Volume 436 Number 7053 pp889-1064封面故事：“国际空间站”计划面临未知之数
NASA新主任Michael Griffin的首要任务是实施布什总统的“太空探测设想”，该设想要求在2020年之前执行载人登月任务，接着执行载人火星探测。在新的太空探测中将强调人的因素，这对“国际空间站”计划有重要意义。“国际空间站”是进行所需要的很多研究工作（如关于骨头退化和辐射危险等的研究工作）的理想场所。目前尚不知道航天飞机什么时候将恢复前往才完工一半的“国际空间站”的定期飞行，也还不清楚是否有足够多的设备和足够多的宇航员来完成这项工作。在本期的一篇News Features文章中，Tony Reichhardt提出了NASA自己马上就要提出的问题（page 902）。本期封面所示为2001年从“阿特兰蒂斯”号航天飞机上看到的“国际空间站”。
一种细菌毒素的晶体结构
使得白喉、百日咳和霍乱等疾病如此危险的细菌毒素都是单ADP核糖基化毒素。现在，研究人员获得了这些毒素中的一种在与其基质“转化延长因子-2”（EF2）形成的一个复合体中的高分辨率晶体结构。该毒素模仿EF2和80S核糖体之间正常的相互作用，保证该转化因子的普遍识别，使得寄主几乎不可能产生抗性。该结构对于了解80S核糖体上的转位机制也有参考价值。
Swift卫星捕捉到两次GRB
去年11月发射的Swift卫星，是设计用来在伽马射线爆发（GRB）一发生就对其进行研究的。GRB是宇宙中已知最强大的爆炸，由于Swift卫星能够研究X-射线余晖的早期阶段，因此，科学家预计此项目将产生激动人心的结果。现在，Swift已经捕捉到两次长GRB。在这两次GRB中，X-射线余晖辐射都在最初几百秒内迅速下降，然后渐渐衰减。这种辐射的突降是以前未曾料到的，而且无论这种突降还是余晖的光谱性质都无法用目前的模型来解释。
“CB球粒状陨石”的来源
关于被称为“CB球粒状陨石”的至少8块富含铁的陨石（是按澳大利亚Bencubbin这个地名命名的，第一块这种陨石是1930年在那里发现的）的来源，长期存在争论。它们的来源是很重要的，因为它们能够反映早期太阳系的主要状况。两块“CB球粒状陨石”中的陨石球粒（小而圆的包容物）的新的铅-207/铅-206年龄，与它们来源于太阳星云中的冲击波加热作用的推断是不一致的，后者是其他球粒状陨石中的陨石球粒的通常来源。相反，它们似乎是在500万年之后由早期太阳系中行星大小的天体之间发生碰撞所产生的材料形成的。
三维准晶体的实验研究
准晶体结构可能具有光能带隙性质（光能带隙指的是光不能传播的频率范围），这使得它们非常适合用于通常使用光晶体的应用场合。以前的研究工作专注于一维和二维准晶体，对它们来说，可以进行精确的理论计算。但对于三维晶体，进行关于光学性质的计算仍然是一大难题。Man等人通过用塑料来获得大型光子准晶体，从而对三维情况进行了实验尝试。他们发现，这种周期性结构能产生非常简单的光谱，所获得的结构信息证实，准晶体是光子能隙材料的优秀的候选对象。
岩石上痕迹与古代地震研究
仅仅通过观察由古代地震所产生的已经固化的由摩擦诱导的熔化物的痕迹，就有可能了解几百万年前所发生的地震过程中持续几秒钟的断裂情况。在意大利阿尔卑斯山区，一个古代断层的大段地方已经被构造运动带到了地表上，其状况几乎保存完好，并且受到一个冰川的磨蚀。地震过程中产生的二次断裂往往在断层的一边，朝向某一特定方向，说明在反复的地震过程中断裂是朝同一方向传播的。Biox.cn
带有软组织的腕足类动物化石
