在Vollbrecht等人分离出了ramosa1，发现它控制花序（植物开花的区域，决定一个植物的形状）的分枝架构。我们熟悉的玉米穗轴没有长的分枝，与相关草本的花序不同。ramosa1编码一个转录因子（该转录因子在水稻中是没有的，在高粱中是以不同方式调控的），并在玉米驯化过程中经历了强烈的选择。这个发现与ramosa1在演化中扮演一个关键角色的观点是一致的：它对今后的作物育种也可能有用。本期封面所示为一个ra1玉米穗，是在有高度分枝穗的植物上产生的。
水对于生命真的就不可或缺吗？
在寻找火星上存在生命的证据和寻找太阳系外行星的太空探索工作中，NASA似乎决心要“以水为线索”，把搜索重点牢牢锁定在天体上有可能存在液态水的可生存区域。但这种做法是否太以地球为中心了？水真是那么不可或缺吗？
地幔中的氦气及其释放情况
地幔通过岩浆作用释放气体导致氦元素不可逆转地丢失到太空中。由于地球上几乎全部氦-3元素都是“原始的”，所以海岛玄武岩中很高的氦-3/氦-4比例通常被看作是地球深处存在一个原始的、未熔化的氦库的证据。现在，对全球数据所做的一次新的编纂表明，显示最强原始信号的海岛在化学组成上和同位素组成上最像海洋中部山脊上的玄武岩，这说明存在一个共同的熔化历史，它导致了地球的大陆和海洋地壳通过不完全的气体释放而形成。这说明，在地幔中并不需要存在一个原始的、未释放气体的氦库，从而解决了地幔动力学中一个长期未能解决的矛盾。
真核细胞的共同祖先
肌浆球蛋白对肌肉非常重要，对真核细胞的很多其他细胞运动也非常重要，所以其历史比较久远。对23个完整的或近乎完整的基因组中肌浆球蛋白类型所做的一项研究，为了解真核细胞系的演化提供了新线索。该研究表明，这些细胞最后的共同祖先可能是一种只有一根纤毛、线粒体和伪足的细胞以及有三种不同区域组合和功能的肌浆球蛋白。从这个共同祖先开始，真核细胞分化成bikonts 和unikonts，这两个名称是根据它们所有的纤毛和鞭毛样结构的数量命名的。
钛辉无球粒陨石的年龄
最新超高精度测量技术被用来获取铅同位素的年龄，比如说一种名为“玄武岩钛辉无球粒陨石”的稀有陨石类型中铅同位素的年龄。这些“分异的”陨石来自曾经是熔融的、后又固化为金属地核和硅酸盐地幔的母天体。它们的绝对年龄约46亿年，只比目前所接受的太阳系最小年龄年轻100万年。“玄武岩钛辉无球粒陨石”样品中过量的镁-26表明，镁-26衰变诱发了曾经是母天体的小行星的熔化。
流星在大气中燃烧解体的过程
一颗流星的绝大部分都燃烧掉了，最大的流星可到达地面，但到达地面时的质量只有其最初质量的1-25%。现在，我们终于可以通过直接观测来研究流星其余质量到底发生了什么，因为科学家观测到了前十年间进入地球大气层的最大的流星之一的进入过程。当该流星去年9月3日在南极洲上空解体时，基于太空的红外和光学传感器探测到了该流星形成的火球和由其解体后的碎片形成的一道轨迹，这个轨迹从距地面32公里高度向下延伸到距地面25公里高度。这个流星烟的光谱性质显示，其中的尘埃与橄榄石类似，后者是陨石中常见的一种硅酸盐矿物。尘埃质量的大部分由直径约为千分之一毫米的颗粒组成，比通常被认为由石质天体在大气中解体后形成的尘埃颗粒大的多。
光诱导电子转移在有机合成中的新应用
光诱导的电子转移利用光吸收来生成处于激发电子态的分子，它们容易接受或给出电子。这会成为合成有机物的一种好方法，但由于涉及激发态，因此难以控制反应产物的性质。Bauer等人，通过采用一种合适的有机催化剂，使得反应过程能够以一种催化的、具有对映选择性的方式进行，并能获得具有高手性纯度的所期望的产物。
自然条件混合生态系统的研究
尽管细菌的混合群落很重要，但我们只是刚刚开始了解它们是怎样运作的。之所以这样，有很好的理由：微生物世界非常复杂，非常活跃，我们难以设计能够提出正确问题的实验。实验室中的微生境虽然有用，但只涉及非真实条件下的少量物种。不过，我们还有一个能够进行实验操控的自然生态系统。欧洲山毛榉树根附近铺满树皮的洼地所形成的雨水坑是多达72个物种的生活群落，而不是像水塘那样可能是数以千计的物种的生活群落。在这种雨水坑生态系统中，细菌物种的数量（生物多样性）严重影响群落提供某种服务（在本例中为呼吸服务）的速度。至少在这个尺度上，物种丰富程度决定一个生态系统发挥功能的水平。
动物也能识别音高
音高在我们对音乐的感知中起根本性作用。一个音符根据其音高在音阶上被放在高位或低位，而音高则与其声波波形的基本频率有关。但尽管音波输入有很大变化，音高的感知却保持不变。这种感觉上的恒定性对于音乐欣赏来说可能是重要的，而且对于语言的感知来说可能更重要。动物也能识别音高，现在用绒猴做的实验为以类似方式响应于都具有同样基本频率的各种不同声音的神经元的存在提供了证据。因此，这些神经元（它们集中在听觉皮层中一个特定区域）可能为复杂声音的音高编码。
能诱发细菌形成生物膜的抗生素受体
细菌通常形成粘性细胞聚合体或生物膜，在其中，它们对抗生素的杀菌作用产生抗性。现在，本期Nature报告了一项重要进展：研究表明，亚抑制浓度的常用氨基糖苷抗生素能诱导绿脓杆菌（Pseudomonas aeruginosa）和大肠杆菌（Escherichia coli）形成生物膜。因为大多数抗生素是用细菌制成的，所以这样的防卫行为可能是细菌竞争的结果。一个作为生物膜形成诱发因素的候选抗生素受体已经被识别出来。阻断该受体可能会有助于克服抗生素抗性，提高当前疗法的疗效。
本期目录：
Volume 436 Number 7054 pp1065-1206
Editorials
Greens can be good for you p1065
Next month's general election in Germany may see the end of the Green Party's spell in government. The party has fared well, as has science with it, except where ideology won out over good sense.
