Volume 436 Number 7050 pp441-602封面故事：KamLAND 实验装置探测到“地中微子”
位于“神冈矿”（Kamioka mine）的KamLAND 实验装置在“日本的阿尔卑斯”地下1公里处，主要是用来探测核反应堆产生的反中微子的。但地球上的放射性元素也释放反中微子（被称为“地中微子”），KamLAND 也应当灵敏到足以能够探测这些反中微子。该装置的确探测到了这些反中微子，目前探测到的反中微子量大约在20个左右，它们具有铀-238和钍-232的衰变产物的典型特征。这一结果为地球物理学家开创了一个激动人心的新时代。通过利用“地中微子”，将有可能创建地球内部的三维图像以及确定由放射性衰变释放的地热有多少。在本期封面上，左边的半球给出了KamLAND 实验装置从地表之下和地表之上不同地点所探测到的中微子量。
火星表面矿物分布图
来自绕火星运转的“火星奥德赛”探测器的红外测量结果被用来绘制迄今最详尽的火星表面矿物分布图。这些矿石向我们展示了一个非常复杂的火山活动史。火山熔岩从由火星地幔产生的玄武岩到有可能是在以前喷发的岩石重新熔化后在岩浆室内形成的富含硅石的岩石都有。同时存在的还有橄榄石（一种很快被水侵蚀的矿物）含量超过20%的火山玄武岩。类似的富含橄榄石的岩石也存在于被侵蚀的峡谷壁上和年龄在数十亿年的古老火山坑床上。这说明，在橄榄石层沉降下来的每个历史时期，火星表面上没有大面积的水。
基因组RNAi筛选方法的应用
识别参与突触传输的蛋白在过去20年里一直是一个受到密切关注的研究课题。这方面的研究工作主要是采用生物化学方法，但现在，一种基因组RNAi（RNA干涉）筛选方法被用来识别在线虫（Caenorhabditis elegans）的神经肌肉连接处的功能或发育中所涉及的132个基因，这些基因中没有一个以前被发现与突触传输有关（Article p. 510）。这种基因组扫描是在增强的RNAi突变体中进行的，这些突变体在与该论文相伴的一篇论文中有介绍，后者报告了一个让人吃惊的发现：眼癌通道基因负调控（抑制）RNAi。眼癌信号作用防止DNA受到基因毒性侵犯的损害，调控哺乳动物对病毒感染的反应，所以，这项研究工作也许对于回答为什么首先会形成RNAi通道这一重要问题会有参考价值。
调节乳腺癌向肺脏转移的基因
关于乳腺癌的很多研究工作的目标是识别影响临床结果的肿瘤亚型。其中的一项研究工作识别出了一系列调节乳腺癌向肺脏、而不是向其他器官转移的基因。有这一基因的较差预后患者比其他较差预后患者的状况差的多。该研究获得的数据表明，这些基因的一个亚型调节原始乳腺肿瘤的生长以及转移到肺脏的肿瘤的生长，而另一个亚型在转移点提供毒性，但不增强原始肿瘤的生长。这些基因是所施用的抑制因子的潜在作用目标。
标准太阳模型有没有问题?