节肢腕足类动物（“海豆芽”）化石是古生代最著名的化石之一，但我们关于它们的知识却几乎完全基于它们的壳，后者通常都会形成化石。从威尔士边界发现的一种新化石（是用数字方法从4.25亿年前的岩石中恢复出来的）是第一种带有肉茎（附着到海床上的茎）和触手（进食器官）的腕足类动物化石。它属于已经灭绝的一个类群，其软的部分与后来物种软的部分不同。因此，认为灭绝的腕足类动物与现代腕足类动物非常相似的假设可能过于简单。使这一化石标本尤其有趣的是，有几个小的腕足类动物附着在它的壳上。
不同生物多样性热点在不同地区
虽然生物多样性热点地区是很多保护战略的中心内容，但一个认为在生物多样性的一个方面为热点的地区在其他方面也为热点的关键假设却没有经过验证。一项新的研究工作在全球水平上对这个问题进行了研究，发现事实不是这样的：不同类型的热点存在于不同地区。对鸟类而言，南美和非洲的山区是物种丰富性的热点，而灭绝危险的热点却在新西兰、马达加斯加和菲律宾的岛屿上。因此，保护战略需要基于对生物多样性的多项测定结果。
不同地区的生物多样性热点
虽然生物多样性热点地区是很多保护战略的中心内容，但一个认为在生物多样性的一个方面为热点的地区在其他方面也为热点的关键假设却没有经过验证。一项新的研究工作在全球水平上对这个问题进行了研究，发现事实不是这样的：不同类型的热点存在于不同地区。对鸟类而言，南美和非洲的山区是物种丰富性的热点，而灭绝危险的热点却在新西兰、马达加斯加和菲律宾的岛屿上。因此，保护战略需要基于对生物多样性的多项测定结果。
用线虫研究RNAi的抗病毒效应
线虫Caenorhabditis elegans是研究细胞生物学很多方面的一个理想模型，包括由小RNA分子调节的RNA干涉（RNAi）这个热点话题。而在用这种线虫研究抗病毒性RNAi响应时，该线虫似乎并不支持病毒复制。但现在研究表明，昆虫病原体Flock house病毒和哺乳动物病原体小泡口腔炎病毒都能感染这种线虫，并激起强烈的基于RNAi的抗病毒防卫。这意味着，现在有了一个研究寄主-病毒相互作用和RNAi的抗病毒效应的重要遗传学模型。
防止肌营养不良患者心脏衰竭的新方法
心脏衰竭至少占“杜氏肌营养不良症”死亡病例的15%，随着骨骼肌类“杜氏肌营养不良症”的缓解疗法的改进，这个比例还在上升。用来自正常的和缺少肌营养不良蛋白（mdx）的小鼠的心肌细胞以及用整个动物所做的实验表明，肌营养不良心脏的主要缺陷是，心脏更容易受细胞内钙过载的影响。这种情况可以通过用一种名为Poloxamer 188 (P188)的密封剂修复受损的细胞膜来纠正，用P188预先处理过的mdx小鼠不会出现心脏衰竭。这项工作表明，作用像P188一样的密封剂也许可作为治疗肌营养不良和其他细胞膜不稳定疾病的治疗药物来开发。
干细胞与端粒之间的联系
再生皮肤和血液等组织需要很高的细胞周转率，这种再生是通过高度调控的组织干细胞分裂进行的。对控制干细胞行为的基因和蛋白，我们仍然基本不了解，但现在，研究人员发现了干细胞功能和端粒酶的蛋白成分TERT之间的一个关键联系。有条件地激活皮肤上皮细胞中的TERT，会激发静止的毛囊干细胞，导致毛发迅速生长。这与TERT在延长端粒（保护染色体末端的帽子）中的作用明显不同，并可能成为治疗与组织损伤和衰老有关的疾病的新方法。
本期目录：
Volume 436 Number 7053 pp889-1064
Editorials
Science and religion in harmony p889
A spiritual leader with an interest in research has encountered opposition to his plans to speak at a scientific meeting. But he is perfectly entitled to do so.