doi: 10.1038/4361065a
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Join a social revolution p1066
Your bookmarks make your web life manageable. But we can all benefit by sharing them.
doi: 10.1038/4361066a
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Who owns your work? p1066
A case in the Kansas Supreme Court reflects a lack of clarity in US copyright law.
doi: 10.1038/4361066b
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Top of pageResearch Highlights
Research highlights p1068
doi: 10.1038/4361068a
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Top of pageNews
Painkiller verdict shows mistrust of Merck p1070
More lawsuits to follow ruling against Vioxx makers.
Roxanne Khamsi
doi: 10.1038/4361070a
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Tsunami damage was enhanced by coral theft p1071
Missing reefs allowed wave to surge farther inland.
Emma Marris
doi: 10.1038/4361071a
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Dalai Lama gets go-ahead for meditation lecture p1071
Neuroscientists will hear Buddhist leader speak.
David Cyranoski
doi: 10.1038/4361071b
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Embezzlement scandal rocks Korean universities p1072
National inquiry to follow arrest of two professors.
David Cyranoski
doi: 10.1038/4361072a
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Kansas to rule on copyright for lecture notes p1072
Supreme Court to decide whether scientists' work belongs to their universities.
Emma Marris
doi: 10.1038/4361072b
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Adult suicides linked to popular antidepressant p1073
Data analysis suggests risk warnings should be extended.
Jennifer Wild
doi: 10.1038/4361073a
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Snapshot: Asia choked by peat smog p1075
Satellite images set off smoke alarms.
doi: 10.1038/4361075a
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Warning system makes the grade during quake p1075
Japanese predictions are put to the test.
Ichiko Fuyuno
doi: 10.1038/4361075b
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Sidelines p1076
doi: 10.1038/4361076a
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Alertness drug arouses fears about 'lifestyle' misuse p1076
'Brain booster' found to reverse effects of sleep deprivation.
Jim Giles
doi: 10.1038/4361076b
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Africa urged to create more fish farms p1077
Experts warn of imminent collapse in stocks.
