| 2005年08月04日 Nature中文摘要 | | 点击： 作者： 来源： 时间： 2006-11-11 本站论坛 |
|  | Volume 436 Number 7051 pp603-752
封面故事：冰架的坍塌
2002年1月，Larsen B冰架部分开始坍塌，并与南极大陆分离，导致数以千计的冰山在威德尔海漂流。在5年时间内，这个冰架缩小了5700平方公里。这使人想起一个重要的问题：这样的灾难性坍塌事件在气候史上是不寻常的、还是注定要发生？对从来自该地区的惟一海洋沉积芯获得的数据所做的一项解释表明，Larsen B冰架从距今1万年前的上次冰期结束以来一直存在，其最近的坍塌超过“全新世”期间自然变动的极限。这一长期观点对于评价自然和人类因素在Larsen B冰架体系的坍塌中的相对作用至关重要。本期封面照片是由来自R/V Laurence M. Gould的Dave Tewksbury于2005年2月23日拍摄的，它所反映的是Oscar II海岸线上的一个新海湾，是由本次坍塌形成的。
类脂与机械刺激的感觉
视觉、嗅觉和味觉有一个共同的分子基础：一个配体与一个G-蛋白耦合的受体的结合。但事实证明触觉和听觉这样的机械感觉的分子基础却难以掌握，其分子机制目前尚不清楚。证明细菌的对机械敏感的离子通道能够探测直接来自类脂双层的力的研究工作，也许为我们提供了一个重要线索。该研究表明，类脂还可能涉及真菌、植物和动物的对机械敏感的通道的门控。一位名叫Ching Kung的科学家对这一领域的进展做了评述，并得出结论认为，复杂的机械传感系统在能够对正在兴起的“类脂力”概念进行校验之前还需要在实验室中进一步简化。
月球上惰性气体的来源
月球作为一个整体，其上的挥发性元素已严重耗尽，但月球土壤含有大量氮和惰性气体。传统的解释是，这些元素来自袭击月球表面的太阳风。现在，研究人员提出了一个完全非传统的观点：地球上的氮和惰性气体是否也跑到了月球上？今天，大气成分的逃逸被地球的地磁场所阻止。但月球土壤中氮同位素比例无法用太阳物质的积累一个因素来解释：在地磁场形成之前数量可观的氮和轻惰性气体是有可能从古老的电离层被输送到月球的。这种观点可通过比较来自月球明、暗两面的土壤中的植入物来验证。如果二者之间有差别，另一个谜底也许将被揭开：地球的地磁场的年龄。
隐藏的类星体
通过对宇宙X射线背景进行模拟而推测存在的大量隐藏的类星体（超大质量黑洞）一直都被认为难以观测。但现在，来自最近发射的Spitzer太空望远镜的红外数据，在高红移区显示出一组这些隐藏的类星体，它们与非隐藏的类星体的数量比为3比1。这意味着，宇宙中大多数黑洞生长出现在活动星系尘埃弥漫的、富含气体的中心区域。
“土卫六”上今天没有海洋biox
在“卡西尼”探测器仍然从土星体系发回数据、“惠根斯”探测器最近降临土星卫星“土卫六”表面的时候，West等人试图解决关于“土卫六”是否可能存在液态表面这个未曾解决的问题。在“旅行者”探测器上个世纪80年代掠过“土卫六”之后，对“土卫六”大气所做的计算机模拟表明，其大气中有足够液态甲烷、乙烷和氮来形成一个较深的液体层。地基雷达回声探测研究也表明“土卫六”上有液体。但现在，在近红外波段对“土卫六”的反射率所做的地基观测、结合雷达观测结果相当肯定地表明，今天的“土卫六”上没有海洋。然而，该天体上有一些非常平坦的固体表面，表明过去可能存在液体。
飓风破坏力在不断增强
到目前为止，飓风的全球年出现频率一直没有可以探测到的趋势。但Kerry Emanuel采用对飓风能量的一种新的测量体系所做的研究表明，热带气旋的破坏潜力在过去30年里几乎增加了一倍，并且与热带海洋表面温度高度相关。与上个世纪70年代中期相比，风暴平均持续时间更长了，平均强度更大了。不管原因是什么，风暴时间和强度增加这么多都是值得关注的事情。今后全球变暖将几乎肯定会增强热带气旋的破坏潜力，并且随着沿海地区人口的增加，面临风险的人将比以前任何时候都多。
水在地震发生中的作用
要让地壳以地震的形式释放所积累的压力，一个断层必须变弱，并让出一条路来，否则由于周围的压力地壳的运动将会很快停止。我们对这种弱化过程并不是很了解。在实验室中所进行的实验与地震学家对在断层变得非常弱之前地壳最初的运动量有多大所做的预测并不一致。一项新的研究得出结论认为，二者之间之所以不一致，是因为没有将水的因素考虑进去。地质研究和测量结果表明，滑动带是狭窄的、不能渗透的结构。已经存在于断层区域中的水随着岩石开始移动会迅速因加热作用而增压，从而将小的地动变成大的地震。
由牙齿痕迹判断饮食习惯
对已经变成化石的牙齿上留下的痕迹进行测量，可让古生物学家获得关于某个个体过去吃什么的直接证据。处理牙齿“微磨蚀”的传统方法，将其当作由不同观察者在一个二维图像上所人为定义的一组特征来对待，而本期Nature所介绍的一种新方法，通过将磨蚀的表面当作质地来对待、并对其进行三维测量的方式消除了与方法本身相关的一些异常数据。将这种方法用于南非的一系列“更新纪灵长动物”，结果表明，“细长的”“南方古猿”（Australopithecus africanus）比“傍人”（Paranthropus robustus）所吃的东西更粗糙，“傍人”的饮食更多样化，它们吃的东西更硬、更脆。
降雨对疟疾传播的影响
一项新的研究结果，为支持一个长久存在的、认为降雨影响疟疾发病模式的假设提供了第一批定量数据。文献中有关于“厄尔尼诺－南方涛动”（ENSO）所起作用的证据，但没有一项分析将这种疾病的非线性动态正确地考虑进去。而本期Nature介绍的这项新的研究工作表明，降雨和ENSO的确会增加疟疾的传播，但由于以前的爆发之后群体免疫力的积累，这种影响在易感水平低的人口中要小得多。