doi: 10.1038/436889a
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Ratings games p889
Researchers have two rare opportunities to influence the ways in which they may be assessed in future.
doi: 10.1038/436889b
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Climate for progress p890
The painstaking US approach to the assessment of climate-change science yields some useful results.
doi: 10.1038/436890a
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Top of pageResearch Highlights
Research highlights p892
doi: 10.1038/436892a
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Top of pageNews
Synthetic biologists face up to security issues p894
Do technological advances need new rules?
Erika Check
doi: 10.1038/436894a
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NASA draws up blueprint for craft to reach Moon and Mars p895
Mars Society hears plans for shuttle successor
Kendall Powell
doi: 10.1038/436895a
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Warming debate highlights poor data p896
Studies of troposphere show trends are consistent with warming world.
Jenny Hogan
doi: 10.1038/436896a
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Climate sceptics place bets on world cooling down p897
Solar physicists make $10,000 wager with climate modeller.
Jim Giles
doi: 10.1038/436897a
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Sidelines p898
doi: 10.1038/436898a
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Survey questions safety of alternative medicine p898
Adverse reactions must be monitored, warns expert.
Alison Abbott
doi: 10.1038/436898b
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WHO urges regional offices to stockpile flu drug for staff p899
Internal plan says obtain drugs for a third of staff.
Declan Butler
doi: 10.1038/436899a
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Kansas backs lessons critical of evolution p899
School board adopts language from 'intelligent-design' documents.
Geoff Brumfiel
doi: 10.1038/436899b
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Index aims for fair ranking of scientists p900
'H-index' sums up publication record.
Philip Ball
doi: 10.1038/436900a
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News in brief p901
doi: 10.1038/436901a
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Top of pageNews Features
International Space Station: Testing times p902
Preparing astronauts for a journey to the red planet has become NASA's research priority for the International Space Station. But such experiments will need more than the skeleton crew now running the station. Tony Reichhardt reports.
doi: 10.1038/436902a
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Complex systems: Order out of chaos p905
Can the behaviour of complex systems from cells to planetary climates be explained by the idea that they're driven to produce the maximum amount of disorder? John Whitfield investigates.
doi: 10.1038/436905a
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Deep-sea biology: The life aquatic p908
Cindy Lee Van Dover likes nothing better than to be on the ocean floor. Emma Marris meets the unconventional biologist who has devoted her life to studying the exotic ecosystems of the deep.
doi: 10.1038/436908a
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Top of pageBusiness
Drug firms back-pedal on direct advertising p910
The pharmaceutical industry is taking a long, hard look at how it promotes its products to the public. Colin Macilwain reports.
doi: 10.1038/436910a
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In brief p911
doi: 10.1038/436911a
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Market watch p911
doi: 10.1038/436911b
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Top of pageCorrespondence
Buddhism is no bar to an open mind. Is science? p912
Janis L. Dickinson
doi: 10.1038/436912a
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Power-plant design should prepare for carbon capture p912
Jon Gibbins
doi: 10.1038/436912b
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Answering the critics of Japanese whale research p912
Hiroshi Hatanaka
doi: 10.1038/436912c
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Top of pageCommentary
Re-wilding North America p913
A plan to restore animals that disappeared 13,000 years ago from Pleistocene North America offers an alternative conservation strategy for the twenty-first century, argue Josh Donlan and colleagues.
doi: 10.1038/436913a
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Top of pageBooks and Arts
Live long and prosper p915
Science can boost your chance of reaching a healthy old age — but don't hold your breath for immortality.
