| 2005年08月11日 Nature中文摘要 | | 点击： 作者： 来源： 时间： 2006-11-11 本站论坛 |
|  | Volume 436 Number 7052 pp753-888
封面故事：肌动蛋白网帮助微管捕捉染色体
已经被人们所接受的观点是，微管是单独发挥作用的，它们作为细胞绳来在细胞分裂开始时将染色体拉到一起。而在看过对正在分裂的海星卵母细胞所做的研究工作之后，这种观点将需要予以重新考虑。正在分裂的海星卵母细胞非常适合进行研究，因为它们很大而且透明。对活细胞所做的显微分析表明，微管太短，无法抓住染色体；相反，由肌动蛋白丝构成的一个网络会将染色体束缚住，然后通过收缩将它们送给微管的纺锤体。很多其他动物卵母细胞也有类似的构造，看来肌动蛋白在这些卵母细胞中也扮演一个角色。肌动蛋白机制在授精之前对于防止染色体丢失是非常重要的，授精前染色体丢失是人类流产和出生缺陷的一个主要原因。本期封面所示为肌动蛋白网（红色）收集散布在大型卵母细胞核上的染色体（蓝色）、并将它们移动到短的微管星体（绿色）的捕捉范围之内的情形。
水稻基因组测序完成
国际合作科研项目IRGSP发表了水稻基因组的详细分析结果，水稻基因组95%完成测序。水稻基因组草图为有序结构，这使得科学家有可能对如细胞器插入和复制等基因组结构的重要方面进行研究。可转位元素的数量（多于预测）及它们的组成，可帮助解释其他谷物的基因组是怎样从水稻演化形成的。本项研究的数据对外公开，IRGSP在其网站上提供了分析工具。
大脑中的地图
我们能够认路，所以我们大脑中某个地方一定有一幅由神经细胞组成的三维地图。对各种不同动物的导航机制所做的研究表明，海马体是这一“空间学习”系统的构成部分。现在，一项重要的研究进展将“内鼻皮质”（entorhinal cortex）（它向海马体输入信号）确定为大鼠的大脑中这幅地图的所在位置。在这里，一系列栅格细胞代表动物周围的空间，其主要依据的是原始线索。每当一个动物所处位置与代表环境的一个由等边三角形构成的格子的顶点一致时，每个栅格细胞将被激活。在回答关于空间感知的诸多问题的同时，这个结果也提出了下一个问题：这些三角形栅格图是如何构建成的？
MYC突变被证实与Burkitt's淋巴瘤发病有关
涉及免疫球蛋白位点和c-My致癌基因的转位是人类Burkitt's淋巴瘤的典型特征，但Burkitt's淋巴瘤中一半以上还发生改变被转位的MYC等位基因的编码序列的点突变。虽然这些点突变在十年前就被观察到，但它们是有助于这种疾病的发生、还是仅仅是这种疾病中所发生的蔓延的超级突变的一种反映，则是一个长期未能得到回答的问题。用动物模型所做的一项新的研究，证实来自肿瘤的MYC突变与Burkitt's淋巴瘤的发病有关，并且为了解肿瘤细胞用来躲避p53肿瘤抑制因子通道、将细胞增殖与细胞死亡联系起来的机制提供了线索。
由三个天体组成的小行星体系
第一个二元小行星体系是1993年8月被发现的，当时飞往木星的“伽利略”宇宙飞船遭遇了主带小行星Dactyl，并发现了其卫星Ida。自那时以来，二元小行星已在整个太阳系中被发现。现在，研究人员报告了第一个多元小行星体系的发现：直径约为300公里的87号主带小行星Sylvia周围有两个小卫星，每个直径约10公里。其轨道的相似性表明，它们与87号小行星Sylvia是在同一时间形成的，也许是由一颗母小行星分裂后形成的。
通过间冰期研究冰期是怎样开始的biox
冰期是怎样开始的？当我们享受间冰期相对“奢华”的生活时，这是一个我们明显要问的问题，但也是一个难以回答的问题。对过去很长的过渡时期进行考查也许能够提供一些线索。基于在德国的Eifel山脉中的一个湖泊底下发现的沉积物进行的一项气候重建，为我们提供了正好在上次间冰期最后阶段发生的、持续时间长达468年的一次极端气候事件的证据。沙尘暴、干旱、森林火灾、以及与温暖气候相关的树木的丧失，正好与北大西洋温暖海水向南的一次漂流同时发生。就日照量（太阳向地球的辐射量）而言，那时的状况与我们今天的状况非常像。
与ETS事件有关的地震
从不列颠哥伦比亚的温哥华岛延伸至加拿大北部“卡斯卡迪亚潜没带”被认为每几百年就可能引起一次大地震。研究人员在该地区观察到一种被称为ETS（偶发震动和滑动）的有趣现象，这些事件过去被解释为该断层锁定部分之下应力的一种标志，大地震被认为将从这里发生。按照这种观点，一次大地震更可能在一次ETS事件期间发生。在2003年初预测到一次ETS事件后，加拿大地质调查局在温哥华岛地区进行了更多的地震测量记录，以确定ETS地震的精确位置。他们发现，地震的深度范围很宽，从跨在上面的板块的上层地壳下至潜没下去的海洋地壳内，而不是仅仅发生在板块界面之间。ETS的某些特点与局部地震的特点明显不同，说明ETS地震很可能与一次不同的地震发生过程有关。
用果蝇研究与酒精有关的行为
看起来好像不可能，但果蝇的确可用作研究由酒精诱导的行为的一个模型。暴露于一种被称为inebriometer的装置（该装置看起来像一种玻璃冷凝器）中的乙醇蒸汽，它们的身体会失去控制，并在20分钟内沉降到管子底部。重复的酒精消耗会导致耐受性，但在具有一种新发现的突变的果蝇身上却不会产生这种耐受性。具有这种“宿醉突变”的果蝇寿命也缩短了，并且更易受热和杀虫剂等压力的影响。人们越来越倾向于认为细胞和系统压力有助于哺乳动物产生与药物和上瘾有关的行为，这些研究工作也表明该作用在演化过程中可能保留了下来。
系统生物学方法
线虫（Caenorhabditis elegans）胚胎形成过程的早期阶段，是验证“系统水平”的方法在了解生物学过程方面与传统的、以各个酶为对象的还原方法相比所具有的潜力的一个理想系统。Gunsalus等人，通过将关于蛋白彼此之间如何发生相互作用、基因如何表达、以及“敲出”数百个基因所产生效应等方面的信息结合起来，建立了一系列关于在驱动早期胚胎形成过程中所涉及的分子机器的模型，并且能够提出这些机器之间的功能联系。他们发现，10种以前未定性的蛋白在这些系统中有重要作用，并且演示了这些系统何以能将信息反馈进单反应实验中。
调控植物蒸发效率的基因