Andreas von Bubnoff
doi: 10.1038/4361077a
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News in brief p1078
doi: 10.1038/4361078a
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Top of pageNews Features
Scar prevention: The healing touch p1079
Wound an embryo and it heals perfectly, with no scars. Can we teach adult wounds the same trick, asks Meredith Wadman.
doi: 10.1038/4361079a
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History of chemistry: In their element p1082
At first it was just an unusual, geeky hobby. But by combining their twin passions of chemistry and history, Jim and Jenny Marshall are now running an acclaimed project in science education. Alexandra Witze reports.
doi: 10.1038/4361082a
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Water and life: Seeking the solution p1084
Is there any fundamental reason to be fixated on water as the universal elixir of life? Philip Ball investigates.
doi: 10.1038/4361084a
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Top of pageBusiness
Bridging the gap in the German economy p1087
Quirin Schiermeier
doi: 10.1038/4361087a
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In brief p1087
doi: 10.1038/4361087b
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Top of pageCorrespondence
Dual role for Pluto in the great planetary debate p1088
Tom Gehrels
doi: 10.1038/4361088a
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Extra controls will waste yet more research time p1088
Vera Bongertz
doi: 10.1038/4361088b
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Complex research on sea lions is worth the expense p1088
William Hogarth
doi: 10.1038/4361088c
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A woman's place in Nature p1088
Fabio Salamanca-Buentello, Leonor Buentello-Malo and Fabio Salamanca-Gómez
doi: 10.1038/4361088d
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Top of pageBooks and Arts
Growth factors p1089
Putting the ideas of Russian agronomist Trofim Lysenko into political and scientific context.
Garland E. Allen reviews The Lysenko Effect: The Politics of Science by Nils Roll-Hansen
doi: 10.1038/4361089a
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The bigger picture p1090
Ingeborg Reichle reviews Art and Science by Sian Ede
doi: 10.1038/4361090a
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Focusing on the stars p1091
Robert H. van Gent reviews Stargazer: The Life and Times of the Telescope by Fred Watson
doi: 10.1038/4361091a
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Science in culture: Marine undercurrents p1092
An installation by Ellen Gallagher builds on some little-known work by Sigmund Freud.
Colin Martin
doi: 10.1038/4361092a
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Top of pageNews and Views
Neuroscience: Finding the missing fundamental p1093
The whole orchestra tunes up to an A note from the oboe — but how do our brains tell that all the different sounds are the same pitch? The discovery of pitch-sensitive neurons provides some clues.
Robert J. Zatorre
doi: 10.1038/4361093a
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Biological chemistry: Just add chlorine p1094
Nature provides lessons about developing 'green chemistry' in seemingly out-of-the-way places. One such lesson comes from an enzymatic step in the production of a leaf toxin by a bacterium.
Nathan A. Schnarr and Chaitan Khosla
doi: 10.1038/4361094a
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Earth science: Helium not in store p1095
The ratio of helium isotopes in some oceanic volcanoes seemed to demand a reservoir of virgin primordial gas in the Earth's mantle. In fact, that might not be necessary — a relief for other geophysical models.
William M. White
doi: 10.1038/4361095a
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Biological chemistry: Enzymes in focus p1096
The technique of directed evolution creates thousands of mutant enzymes from a single original. A new approach helps to search for variants that have an increased range of substrates — and can thus be used for organic synthesis.
Romas Kazlauskas
doi: 10.1038/4361096a
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Evolution: A treasure trove of motors p1097
The myosins are a superfamily of protein motors. Analysis of their sequences in a wide range of organisms reveals an unexpected variety of domains, and provides insights into the nature of the earliest eukaryotes.
Margaret A. Titus
doi: 10.1038/4361097a
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50 & 100 years ago p1098
doi: 10.1038/4361098a
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Synthetic chemistry: Light on chirality p1099
Reactions that produce only one of two mirror-image forms of a molecule are a hot topic in organic synthesis. A light-driven catalyst provides good results, and the technique could be generally applicable.
Yoshihisa Inoue
doi: 10.1038/4361099a
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Top of pageBrief Communications
Virology: Independent virus development outside a host p1101
Growing two long filamentous tails may help an archaeal virus to survive in a hostile environment.