现代天体物理学所取得的成功之一是，标准太阳模型能够预测太阳的结构，预测结果与根据太阳振荡的推断结果一致。至少过去人们是这样认为的。最近对若干元素在太阳中的含量所做的修正意味着，元素的化学组成不再与振荡测量结果一致。Drake 和 Testa采用一种新方法来解决这一“太阳模型问题”，即测量氖和氧在若干附近的太阳类恒星中的相对含量。氖/氧之比值都非常相似，高于最近修正的太阳中的值。采用这一数值而不是难以确定的对太阳的直接测量结果，就可以“挽救”标准太阳模型。
亚马逊流域河流中由有机物造成的CO2排放biox
河流和它们周围的环境在关于区域碳预算和全球气候变化的研究中受到的关注相对较少。然而，最近的证据表明，亚马逊地区的河流向外排放数量可观的二氧化碳。现在，对亚马逊流域的河流所做的一项广泛的地球化学调查发现，居支配地位的二氧化碳来源是不到5岁的有机物的呼吸作用，这些有机物可能来自河流附近的植被。虽然这些河流输送的有机物大多数在几十年到上千年，但造成大量二氧化碳从这些河流体系向潮湿热带地区的大气中排放的主要是这种数量很少、但循环迅速的有机物。
地球岩石圈-岩流圈边界层性质得到确认
虽然一个坚硬的岩石圈（大约100公里厚的地壳和最上层地幔）在一个相对较弱的岩流圈（厚度为几百公里，由更容易变形的岩石组成）上移动是板块构造学中一个被广泛接受的观点，但科学家对它们之间的边界层的性质却了解得很少。当来自地震的压缩波（P-波）以一定角度遇到一个界面时，其中的一些能量被转换成剪切波（或称S-波）。这些“转换波”可被用来构造该界面的图像。基于北美东部所记录的“转换波”，研究人员确定了岩石圈-岩流圈边界层有一个无法用热梯度单独来解释的陡峭的梯度，说明该边界层受岩流圈中熔化的或含水量高的成分控制。
人类的习惯记忆能力
习惯记忆是潜意识中掌握的，而且是慢慢地、通过试验和纠错掌握的。研究动物的习惯记忆要比研究人类的习惯记忆容易，因为我们人类有将信息作为有意识的知识（明确的知识）获取的强烈倾向。然而，我们人类无意识学习的惊人能力是人之所以为人的一个重要方面，这种能力可帮助完成很多日常任务。现在，可以证实，人类的确具有曾被怀疑具有的强大的习惯学习能力。在一项研究中，两个有大型“中颞叶”病灶和深度健忘症的患者被要求学会一个通常是通过有意记忆学习的知识。他们慢慢地学会了这个知识，其学习的方式就像猴子学习同一任务一样，并没有意识到他们所学的东西。这两个患者所学的知识是严格组织的，当知识的形式改变之后，他们就不知所措了。
小尺寸TCR
T细胞在肌体上“巡逻”，寻找指示存在有害微生物的不熟悉的分子（抗原）。T细胞表面上的T细胞抗原受体（TCR）通过“主要组织相容性复合体”（MHC）分子探测其他细胞表面上的抗原。尽管科学家已经做了深入的研究，但TCR结合是如何将一个信号传送进T细胞内的我们仍然不知道。新的实验表明，该过程的机制涉及根据大小将小的TCR与在T细胞和它与之发生相互作用的细胞之间的界面上的较大的抑制性分子分隔开来。含有TCR的复合体的小尺寸对于TCR触发的重要性让我们想到这样一个问题：尺寸大小是否在由其他受体-配体相互作用诱导的信号传导中起一定作用？
本期目录：
Volume 436 Number 7050 pp441-602
Editorials
India's just deserts p441
The nuclear technology transfer deal agreed by the United States and India makes some sense on its own merits — but it leaves international non-proliferation efforts in disarray.
doi: 10.1038/436441a
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Born to be in Brussels p441
The proposed European Research Council will be safest under the wing of the European Commission.
doi: 10.1038/436441b
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Independence at the top p442
The US Food and Drug Administration badly needs some strong and stable leadership.
doi: 10.1038/436442a
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Top of pageResearch Highlights
Research highlights p444
doi: 10.1038/436444a
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Top of pageNews
Nuclear deal riles India's researchers p446
Scientists say home-grown programme will suffer as international isolation ends.
Declan Butler and K. S. Jayaraman
doi: 10.1038/436446a
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Sighting of 'extinct' bird may have been a case of mistaken identity p447
Doubts raised over validity of ivory-bill woodpecker report.
Rex Dalton
doi: 10.1038/436447a
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Beta-blockers tackle memories of horror p448
Common drug might treat post-traumatic stress disorder.