植物在干旱条件下的存活要求对蒸发进行严格控制，后者是植物释放水分、同时吸收二氧化碳的过程。植物育种人员能够选择蒸发效率合适的作物，这说明它是受遗传控制的，但在此之前，该过程中所涉及的基因一直没有被识别出来。现在，研究表明，ERECTA基因（以前因其对开花的影响而为人们所知）在拟南芥植物中调控蒸发效率，其这种作用部分是通过气孔密度的变化实现的。
本期目录：
Volume 436 Number 7052 pp753-888
Editorials
Keeping religion out of science class p753
President Bush's endorsement of 'intelligent design' has sparked a national debate in which scientists are well positioned to prevail.
doi: 10.1038/436753a
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Life in the old doc yet p753
The need to bring new blood into science shouldn't force out talented older researchers prematurely.
doi: 10.1038/436753b
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Tale of two tigers p754
Aspirant research hubs in southeast Asia have enjoyed contrasting fortunes.
doi: 10.1038/436754a
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Top of pageResearch Highlights
Research highlights p756
doi: 10.1038/436756a
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Top of pageNews
Medics braced for fresh superbug p758
Drug-resistant bacterium presents 'a real danger'.
Alison Abbott
doi: 10.1038/436758a
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Preparations get under way for tsunami warning system p759
International partners agree on first steps to prevent another disaster.
David Cyranoski
doi: 10.1038/436759a
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Scans provide picture of brain activity p759
Human study suggests fMRI can measure activity of brain cells.
Erika Check
doi: 10.1038/436759b
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Four years on, no transgenes found in Mexican maize p760
Corn found to be free of GM contamination.
Emma Marris
doi: 10.1038/436760a
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Scientists attack Bush over intelligent design p761
President's remarks spark angry response.
Virginia Gewin
doi: 10.1038/436761a
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Anti-terror study tracks gas dispersal p763
New York simulates chemical-weapon attack.
Tom Simonite
doi: 10.1038/436763a
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Japan accelerates global supercomputer war p763
Researchers make calculated bid to retake title for processor speed.
David Cyranoski
doi: 10.1038/436763b
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Sidelines p764
doi: 10.1038/436764a
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Europe set for tough debate on curbing aircraft emissions p764
European Commission looks to carbon trading to curb greenhouse-gas problem.