Tom Kirkwood reviews Fantastic Voyage: Live Long Enough to Live Forever by Ray Kurzweil and Terry Grossman and The Life Extension Revolution: The New Science of Growing Older Without Aging by Philip Lee Miller and The Life Extension Foundation (with Monica Reinagel)
doi: 10.1038/436915a
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Anticlimax p916
Olivia P. Judson reviews The Case of the Female Orgasm: Bias in the Science of Evolution by Elisabeth A. Lloyd
doi: 10.1038/436916a
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Science in culture: Prussian precision p917
Anton Hallmann's technical drawings brought geometry to life.
Martin Kemp
doi: 10.1038/436917a
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Top of pageNews and Views
Biodiversity: Turning up the heat on hotspots p919
Different measures are used to define concentrations of biodiversity — so-called 'hotspots'. More rigorous, global-scale analyses of how they compare will be essential for efficient resource allocation to conservation.
Hugh P. Possingham and Kerrie A. Wilson
doi: 10.1038/436919a
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Cosmology: Original questions p920
The lack of a coherent quantum description of gravity has impeded our understanding of the physics that determined how the Universe began. A synthesis of recent ideas may take us a step farther back in time.
Martin Bojowald
doi: 10.1038/436920a
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Atmospheric chemistry: Natural bleach under scrutiny p921
Cosmic rays produce carbon-14, which enters Earth's carbon cycle after being oxidized. It is of great service to atmospheric chemists in providing a way of tracking the degree to which the atmosphere keeps itself clean.
Patrick J?ckel and Carl A. M. Brenninkmeijer
doi: 10.1038/436921a
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Cell biology: Shaggy mouse tales p922
First impressions can be misleading. The enzyme telomerase has been well studied because of its initial association with cell ageing processes and cancer — but it now seems that this is not all it can do.
Elizabeth H. Blackburn
doi: 10.1038/436922a
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Astrophysics: Swift progress p923
The agile, choreographed response of the Swift satellite to -ray bursts tests models to an unprecedented degree. Results from two recent long bursts suggest that the models are good, but require some tweaking.
Dieter H. Hartmann
doi: 10.1038/436923a
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50 and 100 years ago p924
doi: 10.1038/436924a
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Cardiology: Rips repaired p925
In Duchenne muscular dystrophy, muscle cells die as a result of suffering many tiny membrane ruptures. A compound that increases membrane resealing can protect heart muscle cells from these effects.
Richard A. Steinhardt
doi: 10.1038/436925a
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Top of pageBrief Communications
Conservation biology: Lion attacks on humans in Tanzania p927
Understanding the timing and distribution of attacks on rural communities will help to prevent them.
Craig Packer, Dennis Ikanda, Bernard Kissui and Hadas Kushnir
doi: 10.1038/436927a
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Brownian motion: Absolute negative particle mobility p928
Alexandra Ros, Ralf Eichhorn, Jan Regtmeier, Thanh Tu Duong, Peter Reimann and Dario Anselmetti
doi: 10.1038/436928a
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Top of pageInsight: Hepatitis C - Free access
Produced with support from:
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Insight: Hepatitis C
Hepatitis C p929
Ursula Weiss
doi: 10.1038/436929a
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Unscrambling hepatitis C virus?host interactions p930
Francis V. Chisari
doi: 10.1038/nature04076
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Unravelling hepatitis C virus replication from genome to function p933
Brett D. Lindenbach and Charles M. Rice
doi: 10.1038/nature04077
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Evasion of intracellular host defence by hepatitis C virus p939
Michael Gale, Jr and Eileen M. Foy