Jim Giles
doi: 10.1038/436448a
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Sidelines p450
doi: 10.1038/436450a
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Senate hearings strengthen calls for US action over climate p450
Winds of change blow through Congress.
Andreas von Bubnoff
doi: 10.1038/436450b
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Snapshot: Fresh scope p451
Archive photograph shows Darwinism in the dock.
doi: 10.1038/436451a
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Australian scientists protest at loss of funding board p451
Academic community fears lobbying power will be lost to government.
Carina Dennis
doi: 10.1038/436451b
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Biodiversity and climate form focus of forest canopy plan p452
International rainforest project looks skywards.
Michael Hopkin
doi: 10.1038/436452a
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Neuroscientists see red over Dalai Lama p452
Researchers petition against meditation lecture.
David Cyranoski
doi: 10.1038/436452b
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News in brief p453
doi: 10.1038/436453a
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Top of pageNews Features
In defence of data p454
As spokesman for America's scientific élite, Ralph Cicerone will have to do some tough talking in Washington. Emma Marris asks him how he'll ensure that politicians will listen to the science.
doi: 10.1038/436454a
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Lymphatic system: Unlocking the drains p456
After centuries of playing second fiddle to the blood system, our lymphatic circulation is coming into its own as a key player in diseases ranging from cancer to asthma. Phyllida Brown reports.
doi: 10.1038/436456a
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Top of pageBusiness
Painkiller in the dock p459
Still reeling from the loss of its blockbuster pill Vioxx, Merck is now in court to face its first lawsuit over the drug. Meredith Wadman reports.
doi: 10.1038/436459a
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Top of pageCorrespondence
Sanctions should not apply to biomedical research p460
Ahmad Jalili
doi: 10.1038/436460a
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Bioterror killed five in US; guns kill 30,000 a year p460
David R. Whitlock
doi: 10.1038/436460b
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Ethics debate is what put Newcastle paper in the news p460
Alison Murdoch and Miodrag Stojkovic
doi: 10.1038/436460c
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Misconduct: lower ranks take most of the blame p460
Shawn G. Clouthier
doi: 10.1038/436460d
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Top of pageBooks and Arts
Power and the people p461
A wide-ranging look at the future of the nuclear power industry.
Michael Golay reviews Nuclear Renaissance: Technologies and Policies for the Future of Nuclear Power by William Nuttall
doi: 10.1038/436461a
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A planet tells its story p462
Simon Lamb reviews Reading the Rocks: The Autobiography of the Earth by Marcia Bjornerud
doi: 10.1038/436462a
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Laying down the laws p463
Stephen G. Brush reviews When Physics Became King by Iwan Rhys Morus
doi: 10.1038/436463a
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Exhibition: Snow business p463
doi: 10.1038/436463b
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Top of pageEssay
Outsmarted by ants p465
An elegant orientation solution that is used by ants to get back to their nest eluded even Richard Feynman, suggesting that social insects could help to solve many of our engineering problems.
Francis Ratnieks
doi: 10.1038/436465a
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Top of pageNews and Views
Earth sciences: Ghosts from within p467
The first detection of geoneutrinos from beneath our feet is a landmark result. It will allow better estimation of the abundances and distributions of radioactive elements in the Earth, and of the Earth's overall heat budget.
William F. McDonough
doi: 10.1038/436467a
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Cancer: One step at a time p468
Traditional chemotherapy kills tumour cells directly; some newer drugs work instead by cutting the tumour's blood supply. An innovative approach combines these strategies sequentially to pack a double whammy.
David Mooney
doi: 10.1038/436468a
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Carbon cycle: The age of the Amazon's breath p469
The inorganic carbon carried in rivers of the Amazon basin seems to originate largely from the decomposition of young plant material — a finding that improves our understanding of the role of rivers in the carbon cycle.
Peter A. Raymond
doi: 10.1038/436469a
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Cognitive neuroscience: Decision amid uncertainty p471
Choosing whether to stick to a belief or to abandon it in the face of uncertainty is central to human behaviour. Modelling implicates brain chemicals called neuromodulators in adjudicating this essential decision.