Jim Giles
doi: 10.1038/436764b
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News in brief p766
doi: 10.1038/436766a
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Correction p766
doi: 10.1038/436766b
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Top of pageNews Features
Singapore: An irresistible force p767
Singapore's impressive advances in biomedicine are driven by the energetic personality of Philip Yeo. David Cyranoski meets a man who just can't stand still.
doi: 10.1038/436767a
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Cell biology: The secret life of sperm p770
Far from being mere DNA delivery boys, it's now becoming clear that sperm also ship a complex cargo of RNA and proteins that may be crucial for an embryo's early development. Claire Ainsworth reports.
doi: 10.1038/436770a
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Science after retirement age: Breaking the age barrier p772
Many scientists continue to run productive and innovative research programmes well beyond typical retirement age. But in many countries, tough retirement laws make staying in the lab a challenge. Laura Bonetta reports.
doi: 10.1038/436772a
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Top of pageBusiness
Ancient foil maker wraps up mobile-phone market p775
Centuries-old Japanese company carves out a fresh niche.
Ichiko Fuyuno
doi: 10.1038/436775a
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In brief p775
doi: 10.1038/436775b
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Top of pageCorrespondence
Harry Potter and the recessive allele p776
Jeffrey M. Craig, Renee Dow and MaryAnne Aitken
doi: 10.1038/436776a
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Tunnel vision all in the mind at Hothouse High p776
Samantha G. Zeitlin
doi: 10.1038/436776b
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Misconduct: acceptable practices differ by field p776
Frederick Grinnell
doi: 10.1038/436776c
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Cannabis on a downer p776
Martin J. Neumann
doi: 10.1038/436776d
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Top of pageBooks and Arts
The rovers' tale p777
How NASA scientists overcame the odds to find signs of water on Mars.
Gregory Benford reviews Roving Mars: Spirit, Opportunity, and the Exploration of the Red Planet by Steve Squyres
doi: 10.1038/436777a
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Exhibition: Down and out p778
Collapse? At the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County until 15 January 2006
Philip Campbell
doi: 10.1038/436778a
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Chemistry to die for p779
Roger P. Smith reviews The Elements of Murder: A History of Poison by John Emsley
doi: 10.1038/436779a
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Creatures and craters p779
doi: 10.1038/436779b
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Top of pageNews and Views
Neuroscience: Neurons and navigation p781
Where is the geometry of the environment represented in the brain? The entorhinal cortex, where neurons fire repeatedly when an animal's position coincides with the vertices of a grid of triangles, looks like a good bet.
Gy?rgy Buzsáki
doi: 10.1038/436781a
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Magnetospheric physics: Turbulence on a small scale p782
The four-spacecraft Cluster mission has identified small-scale vortices in Earth's magnetosphere. The observation reveals processes that transfer energy and momentum from the solar wind to the magnetosphere.
Melvyn L. Goldstein
doi: 10.1038/436782a
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Plant biology: Engineered male sterility p783
The phenomenon of 'cytoplasmic male sterility' in plants has long been exploited to enhance the productivity of certain crops. An innovative genetic-engineering system promises to widen applicability of the approach.
Muhammad Sarwar Khan
doi: 10.1038/436783a
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50 & 100 years ago p785
doi: 10.1038/436785a
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Oceanography: A bigger nitrogen fix p786
Biologically useful nitrogen is delivered to the upper ocean from the depths by vertical transport processes — or such was the received wisdom. In fact, bacteria that convert atmospheric nitrogen may be just as crucial.
Nicolas Gruber
doi: 10.1038/436786a
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Cancer: Two in one p787
As cancer develops, at least two cell processes are disrupted — cell growth is promoted, and cell death inhibited. It seems that mutated versions of the notorious cancer-promoting protein MYC can accomplish both at once.
Anton Berns
doi: 10.1038/436787a
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Organic chemistry: Dotty solutions p789
Richard Webb
doi: 10.1038/436789a
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Mantle geochemistry: Big lessons from little droplets p789
How does Hawaii look deep below the surface? Like viewing an object at a different magnification, studies of minuscule inclusions in volcanic rocks on the surface provide a fresh perspective on the question.
Claude Herzberg
doi: 10.1038/436789b
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Top of pageBrief Communications
Phytochemistry: Structure of the blue cornflower pigment p791
Packaging red-rose anthocyanin as part of a 'superpigment' in another flower turns it brilliant blue.