doi: 10.1038/nature04078
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Adaptive immune responses in acute and chronic hepatitis C virus infection p946
David G. Bowen and Christopher M. Walker
doi: 10.1038/nature04079
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Challenges and successes in developing new therapies for hepatitis C p953
Raffaele De Francesco and Giovanni Migliaccio
doi: 10.1038/nature04080
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Prospects for a vaccine against the hepatitis C virus p961
Michael Houghton and Sergio Abrignani
doi: 10.1038/nature04081
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Mechanism of action of interferon and ribavirin in treatment of hepatitis C p967
Jordan J. Feld and Jay H. Hoofnagle
doi: 10.1038/nature04082
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Hepatitis C and liver transplantation p973
Robert S. Brown, Jr
doi: 10.1038/nature04083
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Top of pageArticle
Exotoxin A?eEF2 complex structure indicates ADP ribosylation by ribosome mimicry p979
René J?rgensen, A. Rod Merrill, Susan P. Yates, Victor E. Marquez, Adrian L. Schwan, Thomas Boesen and Gregers R. Andersen
doi: 10.1038/nature03871
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Top of pageLetters
An unexpectedly rapid decline in the X-ray afterglow emission of long -ray bursts p985
G. Tagliaferri, M. Goad, G. Chincarini, A. Moretti, S. Campana, D. N. Burrows, M. Perri, S. D. Barthelmy, N. Gehrels, H. Krimm, T. Sakamoto, P. Kumar, P. I. Mészáros, S. Kobayashi, B. Zhang, L. Angelini, P. Banat, A. P. Beardmore, M. Capalbi, S. Covino, G. Cusumano, P. Giommi, O. Godet, J. E. Hill, J. A. Kennea, V. Mangano, D. C. Morris, J. A. Nousek, P. T. O'Brien, J. P. Osborne, C. Pagani, K. L. Page, P. Romano, L. Stella and A. Wells
doi: 10.1038/nature03934
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Young chondrules in CB chondrites from a giant impact in the early Solar System p989
Alexander N. Krot, Yuri Amelin, Patrick Cassen and Anders Meibom
doi: 10.1038/nature03830
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Experimental measurement of the photonic properties of icosahedral quasicrystals p993
Weining Man, Mischa Megens, Paul J. Steinhardt and P. M. Chaikin
doi: 10.1038/nature03977
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Liquid crystal 'blue phases' with a wide temperature range p997
Harry J. Coles and Mikhail N. Pivnenko
doi: 10.1038/nature03932
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Short-term variations in the oxidizing power of the atmosphere p1001
Martin R. Manning, David C. Lowe, Rowena C. Moss, Gregory E. Bodeker and William Allan
doi: 10.1038/nature03900
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In situ Os isotopes in abyssal peridotites bridge the isotopic gap between MORBs and their source mantle p1005
Olivier Alard, Ambre Luguet, Norman J. Pearson, William L. Griffin, Jean-Pierre Lorand, Abdelmouhcine Gannoun, Kevin W. Burton and Suzanne Y. O'Reilly
doi: 10.1038/nature03902
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Earthquake rupture dynamics frozen in exhumed ancient faults p1009
Giulio Di Toro, Stefan Nielsen and Giorgio Pennacchioni
doi: 10.1038/nature03910
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Silurian brachiopods with soft-tissue preservation p1013
Mark D. Sutton, Derek E. G. Briggs, David J. Siveter and Derek J. Siveter
doi: 10.1038/nature03846
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Global hotspots of species richness are not congruent with endemism or threat p1016
C. David L. Orme, Richard G. Davies, Malcolm Burgess, Felix Eigenbrod, Nicola Pickup, Valerie A. Olson, Andrea J. Webster, Tzung-Su Ding, Pamela C. Rasmussen, Robert S. Ridgely, Ali J. Stattersfield, Peter M. Bennett, Tim M. Blackburn, Kevin J. Gaston and Ian P. F. Owens
doi: 10.1038/nature03850
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (223K) | Supplementary information
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Local translation of RhoA regulates growth cone collapse p1020
Karen Y. Wu, Ulrich Hengst, Llewellyn J. Cox, Evan Z. Macosko, Andreas Jeromin, Erica R. Urquhart and Samie R. Jaffrey