Jonathan D. Cohen and Gary Aston-Jones
doi: 10.1038/436471a
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Materials science: Sticky business p471
Rosamund Daw
doi: 10.1038/436471b
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Quantum optics: Crystal-clear images p472
Two experiments that use nonlinear crystals to control the spatial distribution of photons in optical images bring the field of quantum imaging closer to maturity. Quantum information processing could ultimately benefit.
Claude Fabre
doi: 10.1038/436472a
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Neuroscience: Genomics reaches the synapse p473
A genomic survey uses innovative genetics to make neurons susceptible to RNA-mediated gene inactivation. The results implicate many genes in communication at the synapse between neurons and muscle.
Cori Bargmann
doi: 10.1038/436473a
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50 and 100 years ago p473
doi: 10.1038/436473b
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Top of pageBrief Communications
Forgery: 'Fingerprinting' documents and packaging p475
Unique surface imperfections serve as an easily identifiable feature in the fight against fraud.
James D. R. Buchanan, Russell P. Cowburn, Ana-Vanessa Jausovec, Dorothée Petit, Peter Seem, Gang Xiong, Del Atkinson, Kate Fenton, Dan A. Allwood and Matthew T. Bryan
doi: 10.1038/436475a
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Insect defences: Taste alteration and endoparasites p476
Elizabeth A. Bernays and Michael S. Singer
doi: 10.1038/436476a
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Top of pageBrief Communications Arising
Climate: How unusual is today's solar activity? pE3
Raimund Muscheler, Fortunat Joos, Simon A. Müller and Ian Snowball
doi: 10.1038/nature04045
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Climate: How unusual is today's solar activity? (reply) pE4
S. K. Solanki, I. G. Usoskin, B. Kromer, M. Schüssler and J. Beer
doi: 10.1038/nature04046
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Top of pageOutlook: India - Produced with support from:
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Outlook: India
India p477
Apoorva Mandavilli
doi: 10.1038/436477a
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Then and now p478
Inder Verma celebrates the recent success of India's biotechnology industry, applauds the increased investment and looks to the future.
Inder Verma
doi: 10.1038/436478a
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Biotech boom p480
India's thriving biotechnology industry is threatened by a change in the law. Will the current high levels of investment be enough to secure its future? K. S. Jayaraman finds out.
K. S. Jayaraman
doi: 10.1038/436480a
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Vaccines on trial p484
One of the largest ever vaccine studies is under way in Kolkata. Paroma Basu uncovers the benefits, and difficulties, of inoculating 60,000 people against cholera and typhoid fever.
Paroma Basu
doi: 10.1038/436484a
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India's drug tests p485
Drug companies are converging on India to conduct low-cost clinical trials. But is it ready to become the outsourcing centre for the world? T. V. Padma investigates.
T. V. Padma
doi: 10.1038/436485a
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Ayurveda p486
Science and business are racing to tap the 3,000-year-old system of medicine for new drugs, says T. V. Padma.
T. V. Padma
doi: 10.1038/436486a
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Breathing life into biology p487
Mriganka Sur says that life sciences will prosper in India once research and teaching reconnect.
Mriganka Sur
doi: 10.1038/436487a
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Coming home p488
Reagents may be slow to arrive, but the freedom to explore his own research interests more than compensates. Satyajit Mayor is thriving in India.
Satyajit Mayor
doi: 10.1038/436488a
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Rivalry and red tape p490
Researchers are suffering as a result of the conflicts between funding agencies. T. V. Padma uncovers plans to heal the rift.
T. V. Padma
doi: 10.1038/436490a
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Among the best p492
India's life-sciences institutes are rewriting the rule books for research. K. S. Jayaraman finds that they are focusing on higher standards and enterprise.
K. S. Jayaraman
doi: 10.1038/436492a
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The coming epidemic p496
A staggering 5.1 million people are estimated to be HIV positive in India. Apoorva Mandavilli finds a country on the brink of a crisis.