本期目录：
Volume 436 Number 7051 pp603-752
Editorials
Station at a crossroads p603
Frank international discussions need to start immediately if anything is to be salvaged from the space station, whose completion currently relies on the ailing space shuttle.
doi: 10.1038/436603a
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Count themselves lucky p603
Mathematicians might think they have an image problem, but the public holds them in great esteem.
doi: 10.1038/436603b
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A dog's life p604
The first cloned dog was born at some cost, and there needn't be many more.
doi: 10.1038/436604a
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Top of pageResearch Highlights
Research highlights p606
doi: 10.1038/436606a
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Top of pageNews
Senator boosts chances of stem-cell reform p608
Majority leader changes mind over funding rules.
Erika Check
doi: 10.1038/436608a
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More falling foam puts shuttle programme in serious doubt p608
Fleet grounded as NASA seeks solutions.
Mark Peplow
doi: 10.1038/436608b
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Bone cells linked to creation of fresh eggs in mammals p609
Hackles rise over claims on ovulation.
Claire Ainsworth
doi: 10.1038/436609a
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Sidelines p610
doi: 10.1038/436610a
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Shadow hangs over research into Japan's bomb victims p610
Radiation foundation faces uncertain future.
Tom Simonite
doi: 10.1038/436610b
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Mars orbiter ready to scout for future landing sites as NASA looks ahead p613
Launch date approaches for next mission to red planet.
Tony Reichhardt
doi: 10.1038/436613a
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Drugs could head off a flu pandemic — but only if we respond fast enough p614
Models show how spread of disease might be stopped.
Declan Butler
doi: 10.1038/436614a
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See also: Editor's summary
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US energy bill pushes research but fails to cut consumption p615
Critics slam policy as compromise rather than strategy.