doi: 10.1038/nature03885
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Dystrophic heart failure blocked by membrane sealant poloxamer p1025
Soichiro Yasuda, DeWayne Townsend, Daniel E. Michele, Elizabeth G. Favre, Sharlene M. Day and Joseph M. Metzger
doi: 10.1038/nature03844
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (387K) | Supplementary information
See also: Editor's summary | News and Views by Steinhardt
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ERM is required for transcriptional control of the spermatogonial stem cell niche p1030
Chen Chen, Wenjun Ouyang, Vadim Grigura, Qing Zhou, Kay Carnes, Hyunjung Lim, Guang-Quan Zhao, Silvia Arber, Natasza Kurpios, Theresa L. Murphy, Alec M. Cheng, John A. Hassell, Varadaraj Chandrashekar, Marie-Claude Hofmann, Rex A. Hess and Kenneth M. Murphy
doi: 10.1038/nature03894
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Deficiency of glutaredoxin 5 reveals Fe?S clusters are required for vertebrate haem synthesis p1035
Rebecca A. Wingert, Jenna L. Galloway, Bruce Barut, Helen Foott, Paula Fraenkel, Jennifer L. Axe, Gerhard J. Weber, Kimberly Dooley, Alan J. Davidson, Bettina Schmidt, Barry H. Paw, George C. Shaw, Paul Kingsley, James Palis, Heidi Schubert, Opal Chen, Jerry Kaplan, The Tübingen 2000 Screen Consortium and Leonard I. Zon
doi: 10.1038/nature03887
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Animal virus replication and RNAi-mediated antiviral silencing in Caenorhabditis elegans p1040
R. Lu, M. Maduro, F. Li, H. W. Li, G. Broitman-Maduro, W. X. Li and S. W. Ding
doi: 10.1038/nature03870
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (315K)
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RNA interference is an antiviral defence mechanism in Caenorhabditis elegans p1044
Courtney Wilkins, Ryan Dishongh, Steve C. Moore, Michael A. Whitt, Marie Chow and Khaled Machaca
doi: 10.1038/nature03957
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (313K)
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Conditional telomerase induction causes proliferation of hair follicle stem cells p1048
Kavita Y. Sarin, Peggie Cheung, Daniel Gilison, Eunice Lee, Ruth I. Tennen, Estee Wang, Maja K. Artandi, Anthony E. Oro and Steven E. Artandi
doi: 10.1038/nature03836
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (681K) | Supplementary information
See also: Editor's summary | News and Views by Blackburn
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Endonucleolytic processing of covalent protein-linked DNA double-strand breaks p1053
Matthew J. Neale, Jing Pan and Scott Keeney
doi: 10.1038/nature03872
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (640K)
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Top of pageNaturejobs
Prospect
The lie of the land p1059
More geophysicist PhDs are becoming postdocs
Paul Smaglik
doi: 10.1038/nj7053-1059a
Full Text | PDF (137K)
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Postdocs and Students
Meeting (to move) up p1060
Scientific conferences give new faculty members a chance to meet the leaders in their field and to give themselves some much-needed exposure. Kendall Powell works the room.
Kendall Powell
doi: 10.1038/nj7053-1060a
Full Text | PDF (500K)
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Corrections p1061
doi: 10.1038/nj7053-1061a
Full Text
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Career Views
David Wallace, director, Isaac Newton Institute for Mathematical Sciences, University of Cambridge p1062
Mathematical approaches can solve career conundrums
David Wallace
doi: 10.1038/nj7053-1062a
Full Text | PDF (111K)
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Scientists & Societies p1062
Graduate students band together to foster communication
Benno Quade and Ajaybabu Pobbati
doi: 10.1038/nj7053-1062b
Full Text | PDF (111K)
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Graduate Journal: Master of my fate p1062
Another stage, another choice
Tobias Langenhan
doi: 10.1038/nj7053-1062c
Full Text | PDF (111K)
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Top of pageFutures
The bell-curve drug p1064
Choose your poison.
Jim Kling
doi: 10.1038/4361064a
Full Text | PDF (181K)