Monika H?ring, Gisle Vestergaard, Reinhard Rachel, Lanming Chen, Roger A. Garrett and David Prangishvili
doi: 10.1038/4361101a
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Green chemistry: Reversible nonpolar-to-polar solvent p1102
Philip G. Jessop, David J. Heldebrant, Xiaowang Li, Charles A. Eckert and Charles L. Liotta
doi: 10.1038/4361102a
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Corrigendum p1102
doi: 10.1038/4361102b
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Top of pageProgress
Reversing histone methylation p1103
Andrew J. Bannister and Tony Kouzarides
doi: 10.1038/nature04048
Abstract | Full Text | PDF (193K)
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Top of pageArticles
Evolution of helium isotopes in the Earth's mantle p1107
Cornelia Class and Steven L. Goldstein
doi: 10.1038/nature03930
Abstract | Full Text | PDF (722K) | Supplementary information
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Myosin domain evolution and the primary divergence of eukaryotes p1113
Thomas A. Richards and Thomas Cavalier-Smith
doi: 10.1038/nature03949
Abstract | Full Text | PDF (1,068K) | Supplementary information
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Architecture of floral branch systems in maize and related grasses p1119
Erik Vollbrecht, Patricia S. Springer, Lindee Goh, Edward S. Buckler IV and Robert Martienssen
doi: 10.1038/nature03892
Abstract | Full Text | PDF (886K) | Supplementary information
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Top of pageLetters
Early planetesimal melting from an age of 4.5662 Gyr for differentiated meteorites p1127
Joel Baker, Martin Bizzarro, Nadine Wittig, James Connelly and Henning Haack
doi: 10.1038/nature03882
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (196K) | Supplementary information
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Meteoritic dust from the atmospheric disintegration of a large meteoroid p1132
Andrew R. Klekociuk, Peter G. Brown, Dee W. Pack, Douglas O. ReVelle, W. N. Edwards, Richard E. Spalding, Edward Tagliaferri, Bernard B. Yoo and Joseph Zagari
doi: 10.1038/nature03881
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Ferroelectricity from iron valence ordering in the charge-frustrated system LuFe2O4 p1136
Naoshi Ikeda, Hiroyuki Ohsumi, Kenji Ohwada, Kenji Ishii, Toshiya Inami, Kazuhisa Kakurai, Youichi Murakami, Kenji Yoshii, Shigeo Mori, Yoichi Horibe and Hijiri Kit?
doi: 10.1038/nature04039
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Catalytic enantioselective reactions driven by photoinduced electron transfer p1139
Andreas Bauer, Felix Westk?mper, Stefan Grimme and Thorsten Bach
doi: 10.1038/nature03955
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Base stacking controls excited-state dynamics in AT DNA p1141
Carlos E. Crespo-Hernández, Boiko Cohen and Bern Kohler
doi: 10.1038/nature03933
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Seasonal oscillations in water exchange between aquifers and the coastal ocean p1145
Holly A. Michael, Ann E. Mulligan and Charles F. Harvey
doi: 10.1038/nature03935
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Frozen magma lenses below the oceanic crust p1149
Mladen R. Nedimovi, Suzanne M. Carbotte, Alistair J. Harding, Robert S. Detrick, J. Pablo Canales, John B. Diebold, Graham M. Kent, Michael Tischer and Jeffrey M. Babcock
doi: 10.1038/nature03944
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Methanotrophic symbionts provide carbon for photosynthesis in peat bogs p1153
Ashna A. Raghoebarsing, Alfons J. P. Smolders, Markus C. Schmid, W. Irene C. Rijpstra, Mieke Wolters-Arts, Jan Derksen, Mike S. M. Jetten, Stefan Schouten, Jaap S. Sinninghe Damsté, Leon P. M. Lamers, Jan G. M. Roelofs, Huub J. M. Op den Camp and Marc Strous
doi: 10.1038/nature03802
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The contribution of species richness and composition to bacterial services p1157
Thomas Bell, Jonathan A. Newman, Bernard W. Silverman, Sarah L. Turner and Andrew K. Lilley
doi: 10.1038/nature03891
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The neuronal representation of pitch in primate auditory cortex p1161
Daniel Bendor and Xiaoqin Wang
doi: 10.1038/nature03867