Emma Marris
doi: 10.1038/436615a
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News in brief p616
doi: 10.1038/436616a
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Top of pageNews Features
Pluto voyage: A man with a mission p618
In 2015, Pluto will welcome its first visitor, a robot named New Horizons. Amanda Haag meets the planetary scientist who nursed the mission through its darkest days.
doi: 10.1038/436618a
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Malyasian biotechnology: The valley of ghosts p620
While other Asian tigers are roaring ahead in biotechnology, Malaysia's BioValley is going nowhere fast. David Cyranoski asks what went wrong.
doi: 10.1038/436620a
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Dramatizing maths: What's the plot? p622
Can mathematicians learn from the narrative approaches of the writers who popularize and dramatize their work? Sarah Tomlin is on the story.
doi: 10.1038/436622a
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Top of pageBusiness
Fatal attraction p624
Oxford Instruments has paid dear for its bold efforts to stretch the boundaries of magnet performance, as Andrea Chipman reports.
doi: 10.1038/436624a
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In Brief p625
doi: 10.1038/436625a
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Market Watch p625
doi: 10.1038/436625b
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Top of pageCorrespondence
China building teams to tackle public-health crises p626
Yu Wang, Guang Zeng and Robert E. Fontaine
doi: 10.1038/436626a
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Education and penalties are key to tackling misconduct p626
Kai Wang
doi: 10.1038/436626b
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Academia's 'misconduct' is acceptable to industry p626
Ian Taylor
doi: 10.1038/436626c
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Misconduct: pressure to achieve corrodes ideals p626
Lutz P. Breitling
doi: 10.1038/436626d
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Top of pageBooks and Arts
Cool is not enough p627
There's more to life than the second law of thermodynamics.
J. Doyne Farmer reviews Into the Cool: Energy Flow, Thermodynamics and Life by Eric D. Schneider and Dorion Sagan
doi: 10.1038/436627a
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Russia's secret weapons p628
Jens H. Kuhn, Milton Leitenberg and Raymond A. Zilinskas review Biological Espionage: Special Operations of the Soviet and Russian Foreign Intelligence Services in the West by Alexander Kouzminov
doi: 10.1038/436628a
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Science in culture: Surface tensions p629
A reinterpretation, using damaged photographs, of a failed attempt to fly to the North Pole.
Colin Martin
doi: 10.1038/436629a
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Top of pageNews and Views
Geochemistry: On the Moon as it was on Earth p631
Does the Moon's surface contain an archive of the early history of Earth? According to an intriguing idea, based on recently published analyses of lunar soils, it might do — and the proposal can be tested.
Bernard Marty
doi: 10.1038/436631a
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Neurobiology: Getting axons going p632
Neurons extend one long axon, through which they transmit electrical impulses to other cells in the nervous system. Surprisingly, it seems that where the axon forms is determined entirely within the neuron.
Juergen A. Knoblich
doi: 10.1038/436632a
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Quantum Information: Putting certainty in the bank p633
A new way to manipulate quantum states resolves a long-standing conundrum about who knows what, and when and how, in the quantum world. The result is, as one has come to expect, startling and counterintuitive.
Patrick Hayden
doi: 10.1038/436633a
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50 & 100 years ago p634
doi: 10.1038/436634a
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Ecology: Neutral theory tested by birds p635
A continental-scale analysis of habitat and bird distribution in South America provides the latest challenge for neutral theory — a controversial idea in ecology about what determines the make-up of communities.
Annette Ostling
doi: 10.1038/436635a
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Cancer: Crime and punishment p636
Cellular senescence stops the growth of cells. This process, first glimpsed in cell culture, is now confirmed by in vivo evidence as a vital mechanism that constrains the malignant progression of many tumours.
Norman E. Sharpless and Ronald A. DePinho
doi: 10.1038/436636a
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Earth science: Trouble under Tonga? p637
Earthquakes occur in cool, foundering tectonic plates deep within the Earth. But seismic data from the southwestern Pacific indicate that the minerals that make up the plates at depth don't behave as if they are cool.
George Helffrich
doi: 10.1038/436637a
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Cell biology: Without a raft p638
The spatial organization of signalling proteins in the cell membrane is often ascribed to lipid-based 'rafts'. But single-molecule tracking reveals that such organization probably arises by protein?protein interactions.