Masaaki Shiono, Naohiro Matsugaki and Kosaku Takeda
doi: 10.1038/436791a
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Colorectal cancer: Mutations in a signalling pathway p792
D. Williams Parsons, Tian-Li Wang, Yardena Samuels, Alberto Bardelli, Jordan M. Cummins, Laura DeLong, Natalie Silliman, Janine Ptak, Steve Szabo, James K. V. Willson, Sanford Markowitz, Kenneth W. Kinzler, Bert Vogelstein, Christoph Lengauer and Victor E. Velculescu
doi: 10.1038/436792a
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Top of pageArticles
The map-based sequence of the rice genome p793
International Rice Genome Sequencing Project
doi: 10.1038/nature03895
Abstract | Full Text | PDF (241K) | Supplementary information
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Microstructure of a spatial map in the entorhinal cortex p801
Torkel Hafting, Marianne Fyhn, Sturla Molden, May-Britt Moser and Edvard I. Moser
doi: 10.1038/nature03721
Abstract | Full Text | PDF (665K) | Supplementary information
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Evasion of the p53 tumour surveillance network by tumour-derived MYC mutants p807
Michael T. Hemann, Anka Bric, Julie Teruya-Feldstein, Andreas Herbst, Jonas A. Nilsson, Carlos Cordon-Cardo, John L. Cleveland, William P. Tansey and Scott W. Lowe
doi: 10.1038/nature03845
Abstract | Full Text | PDF (980K) | Supplementary information
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A contractile nuclear actin network drives chromosome congression in oocytes p812
Péter Lénárt, Christian P. Bacher, Nathalie Daigle, Arthur R. Hand, Roland Eils, Mark Terasaki and Jan Ellenberg
doi: 10.1038/nature03810
Abstract | Full Text | PDF (695K) | Supplementary information
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Top of pageLetters
A dark jet dominates the power output of the stellar black hole Cygnus X-1 p819
Elena Gallo, Rob Fender, Christian Kaiser, David Russell, Raffaella Morganti, Tom Oosterloo and Sebastian Heinz
doi: 10.1038/nature03879
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Discovery of the triple asteroidal system 87 Sylvia p822
Franck Marchis, Pascal Descamps, Daniel Hestroffer and Jérome Berthier
doi: 10.1038/nature04018
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In situ multi-satellite detection of coherent vortices as a manifestation of Alfvénic turbulence p825
David Sundkvist, Vladimir Krasnoselskikh, Padma K. Shukla, Andris Vaivads, Mats André, Stephan Buchert and Henri Rème
doi: 10.1038/nature03931
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Negative lattice expansion from the superconductivity?antiferromagnetism crossover in ruthenium copper oxides p829
A. C. Mclaughlin, F. Sher and J. P. Attfield
doi: 10.1038/nature03828
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A late Eemian aridity pulse in central Europe during the last glacial inception p833
F. Sirocko, K. Seelos, K. Schaber, B. Rein, F. Dreher, M. Diehl, R. Lehne, K. J?ger, M. Krbetschek and D. Degering
doi: 10.1038/nature03905
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The chemical structure of the Hawaiian mantle plume p837
Zhong-Yuan Ren, Stephanie Ingle, Eiichi Takahashi, Naoto Hirano and Takafumi Hirata
doi: 10.1038/nature03907
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A wide depth distribution of seismic tremors along the northern Cascadia margin p841
Honn Kao, Shao-Ju Shan, Herb Dragert, Garry Rogers, John F. Cassidy and Kumar Ramachandran
doi: 10.1038/nature03903
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The hangover gene defines a stress pathway required for ethanol tolerance development p845
Henrike Scholz, Mirjam Franz and Ulrike Heberlein
doi: 10.1038/nature03864
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Small vertical movement of a K+ channel voltage sensor measured with luminescence energy transfer p848
David J. Posson, Pinghua Ge, Christopher Miller, Francisco Bezanilla and Paul R. Selvin
doi: 10.1038/nature03819
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Gating charge displacement in voltage-gated ion channels involves limited transmembrane movement p852
Baron Chanda, Osei Kwame Asamoah, Rikard Blunck, Beno?t Roux and Francisco Bezanilla
doi: 10.1038/nature03888
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Voltage-sensor activation with a tarantula toxin as cargo p857
L. Revell Phillips, Mirela Milescu, Yingying Li-Smerin, Joseph A. Mindell, Jae Il Kim and Kenton J. Swartz
doi: 10.1038/nature03873