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Translational control of hippocampal synaptic plasticity and memory by the eIF2 kinase GCN2 p1166
Mauro Costa-Mattioli, Delphine Gobert, Heather Harding, Barbara Herdy, Mounia Azzi, Martin Bruno, Michael Bidinosti, Cyrinne Ben Mamou, Edwige Marcinkiewicz, Madoka Yoshida, Hiroaki Imataka, A. Claudio Cuello, Nabil Seidah, Wayne Sossin, Jean-Claude Lacaille, David Ron, Karim Nader and Nahum Sonenberg
doi: 10.1038/nature03897
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Aminoglycoside antibiotics induce bacterial biofilm formation p1171
Lucas R. Hoffman, David A. D'Argenio, Michael J. MacCoss, Zhaoying Zhang, Roger A. Jones and Samuel I. Miller
doi: 10.1038/nature03912
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A new family of RhoGEFs activates the Rop molecular switch in plants p1176
Antje Berken, Christoph Thomas and Alfred Wittinghofer
doi: 10.1038/nature03883
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Hassall's corpuscles instruct dendritic cells to induce CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells in human thymus p1181
Norihiko Watanabe, Yi-Hong Wang, Heung Kyu Lee, Tomoki Ito, Yui-Hsi Wang, Wei Cao and Yong-Jun Liu
doi: 10.1038/nature03886
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The DNA damage pathway regulates innate immune system ligands of the NKG2D receptor p1186
Stephan Gasser, Sandra Orsulic, Eric J. Brown and David H. Raulet
doi: 10.1038/nature03884
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Cryptic chlorination by a non-haem iron enzyme during cyclopropyl amino acid biosynthesis p1191
Frédéric H. Vaillancourt, Ellen Yeh, David A. Vosburg, Sarah E. O'Connor and Christopher T. Walsh
doi: 10.1038/nature03797
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Atomic model of a myosin filament in the relaxed state p1195
John L. Woodhead, Fa-Qing Zhao, Roger Craig, Edward H. Egelman, Lorenzo Alamo and Raúl Padrón
doi: 10.1038/nature03920
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Corrigendum: Human contribution to the European heatwave of 2003 p1200
P. A. Stott, D. A. Stone and M. R. Allen
doi: 10.1038/nature04099
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Corrigendum: Magnetic carbon p1200
Tatiana L. Makarova, Bertil Sundqvist, Roland H?hne, Pablo Esquinazi, Yakov Kopelevich, Peter Scharff, Valerii A. Davydov, Ludmila S. Kashevarova and Aleksandra V. Rakhmanina
doi: 10.1038/nature04100
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Erratum: Measurement of the conductance of single conjugated molecules p1200
Tali Dadosh, Yoav Gordin, Roman Krahne, Ilya Khivrich, Diana Mahalu, Veronica Frydman, Joseph Sperling, Amir Yacoby and Israel Bar-Joseph
doi: 10.1038/nature04102
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Top of pageNaturejobs
Prospect
For love or money p1201
Pay for academic life scientists is disproportionately low compared with other non-scientific professions with similar levels of education and training
Paul Smaglik
doi: 10.1038/nj7054-1201a
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Careers and Recruitment
Chemistry's small world p1202
Recruitment of chemists in traditional bulk commodities and manufacturing may be slumping, but fresh opportunities are opening up for those whose skill sets are amenable to biotechnology applications, say Claudia Caruana and Paul Smaglik.
Claudia Caruana and Paul Smaglik
doi: 10.1038/nj7054-1202a
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Career Views
Faith Vilas, director, MMT Observatory, Mount Hopkins, Arizona p1204
Female astronomer blazes own trail into management
Faith Vilas
doi: 10.1038/nj7054-1204a
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Scientists & societies p1204
Graduate students band together to foster communication
Manuel Corpas
doi: 10.1038/nj7054-1204b
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Graduate Journal: Rule of seven p1204
Light at the end tunnel?
Anne Margaret Lee
doi: 10.1038/nj7054-1204c
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MAXO signals p1206
A new and unfortunate solution to the Fermi paradox.
Charles Stross, Caroline Haafkens and Wasiu Mohammed
doi: 10.1038/4361206a
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