Ben Nichols
doi: 10.1038/436638a
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Top of pageBrief Communications
Dogs cloned from adult somatic cells p641
Byeong Chun Lee, Min Kyu Kim, Goo Jang, Hyun Ju Oh, Fibrianto Yuda, Hye Jin Kim, M. Hossein Shamim, Jung Ju Kim, Sung Keun Kang, Gerald Schatten and Woo Suk Hwang
doi: 10.1038/436641a
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Tumour biology: Senescence in premalignant tumours p642
Manuel Collado, Jesús Gil, Alejo Efeyan, Carmen Guerra, Alberto J. Schuhmacher, Marta Barradas, Alberto Benguría, Angel Zaballos, Juana M. Flores, Mariano Barbacid, David Beach and Manuel Serrano
doi: 10.1038/436642a
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Top of pageFeature
What Henslow taught Darwin p643
How a herbarium helped to lay the foundations of evolutionary thinking.
David Kohn, Gina Murrell, John Parker and Mark Whitehorn
doi: 10.1038/436643a
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Top of pageReview Article
A possible unifying principle for mechanosensation p647
Ching Kung
doi: 10.1038/nature03896
Abstract | Full Text | PDF (497K)
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Top of pageArticles
Terrestrial nitrogen and noble gases in lunar soils p655
M. Ozima, K. Seki, N. Terada, Y. N. Miura, F. A. Podosek and H. Shinagawa
doi: 10.1038/nature03929
Abstract | Full Text | PDF (316K)
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Oncogene-induced senescence as an initial barrier in lymphoma development p660
Melanie Braig, Soyoung Lee, Christoph Loddenkemper, Cornelia Rudolph, Antoine H.F.M. Peters, Brigitte Schlegelberger, Harald Stein, Bernd D?rken, Thomas Jenuwein and Clemens A. Schmitt
doi: 10.1038/nature03841
Abstract | Full Text | PDF (510K) | Supplementary information
See also: Editor's summary | News and Views by Sharpless & DePinho
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Top of pageLetters
The obscuration by dust of most of the growth of supermassive black holes p666
Alejo Martínez-Sansigre, Steve Rawlings, Mark Lacy, Dario Fadda, Francine R. Marleau, Chris Simpson, Chris J. Willott and Matt J. Jarvis
doi: 10.1038/nature03829
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No oceans on Titan from the absence of a near-infrared specular reflection p670
R. A. West, M. E. Brown, S. V. Salinas, A. H. Bouchez and H. G. Roe
doi: 10.1038/nature03824
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Partial quantum information p673
Micha Horodecki, Jonathan Oppenheim and Andreas Winter
doi: 10.1038/nature03909
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (160K)
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Measurement of the conductance of single conjugated molecules p677
Tali Dadosh, Yoav Gordin, Roman Krahne, Ilya Khivrich, Diana Mahalu, Veronica Frydman, Joseph Sperling, Amir Yacoby and Israel Bar-Joseph
doi: 10.1038/nature03898
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Stability of the Larsen B ice shelf on the Antarctic Peninsula during the Holocene epoch p681
Eugene Domack, Diana Duran, Amy Leventer, Scott Ishman, Sarah Doane, Scott McCallum, David Amblas, Jim Ring, Robert Gilbert and Michael Prentice
doi: 10.1038/nature03908
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (545K) | Supplementary information
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Increasing destructiveness of tropical cyclones over the past 30 years p686
Kerry Emanuel
doi: 10.1038/nature03906
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (184K) | Supplementary information
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Earthquake slip weakening and asperities explained by thermal pressurization p689
Christopher A. J. Wibberley and Toshihiko Shimamoto
doi: 10.1038/nature03901
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Dental microwear texture analysis shows within-species diet variability in fossil hominins p693
Robert S. Scott, Peter S. Ungar, Torbjorn S. Bergstrom, Christopher A. Brown, Frederick E. Grine, Mark F. Teaford and Alan Walker
doi: 10.1038/nature03822
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Refractory periods and climate forcing in cholera dynamics p696
Katia Koelle, Xavier Rodó, Mercedes Pascual, Md. Yunus and Golam Mostafa