Apoorva Mandavilli
doi: 10.1038/436496a
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Top of pageArticles
Experimental investigation of geologically produced antineutrinos with KamLAND p499
T. Araki, S. Enomoto, K. Furuno, Y. Gando, K. Ichimura, H. Ikeda, K. Inoue, Y. Kishimoto, M. Koga, Y. Koseki, T. Maeda, T. Mitsui, M. Motoki, K. Nakajima, H. Ogawa, M. Ogawa, K. Owada, J.-S. Ricol, I. Shimizu, J. Shirai, F. Suekane, A. Suzuki, K. Tada, S. Takeuchi, K. Tamae, Y. Tsuda, H. Watanabe, J. Busenitz, T. Classen, Z. Djurcic, G. Keefer, D. Leonard, A. Piepke, E. Yakushev, B. E. Berger, Y. D. Chan, M. P. Decowski, D. A. Dwyer, S. J. Freedman, B. K. Fujikawa, J. Goldman, F. Gray, K. M. Heeger, L. Hsu, K. T. Lesko, K.-B. Luk, H. Murayama, T. O'Donnell, A. W. P. Poon, H. M. Steiner, L. A. Winslow, C. Mauger, R. D. McKeown, P. Vogel, C. E. Lane, T. Miletic, G. Guillian, J. G. Learned, J. Maricic, S. Matsuno, S. Pakvasa, G. A. Horton-Smith, S. Dazeley, S. Hatakeyama, A. Rojas, R. Svoboda, B. D. Dieterle, J. Detwiler, G. Gratta, K. Ishii, N. Tolich, Y. Uchida, M. Batygov, W. Bugg, Y. Efremenko, Y. Kamyshkov, A. Kozlov, Y. Nakamura, H. J. Karwowski, D. M. Markoff, K. Nakamura, R. M. Rohm, W. Tornow, R. Wendell, M.-J. Chen, Y.-F. Wang and F. Piquemal
doi: 10.1038/nature03980
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Evidence for magmatic evolution and diversity on Mars from infrared observations p504
P. R. Christensen, H. Y. McSween, Jr, J. L. Bandfield, S. W. Ruff, A. D. Rogers, V. E. Hamilton, N. Gorelick, M. B. Wyatt, B. M. Jakosky, H. H. Kieffer, M. C. Malin and J. E. Moersch
doi: 10.1038/nature03639
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Systematic analysis of genes required for synapse structure and function p510
Derek Sieburth, QueeLim Ch'ng, Michael Dybbs, Masoud Tavazoie, Scott Kennedy, Duo Wang, Denis Dupuy, Jean-Fran?ois Rual, David E. Hill, Marc Vidal, Gary Ruvkun and Joshua M. Kaplan
doi: 10.1038/nature03809
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Genes that mediate breast cancer metastasis to lung p518
Andy J. Minn, Gaorav P. Gupta, Peter M. Siegel, Paula D. Bos, Weiping Shu, Dilip D. Giri, Agnes Viale, Adam B. Olshen, William L. Gerald and Joan Massagué
doi: 10.1038/nature03799
Abstract | Full Text | PDF (856K) | Supplementary information
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Top of pageLetters
The 'solar model problem' solved by the abundance of neon in nearby stars p525
Jeremy J. Drake and Paola Testa
doi: 10.1038/nature03803
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (186K) | Supplementary information
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Crossover from 'mesoscopic' to 'universal' phase for electron transmission in quantum dots p529
M. Avinun-Kalish, M. Heiblum, O. Zarchin, D. Mahalu and V. Umansky
doi: 10.1038/nature03899
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Unconventional critical behaviour in a quasi-two-dimensional organic conductor p534
F. Kagawa, K. Miyagawa and K. Kanoda
doi: 10.1038/nature03806
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Young organic matter as a source of carbon dioxide outgassing from Amazonian rivers p538
Emilio Mayorga, Anthony K. Aufdenkampe, Caroline A. Masiello, Alex V. Krusche, John I. Hedges, Paul D. Quay, Jeffrey E. Richey and Thomas A. Brown
doi: 10.1038/nature03880
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A sharp lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary imaged beneath eastern North America p542
Catherine A. Rychert, Karen M. Fischer and Stéphane Rondenay
doi: 10.1038/nature03904
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Host shift to an invasive plant triggers rapid animal hybrid speciation p546
Dietmar Schwarz, Benjamin M. Matta, Nicole L. Shakir-Botteri and Bruce A. McPheron
doi: 10.1038/nature03800
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Robust habit learning in the absence of awareness and independent of the medial temporal lobe p550