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Predictive models of molecular machines involved in Caenorhabditis elegans early embryogenesis p861
Kristin C. Gunsalus, Hui Ge, Aaron J. Schetter, Debra S. Goldberg, Jing-Dong J. Han, Tong Hao, Gabriel F. Berriz, Nicolas Bertin, Jerry Huang, Ling-Shiang Chuang, Ning Li, Ramamurthy Mani, Anthony A. Hyman, Birte S?nnichsen, Christophe J. Echeverri, Frederick P. Roth, Marc Vidal and Fabio Piano
doi: 10.1038/nature03876
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The ERECTA gene regulates plant transpiration efficiency in Arabidopsis p866
Josette Masle, Scott R. Gilmore and Graham D. Farquhar
doi: 10.1038/nature03835
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Identification of JAK/STAT signalling components by genome-wide RNA interference p871
Patrick Müller, David Kuttenkeuler, Viola Gesellchen, Martin P. Zeidler and Michael Boutros
doi: 10.1038/nature03869
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A high-resolution map of active promoters in the human genome p876
Tae Hoon Kim, Leah O. Barrera, Ming Zheng, Chunxu Qu, Michael A. Singer, Todd A. Richmond, Yingnian Wu, Roland D. Green and Bing Ren
doi: 10.1038/nature03877
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Corrigendum: EphB receptor activity suppresses colorectal cancer progression p881
Eduard Batlle, Julinor Bacani, Harry Begthel, Suzanne Jonkheer, Alexander Gregorieff, Maaike van de Born, Núria Malats, Elena Sancho, Elles Boon, Tony Pawson, Steven Gallinger, Steven Pals and Hans Clevers
doi: 10.1038/nature03941
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Erratum: An integrated view of the chemistry and mineralogy of martian soils p881
Albert S. Yen, Ralf Gellert, Christian Schr?der, Richard V. Morris, James F. Bell, III, Amy T. Knudson, Benton C. Clark, Douglas W. Ming, Joy A. Crisp, Raymond E. Arvidson, Diana Blaney, Johannes Brückner, Philip R. Christensen, David J. DesMarais, Paulo A. de Souza, Jr, Thanasis E. Economou, Amitabha Ghosh, Brian C. Hahn, Kenneth E. Herkenhoff, Larry A. Haskin, Joel A. Hurowitz, Bradley L. Joliff, Jeffrey R. Johnson, G?star Klingelh?fer, Morten Bo Madsen, Scott M. McLennan, Harry Y. McSween, Lutz Richter, Rudi Rieder, Daniel Rodionov, Larry Soderblom, Steven W. Squyres, Nicholas J. Tosca, Alian Wang, Michael Wyatt and Jutta Zipfel
doi: 10.1038/nature04042
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Corrigendum: Similar response of labile and resistant soil organic matter pools to changes in temperature p881
Changming Fang, Pete Smith, John B. Moncrieff and Jo U. Smith
doi: 10.1038/nature04044
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Addendum: Evidence for magmatic evolution and diversity on Mars from infrared observations p882
P. R. Christensen, H. Y. McSween, Jr, J. L. Bandfield, S. W. Ruff, A. D. Rogers, V. E. Hamilton, N. Gorelick, M. B. Wyatt, B. M. Jakosky, H. H. Kieffer, M. C. Malin and J. E. Moersch
doi: 10.1038/nature04075
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Top of pageNaturejobs
Prospect
Searching questions p883
Search-engine companies raise the IT recruitment ante
Paul Smaglik
doi: 10.1038/nj7052-883a
Full Text | PDF (116K)
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Region
Breaking open a closed system p884
Malaysia's research system is closed and isolated. What are scientists with a yen for rigorous research to do? David Cyranoski finds out.
David Cyranoski
doi: 10.1038/nj7052-884a
Full Text | PDF (493K)
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Errata
Correction p885
doi: 10.1038/nj7052-885a
Full Text | PDF (251K)
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Career Views
Eric Staeva-Vieira, business analyst, Rodman and Renshaw, New York p886
A broad approach helps foster a business career
doi: 10.1038/nj7052-886a
Full Text | PDF (108K)
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Recruiters & Academia p886
Teaching interdisciplinary courses proves to be an educational experience
Ariana Sutton-Grier and Melissa Kenney
doi: 10.1038/nj7052-886b
Full Text | PDF (110K)
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Graduate Journal: A tale of a whale p886
Taking a break offers a fresh perspective
Jason Underwood
doi: 10.1038/nj7052-886c
Full Text | PDF (110K)
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Top of pageFutures
Prometheus unbound, at last p888
And not a moment too soon.
Kim Stanley Robinson
doi: 10.1038/436888a
Full Text | PDF (219K)
See also: Editor's summary
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