doi: 10.1038/nature03820
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Genetic interactions between polymorphisms that affect gene expression in yeast p701
Rachel B. Brem, John D. Storey, Jacqueline Whittle and Leonid Kruglyak
doi: 10.1038/nature03865
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Centrosome localization determines neuronal polarity p704
Froylan Calderon de Anda, Giulia Pollarolo, Jorge Santos Da Silva, Paola G. Camoletto, Fabian Feiguin and Carlos G. Dotti
doi: 10.1038/nature03811
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (353K) | Supplementary information
See also: News and Views by Knoblich
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Licensing of natural killer cells by host major histocompatibility complex class I molecules p709
Sungjin Kim, Jennifer Poursine-Laurent, Steven M. Truscott, Lonnie Lybarger, Yun-Jeong Song, Liping Yang, Anthony R. French, John B. Sunwoo, Suzanne Lemieux, Ted H. Hansen and Wayne M. Yokoyama
doi: 10.1038/nature03847
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The origin of the naked grains of maize p714
Huai Wang, Tina Nussbaum-Wagler, Bailin Li, Qiong Zhao, Yves Vigouroux, Marianna Faller, Kirsten Bomblies, Lewis Lukens and John F. Doebley
doi: 10.1038/nature03863
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (647K) | Supplementary information
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BRAFE600-associated senescence-like cell cycle arrest of human naevi p720
Chrysiis Michaloglou, Liesbeth C. W. Vredeveld, Maria S. Soengas, Christophe Denoyelle, Thomas Kuilman, Chantal M. A. M. van der Horst, Donné M. Majoor, Jerry W. Shay, Wolter J. Mooi and Daniel S. Peeper
doi: 10.1038/nature03890
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (578K) | Supplementary information
See also: Editor's summary | News and Views by Sharpless & DePinho
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Crucial role of p53-dependent cellular senescence in suppression of Pten-deficient tumorigenesis p725
Zhenbang Chen, Lloyd C. Trotman, David Shaffer, Hui-Kuan Lin, Zohar A. Dotan, Masaru Niki, Jason A. Koutcher, Howard I. Scher, Thomas Ludwig, William Gerald, Carlos Cordon-Cardo and Pier Paolo Pandolfi
doi: 10.1038/nature03918
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (687K) | Supplementary information
See also: Editor's summary | News and Views by Sharpless & DePinho
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A cytokinesis furrow is positioned by two consecutive signals p731
Henrik Bringmann and Anthony A Hyman
doi: 10.1038/nature03823
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Transcription of mammalian messenger RNAs by a nuclear RNA polymerase of mitochondrial origin p735
Julia E. Kravchenko, Igor B. Rogozin, Eugene V. Koonin and Peter M. Chumakov
doi: 10.1038/nature03848
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TRBP recruits the Dicer complex to Ago2 for microRNA processing and gene silencing p740
Thimmaiah P. Chendrimada, Richard I. Gregory, Easwari Kumaraswamy, Jessica Norman, Neil Cooch, Kazuko Nishikura and Ramin Shiekhattar
doi: 10.1038/nature03868
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Top of pageNaturejobs
Prospect
You've got to laugh... p745
Grad students get connected through comics
Paul Smaglik
doi: 10.1038/nj7051-745a
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Careers and Recruitment
An individual approach p746
Reduced side effects and more effective therapies are some of the benefits promised by pharmacogenomics. But to reach these goals industry will have to marshall a broad range of skills, as Ricki Lewis explains.
Ricki Lewis
doi: 10.1038/nj7051-746a
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Special Report
On firm foundations p748
Flexible and relatively unfettered, non-profit foundations are able to boldly go into areas of research funding often untouched by public bodies, says Helen Gavaghan.
Helen Gavaghan
doi: 10.1038/nj7051-748a
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Top of pageFutures
Pigs on the wing p752
Aurorae in the sky with diamonds, just $10.99 (exc. tax).
K. Erik Ziemelis
doi: 10.1038/436752a
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