Peter J. Bayley, Jennifer C. Frascino and Larry R. Squire
doi: 10.1038/nature03857
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Molecular recycling within amyloid fibrils p554
Natàlia Carulla, Gemma L. Caddy, Damien R. Hall, Jesús Zurdo, Margarida Gairí, Miguel Feliz, Ernest Giralt, Carol V. Robinson and Christopher M. Dobson
doi: 10.1038/nature03986
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Action potential refractory period in ureter smooth muscle is set by Ca sparks and BK channels p559
T. Burdyga and Susan Wray
doi: 10.1038/nature03834
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (834K) | Supplementary information
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Somatic control of germline sexual development is mediated by the JAK/STAT pathway p563
Matthew Wawersik, Allison Milutinovich, Abbie L. Casper, Erika Matunis, Brian Williams and Mark Van Doren
doi: 10.1038/nature03849
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Temporal targeting of tumour cells and neovasculature with a nanoscale delivery system p568
Shiladitya Sengupta, David Eavarone, Ishan Capila, Ganlin Zhao, Nicki Watson, Tanyel Kiziltepe and Ram Sasisekharan
doi: 10.1038/nature03794
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (488K) | Supplementary information
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The Lyme disease agent exploits a tick protein to infect the mammalian host p573
Nandhini Ramamoorthi, Sukanya Narasimhan, Utpal Pal, Fukai Bao, Xiaofeng F. Yang, Durland Fish, Juan Anguita, Michael V. Norgard, Fred S. Kantor, John F. Anderson, Raymond A. Koski and Erol Fikrig
doi: 10.1038/nature03812
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (481K) | Supplementary information
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T-cell receptor triggering is critically dependent on the dimensions of its peptide-MHC ligand p578
Kaushik Choudhuri, David Wiseman, Marion H. Brown, Keith Gould and P. Anton van der Merwe
doi: 10.1038/nature03843
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (1,751K) | Supplementary information
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Functional coordination of intraflagellar transport motors p583
Guangshuo Ou, Oliver E. Blacque, Joshua J. Snow, Michel R. Leroux and Jonathan M. Scholey
doi: 10.1038/nature03818
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (382K) | Supplementary information
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Optimality and evolutionary tuning of the expression level of a protein p588
Erez Dekel and Uri Alon
doi: 10.1038/nature03842
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (285K) | Supplementary information
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Somatic misexpression of germline P granules and enhanced RNA interference in retinoblastoma pathway mutants p593
Duo Wang, Scott Kennedy, Darryl Conte, Jr, John K. Kim, Harrison W. Gabel, Ravi S. Kamath, Craig C. Mello and Gary Ruvkun
doi: 10.1038/nature04010
First paragraph | Full Text | PDF (350K) | Supplementary information
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Top of pageNaturejobs
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India's changing face p599
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Paul Smaglik
doi: 10.1038/nj7050-599a
Full Text | PDF (117K)
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Career Views
Floyd Bloom, chief scientific officer and chairman of the board, Neurome, La Jolla, California p600
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doi: 10.1038/nj7050-600a
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Graduate Journal: Crisis of faith p600
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Top of pageFutures
The forever kitten p602
Beyond nine lives.
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doi: 10.1038/436602a
Full Text | PDF (207K)
